نحن نشكر مايكل برونو J. ، Rusinova رادا وجون ساك T. لتحفيز المناقشات كثيرة. الدعم المالي من المعاهد الوطنية للصحة ، واستكمال R01GM021342 الأذربيجانية R01GM021342 - 35S1 ، وميسي ، الابن يوشيا المؤسسة لاوسا ، وتري - I لبرنامج CMB HII ، وإيريس لام ويفيريت S. Woodworth عالم الطب والمعاهد الوطنية للصحة منح زمالة MSTP GM07739 لRK.

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	<li>Andersen, O. S., Giebisch, G. H., Purcel, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+transport+through+simple+membranes.">Ion transport through simple membranes.</a> Renal Function. , (1978).</li><li>Andersen, O. S., Koeppe, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bilayer+thickness+and+membrane+protein+function:+An+energetic+perspective.">Bilayer thickness and membrane protein function: An energetic perspective.</a> Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 36, 107-130 (2007).</li><li>Andersen, O. S., Koeppe, R. E., Roux, B., Chung, S. -. H., Andersen, O. S., Krishnamurthy, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gramicidin+channels.+Versatile+tools.">Gramicidin channels. 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P., Kayalar, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+molecularity+of+the+colicin+E1+channel+by+stopped-flow+ion+flux+kinetics.">Determination of the molecularity of the colicin E1 channel by stopped-flow ion flux kinetics.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83, 4273-4276 (1986).</li><li>Bruno, M. J., Koeppe, R. E., Andersen, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Docosahexaenoic+acid+alters+bilayer+elastic+properties.">Docosahexaenoic acid alters bilayer elastic properties.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104, 9638-9643 (2007).</li><li>Buboltz, J. T., Feigenson, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+strategy+for+the+preparation+of+liposomes:+rapid+solvent+exchange.">A novel strategy for the preparation of liposomes: rapid solvent exchange.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1417, 232-245 (1999).</li><li>Gutknecht, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cadmium+&#38;+thallous+ion+permeabilities+through+lipid+bilayer+membranes.">Cadmium &#38; thallous ion permeabilities through lipid bilayer membranes.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 735, 185-188 (1983).</li><li>Ing&#243;lfsson, H. I., Koeppe, R. E., Andersen, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Curcumin+is+a+modulator+of+bilayer+material+properties.">Curcumin is a modulator of bilayer material properties.</a> Biochemistry. 46, 10384-10391 (2007).</li><li>Keser&#252;, G. M., Makara, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+lead+discovery+strategies+on+the+properties+of+drug+candidates.">The influence of lead discovery strategies on the properties of drug candidates.</a> Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 8, 203-212 (2009).</li><li>Leeson, P. D., Springthorpe, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+drug-like+concepts+on+decision-making+in+medicinal+chemistry.">The influence of drug-like concepts on decision-making in medicinal chemistry.</a> Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 6, 881-890 (2007).</li><li>Lundb k, J. A., Collingwood, S. A., Ing&#243;lfsson, H. I., Kapoor, R., Andersen, O. S., S, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+bilayer+regulation+of+membrane+protein+function:+gramicidin+channels+as+molecular+force+probes.">Lipid bilayer regulation of membrane protein function: gramicidin channels as molecular force probes.</a> J. R. Soc. Interface. 7, 373-395 (2010).</li><li>Moore, H. P. &. a. m. p. ;. a. m. p., Raftery, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+spectroscopic+studies+of+cation+translocation+by+Torpedo+acetylcholine+receptor+on+a+time+scale+of+physiological+relevance.">Direct spectroscopic studies of cation translocation by Torpedo acetylcholine receptor on a time scale of physiological relevance.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 77, 4509-4513 (1980).</li><li>Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionic+specificity+of+the+gramicidin+channel+and+the+thallous+ion.">Ionic specificity of the gramicidin channel and the thallous ion.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 401, 540-544 (1975).</li><li>O'Connell, A. M., Koeppe, R. E., Andersen, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+gramicidin+channel+formation+in+lipid+bilayers:+transmembrane+monomer+association.">Kinetics of gramicidin channel formation in lipid bilayers: transmembrane monomer association.</a> Science. 250, 1256-1259 (1990).</li><li>S&#248;gaard, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABAA+receptor+function+is+regulated+by+lipid+bilayer+elasticity.">GABAA receptor function is regulated by lipid bilayer elasticity.</a> Biochemistry. 45, 13118-13129 (2006).</li><li>Waring, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+optimum+lipophilicity+and+molecular+weight+ranges+for+drug+candidates-Molecular+weight+dependent+lower+logD+limits+based+on+permeability.">Defining optimum lipophilicity and molecular weight ranges for drug candidates-Molecular weight dependent lower logD limits based on permeability.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 19, 2844-2851 (2009).</li></ol>

وقد تم تقديم طلب براءة المؤقت الذي يغطي الأساليب المذكورة في المخطوط. وشارك في المخترعين وHII واوسا.

