المعاهد الوطنية للصحة NS43798 (DMB)؛ المعاهد الوطنية للصحة F31 NS058138 (MRD)؛ P30-NS045758 (CBSCR)، ومشلولا المحاربين القدماء الامريكيين # 2451 (DMB) و # 2707 (MRD).

<ol>
	<li>Cruz-Almeida, Y., Felix, E. R., Martinez-Arizala, A., Widerstrom-Noga, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pain+symptom+profiles+in+persons+with+spinal+cord+injury.">Pain symptom profiles in persons with spinal cord injury.</a> Pain Med. 10, 1246-1259 (2009).</li><li>Hulsebosch, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+discovery+to+clinical+trials:+treatment+strategies+for+central+neuropathic+pain+after+spinal+cord+injury.">From discovery to clinical trials: treatment strategies for central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.</a> Curr. Pharm. Des. 11, 1411-1420 (2005).</li><li>