لقد أثبتنا سريع مضان على أساس مقايسة لتحديد إمكانية تعديل طبقة ثنائية المخدرات وamphiphiles الصغيرة الأخرى. المركبات التي تعديل خصائص طبقة ثنائية من المحتمل أن يغير وظيفة البروتين الغشاء بطريقة غير مباشرة غير محددة ، قد يسهم في &quot;خارج الهدف&quot; آثار المخدرات. في مقايسة ي...

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		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
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<tr>
<td>ANTS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>A-350</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>gramicidin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Chemical Co</td>
<td>G-5002</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1,2-dierucoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
<td>850398C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mini-Extruder kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
<td>610000</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PD-10 Desalting column</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich Made by GE Healthcare</td>
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gramicidin-based fluorescence assay; for determining small molecules potential for modifying lipid bilayer properties

العديد من الأدوية والجزيئات الصغيرة الأخرى المستخدمة لتعديل الوظيفة البيولوجية هي التي amphiphiles كثف في واجهة طبقة ثنائية / حل ، وبالتالي تغيير خصائص طبقة ثنائية المادة الدهنية. هذا أمر مهم لأن تقترن بنشاط بروتينات غشاء لطبقة ثنائية المضيف عن طريق التفاعلات مسعور. التغييرات في خصائص طبقة ثنائية الغشاء يغير بالتالي وظيفة البروتين ، الذي يوفر وسيلة غير مباشرة لamphiphiles لتعديل وظيفة البروتين وآلية ممكنة ل&quot;خارج الهدف&quot; آثار المخدرات. وضعنا مسبقا مقايسة الكهربية للكشف عن تغيرات في خصائص طبقة ثنائية الدهن باستخدام قنوات غراميسيدين الخطي كما تحقيقات 3،12. قنوات غراميسيدين هي بروتينات صغيرة تشكلت بواسطة ثنائي transbilayer مفارز من غير إجراء اثنين. فهي حساسة للتغيرات في البيئة الغشاء ، مما يجعل منهم تحقيقات قوية لرصد التغيرات في خصائص طبقة ثنائية المادة الدهنية كما لمست من البروتينات التي تغطي طبقة ثنائية. علينا أن نظهر الآن فحص مضان للكشف عن تغيرات في خصائص طبقة ثنائية باستخدام قنوات نفس التحقيقات. يستند هذا الفحص على قياس الوقت أثناء التبريد مضان من fluorophore محملة حويصلات unilamellar كبير بسبب دخول من خلال القنوات فاكهه تقضي غراميسيدين. نستخدم مضان مؤشر / فاكهه تقضي الزوج aminonaphthalene 8 - 1 - ،3،6 trisulfonate (النمل) / TL + التي استخدمت بنجاح في سائر المقايسات تبريد 5،13 مضان. TL + تتخلل طبقة ثنائية الدهن ببطء 8 ولكن يمر بسهولة من خلال إجراء قنوات غراميسيدين 1،14. الأسلوب هو تحجيم ومناسبة لكلا الدراستين الآلي والفرز الفائق الإنتاجية من جزيئات صغيرة لإقلاق - طبقة ثنائية ، وإمكانات &quot;خارج الهدف&quot; ، والآثار. نجد أن النتائج باستخدام هذا الأسلوب في اتفاق جيد مع النتائج السابقة الكهربية 12.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gramicidin-based Fluorescence Assay; for Determining Small Molecules Potential for Modifying Lipid Bilayer Properties at JoVE.com

Gramicidin-based Fluorescence Assay; for Determining Small Molecules Potential for Modifying Lipid Bilayer Properties

نحن نقدم سريع مضان مقايسة على أساس أن يراقب معدل التبريد مضان كمقياس للنشاط قناة غراميسيدين. وتستخدم القنوات غراميسيدين ومحولات القوة الجزيئية لمراقبة التغيرات في خصائص طبقة ثنائية المادة الدهنية كما لمست من البروتينات التي تغطي طبقة ثنائية.

غراميسيدين القائم على الفحص الإسفار ؛ لتحديد الجزيئات الصغيرة المحتملة لتعديل خصائص طبقة ثنائية الدهن

Many drugs and other small molecules used to modulate biological function are amphiphiles that adsorb at the bilayer/solution interface and thereby alter ...

gramicidin-based-fluorescence-assay-for-determining-small-molecules

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.7K Views.  Weill Cornell Medical College. نحن نقدم سريع مضان مقايسة على أساس أن يراقب معدل التبريد مضان كمقياس للنشاط قناة غراميسيدين. وتستخدم القنوات غراميسيدين ومحولات القوة الجزيئية لمراقبة التغيرات في خصائص طبقة ثنائية المادة الدهنية كما لمست من البروتينات التي تغطي طبقة ثنائية.

Video: Gramicidin-based Fluorescence Assay; for Determining Small Molecules Potential for Modifying Lipid Bilayer Properties

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson's Disease Genes

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations at risk. In the process of attempting to identify novel genetic factors associated with PD, scientists have generated many lists of candidate genes, polymorphisms, and proteins that represent important advances, but these leads remain mechanistically undefined. Our work is aimed toward significantly narrowing such lists by exploiting the advantages of a simple animal model system. While humans have billions of neurons, the microscopic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has precisely 302, of which only eight produce dopamine (DA) in hemaphrodites. Expression of a human gene encoding the PD-associated protein, alpha-synuclein, in C. elegans DA neurons results in dosage and age-dependent neurodegeneration.
Worms expressing human alpha-synuclein in DA neurons are isogenic and express both GFP and human alpha-synuclein under the DA transporter promoter (Pdat-1). The presence of GFP serves as a readily visualized marker for following DA neurodegeneration in these animals. We initially demonstrated that alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration could be rescued in these animals by torsinA, a protein with molecular chaperone activity 1. Further, candidate PD-related genes identified in our lab via large-scale RNAi screening efforts using an alpha-synuclein misfolding assay were then over-expressed in C. elegans DA neurons. We determined that five of seven genes tested represented significant candidate modulators of PD as they rescued alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration 2. Additionally, the Lindquist Lab (this issue of JoVE) has performed yeast screens whereby alpha-synuclein-dependent toxicity is used as a readout for genes that can enhance or suppress cytotoxicity. We subsequently examined the yeast candidate genes in our C. elegans alpha-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration assay and successfully validated many of these targets 3, 4.
Our methodology involves generation of a C. elegans DA neuron-specific expression vector using recombinational cloning of candidate gene cDNAs under control of the Pdat-1 promoter. These plasmids are then microinjected in wild-type (N2) worms, along with a selectable marker for successful transformation. Multiple stable transgenic lines producing the candidate protein in DA neurons are obtained and then independently crossed into the alpha-synuclein degenerative strain and assessed for neurodegeneration, at both the animal and individual neuron level, over the course of aging.

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson&#039;s Disease Genes

This video demonstrates how to use C. elegans to assess dopaminergic neuron neurodegeneration as a model for Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, genetic screens are used to identify factors that either enhance degeneration or are neuroprotective.

تطبيق الفحص جيم ايليجانس الدوبامين العصبية للتحلل من التحقق من صحة جينات مرض باركنسون المحتملة

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations ...

Single Molecule Methods for Monitoring Changes in Bilayer Elastic Properties

Membrane protein function is regulated by the cell membrane lipid composition.  This regulation is due to a combination of specific lipid-protein interactions and more general lipid bilayer-protein interactions. These interactions are particularly important in pharmacological research, as many current pharmaceuticals on the market can alter the lipid bilayer material properties, which can lead to altered membrane protein function.   The formation of gramicidin channels are dependent on conformational changes in gramicidin subunits which are in turn dependent on the properties of the lipid.  Hence the gramicidin channel  current is a reporter of altered properties of the bilayer due to certain compounds.  

Membrane protein function is regulated by the cell membrane lipid composition. This video-article details how to form a patch using bilayer patch electrodes, as well as how to use gramicidin channels as reporters of altered membrane properties.

طرق جزيء واحد لرصد التغيرات في خصائص طبقة ثنائية مطاطا

Membrane protein function is regulated by the cell membrane lipid composition.  This regulation is due to a combination of specific lipid-protein ...

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a quality control mechanism that can target and selectively degrade cellular material including organelles1-4. For example, damaged or redundant mitochondria (Fig. 1), not disposed of by autophagy, can represent a threat to cellular homeostasis and cell survival. In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nutrient deprivation (e.g., nitrogen starvation) or damage can promote selective turnover of mitochondria by autophagy in a process termed mitophagy 5-9.
We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy approach to assess autophagy. For clarity we restrict our description here to show how the approach can be used to monitor mitophagy in yeast cells. The assay makes use of a fluorescent reporter, Rosella, which is a dual-emission biosensor comprising a relatively pH-stable red fluorescent protein linked to a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein. The operation of this reporter relies on differences in pH between the vacuole (pH ~ 5.0-5.5) and mitochondria (pH ~ 8.2) in living cells. Under growing conditions, wild type cells exhibit both red and green fluorescence distributed in a manner characteristic of the mitochondria. Fluorescence emission is not associated with the vacuole. When subjected to nitrogen starvation, a condition which induces mitophagy, in addition to red and green fluorescence labeling the mitochondria, cells exhibit the accumulation of red, but not green fluorescence, in the acidic vacuolar lumen representing the delivery of mitochondria to the vacuole. Scoring cells with red, but not green fluorescent vacuoles can be used as a measure of mitophagic activity in cells5,10-12.

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A robust approach to monitor the delivery of organelles to the acidic lumen of the yeast vacuole for degradation and recycling is described. The method relies on the specific labeling of target organelles with a genetically encoded dual-emission fluorescence pH-biosensor, and visualization of individual cells using fluorescence microscopy.

والفحص المجهري لالإسفار Mitophagy الرصد في الخميرة السكيراء الجعوية

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a ...

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

The interaction of viruses and their prokaryotic hosts shaped the evolution of bacterial and archaeal life. Prokaryotes developed several strategies to evade viral attacks that include restriction modification, abortive infection and CRISPR/Cas systems. These adaptive immune systems found in many Bacteria and most Archaea consist of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) sequences and a number of CRISPR associated (Cas) genes (Fig. 1) 1-3. Different sets of Cas proteins and repeats define at least three major divergent types of CRISPR/Cas systems 4. The universal proteins Cas1 and Cas2 are proposed to be involved in the uptake of viral DNA that will generate a new spacer element between two repeats at the 5' terminus of an extending CRISPR cluster 5. The entire cluster is transcribed into a precursor-crRNA containing all spacer and repeat sequences and is subsequently processed by an enzyme of the diverse Cas6 family into smaller crRNAs 6-8. These crRNAs consist of the spacer sequence flanked by a 5' terminal (8 nucleotides) and a 3' terminal tag derived from the repeat sequence 9. A repeated infection of the virus can now be blocked as the new crRNA will be directed by a Cas protein complex (Cascade) to the viral DNA and identify it as such via base complementarity10. Finally, for CRISPR/Cas type 1 systems, the nuclease Cas3 will destroy the detected invader DNA 11,12 .
These processes define CRISPR/Cas as an adaptive immune system of prokaryotes and opened a fascinating research field for the study of the involved Cas proteins. The function of many Cas proteins is still elusive and the causes for the apparent diversity of the CRISPR/Cas systems remain to be illuminated. Potential activities of most Cas proteins were predicted via detailed computational analyses. A major fraction of Cas proteins are either shown or proposed to function as endonucleases 4.
Here, we present methods to generate crRNAs and precursor-cRNAs for the study of Cas endoribonucleases. Different endonuclease assays require either short repeat sequences that can directly be synthesized as RNA oligonucleotides or longer crRNA and pre-crRNA sequences that are generated via in vitro T7 RNA polymerase run-off transcription. This methodology allows the incorporation of radioactive nucleotides for the generation of internally labeled endonuclease substrates and the creation of synthetic or mutant crRNAs. Cas6 endonuclease activity is utilized to mature pre-crRNAs into crRNAs with 5'-hydroxyl and a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini.

CRISPR/Cas systems mediate adaptive immunity in Bacteria and Archaea. Many Cas proteins are proposed to act as endoribonucleases acting on crRNA precursors of varying length. Here we illustrate three different approaches to generate pre-crRNA substrates for the biochemical analysis of Cas endonuclease activity.

الجيل الركيزة لEndonucleases من CRISPR / كاس أنظمة

The  interaction of viruses and their prokaryotic hosts shaped the evolution of  bacterial and archaeal life. Prokaryotes developed several strategies to ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

التصور والتحليل من جزيئات الرنا المرسال عن طريق الإسفار<em&gt; في الموضع</em&gt; التهجين في<em&gt; خميرة الخباز</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Highly Efficient Ligation of Small RNA Molecules for MicroRNA Quantitation by High-Throughput Sequencing

MiRNA cloning and high-throughput sequencing, termed miR-Seq, stands alone as a transcriptome-wide approach to quantify miRNAs with single nucleotide resolution. This technique captures miRNAs by attaching 3&#8217; and 5&#8217; oligonucleotide adapters to miRNA molecules and allows de novo miRNA discovery. Coupling with powerful next-generation sequencing platforms, miR-Seq has been instrumental in the study of miRNA biology. However, significant biases introduced by oligonucleotide ligation steps have prevented miR-Seq from being employed as an accurate quantitation tool. Previous studies demonstrate that biases in current miR-Seq methods often lead to inaccurate miRNA quantification with errors up to 1,000-fold for some miRNAs1,2. To resolve these biases imparted by RNA ligation, we have developed a small RNA ligation method that results in ligation efficiencies of over 95% for both 3&#8217; and 5&#8242; ligation steps. Benchmarking this improved library construction method using equimolar or differentially mixed synthetic miRNAs, consistently yields reads numbers with less than two-fold deviation from the expected value. Furthermore, this high-efficiency miR-Seq method permits accurate genome-wide miRNA profiling from in vivo total RNA samples2.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a widely conserved class of regulatory molecules. Here we describe a miRNA cloning method that relies upon two potent ligation steps followed by high-throughput sequencing. Our method permits accurate genome-wide quantitation of miRNAs.

ربط ذات كفاءة عالية من الحمض النووي الريبي الجزيئات الصغيرة لالرنا الميكروي الكميات من قبل التسلسل الإنتاجية العالية

MiRNA cloning and high-throughput sequencing, termed miR-Seq, stands alone as a transcriptome-wide approach to quantify miRNAs with single nucleotide ...

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection (FPP)

The correct topology and orientation of integral membrane proteins are essential for their proper function, yet such information has not been established for many membrane proteins. A simple technique called fluorescence protease protection (FPP) is presented, which permits the determination of membrane protein topology in living cells. This technique has numerous advantages over other methods for determining protein topology, in that it does not require the availability of multiple antibodies against various domains of the membrane protein, does not require large amounts of protein, and can be performed on living cells. The FPP method employs the spatially confined actions of proteases on the degradation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged membrane proteins to determine their membrane topology and orientation. This simple approach is applicable to a wide variety of cell types, and can be used to determine membrane protein orientation in various subcellular organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum and components of the endosomal/recycling system. Membrane proteins, tagged on either the N-termini or C-termini with a GFP fusion, are expressed in a cell of interest, which is subject to selective permeabilization using the detergent digitonin. Digitonin has the ability to permeabilize the plasma membrane, while leaving intracellular organelles intact. GFP moieties exposed to the cytosol can be selectively degraded through the application of protease, whereas GFP moieties present in the lumen of organelles are protected from the protease and remain intact. The FPP assay is straightforward, and results can be obtained rapidly.

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection FPP

Here, we present a protocol to determine the orientation and topology of integral membrane proteins in living cells. This simple protocol relies on selective protease sensitivity of chimeras between the protein of interest and GFP.

تحديد غشاء طوبولوجيا البروتين عن طريق الإسفار البروتياز الحماية (FPP)

The correct topology and orientation of integral membrane proteins are essential for their proper function, yet such information has not been established ...

Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental mechanisms for relaying signal transduction in most cellular processes; therefore, identification of novel protein-protein interaction pairs and monitoring protein interaction dynamics are of particular interest for revealing how plants respond to environmental factors and/or developmental signals. A plethora of approaches have been developed to examine protein-protein interactions, either in vitro or in vivo. Among them, the recently established luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assay is the simplest and fastest method for demonstrating in vivo protein-protein interactions. In this assay, protein A or protein B is fused with the amino-terminal or carboxyl-terminal half of luciferase, respectively. When protein A interacts with protein B, the two halves of luciferase will be reconstituted to form a functional and active luciferase enzyme. Luciferase activity can be recorded with a luminometer or CCD-camera. Compared with other approaches, the LCI assay shows protein-protein interactions both qualitatively and quantitatively. Agrobacterium infiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves is a widely used system for transient protein expression. With the combination of LCI and transient expression, these approaches show that the physical interaction between COP1 and SPA1 was gradually reduced after jasmonate treatment.

Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics

This manuscript describes an easy and rapid experimental procedure for determining protein-protein interactions based on the measurement of luciferase activity.

لوسيفراس "التكامل بالتصوير الإنزيم" في أوراق نيكوتيانا بينثاميانا "تحديد عابر ديناميات التفاعل" البروتين-بروتين

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental mechanisms for relaying signal transduction in most cellular processes; therefore, identification of novel ...

Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes to Monitor Heat Transfer between Gold Nanoparticles and Lipid Membranes

Here we report a protocol to investigate the heat transfer between irradiated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and bilayer lipid membranes by electrochemistry using tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) assembled on gold electrodes. Irradiated modified GNPs, such as streptavidin-conjugated GNPs, are embedded in tBLMs containing target molecules, such as biotin. By using this approach, the heat transfer processes between irradiated GNPs and model bilayer lipid membrane with entities of interest are mediated by a horizontally focused laser beam. The thermal predictive computational model is used to confirm the electrochemically induced conductance changes in the tBLMs. Under the specific conditions used, detecting heat pulses required specific attachment of the gold nanoparticles to the membrane surface, while unbound gold nanoparticles failed to elicit a measurable response. This technique serves as a powerful detection biosensor which can be directly utilized for the design and development of strategies for thermal therapies that permits optimization of the laser parameters, particle size, particle coatings and composition.

This work outlines a protocol to achieve dynamic, non-invasive monitoring of heat transfer from laser-irradiated gold nanoparticles to tBLMs. The system combines impedance spectroscopy for the real-time measurement of conductance changes across the tBLMs, with a horizontally focused laser beam that drives gold nanoparticle illumination, for heat production.

الأغشية الدهنية ثنائية الطبقات المربوطة لمراقبة نقل الحرارة بين الجسيمات النانوية الذهبية والأغشية الدهنية

Here we report a protocol to investigate the heat transfer between irradiated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and bilayer lipid membranes by electrochemistry ...

Optical Clearing of Plant Tissues for Fluorescence Imaging

It is challenging to directly observe the internal structure of multi-layered and opaque plant specimens, without dissection, under a microscope. In addition, autofluorescence attributed to chlorophyll hampers the observation of fluorescent proteins in plants. For a long time, various clearing reagents have been used to make plants transparent. However, conventional clearing reagents diminish fluorescent signals; therefore, it has not been possible to observe the cellular and intracellular structures with fluorescent proteins. Reagents were developed that can clear plant tissues by removing chlorophyll while maintaining fluorescent protein stability. A detailed protocol is provided here for the optical clearing of plant tissues using clearing reagents, ClearSee (CS) or ClearSeeAlpha (CSA). The preparation of cleared plant tissues involves three steps: fixation, washing, and clearing. Fixation is a crucial step in maintaining the cellular structures and intracellular stability of fluorescent proteins. The incubation time for clearing depends on the tissue type and species. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the time required for clearing with CS was 4 days for leaves and roots, 7 days for seedlings, and 1 month for pistils. CS also required a relatively short time of 4 days to make the gametophytic leaves of Physcomitrium patens transparent. In contrast, pistils in tobacco and torenia produced brown pigment due to oxidation during CS treatment. CSA reduced the brown pigment by preventing oxidation and could make tobacco and torenia pistils transparent, although it took a relatively long time (1 or 2 months). CS and CSA were also compatible with staining using chemical dyes, such as DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and Hoechst 33342 for DNA and Calcofluor White, SR2200, and Direct Red 23 for the cell wall. This method can be useful for whole-plant imaging to reveal intact morphology, developmental processes, plant-microbe interactions, and nematode infections.

Here, a method is described for making plant tissues transparent while maintaining the stability of fluorescent proteins. This technique facilitates deep imaging of cleared plant tissues without physical sectioning.

التطهير البصري للأنسجة النباتية للتصوير الفلوري

It is challenging to directly observe the internal structure of multi-layered and opaque plant specimens, without dissection, under a microscope. In ...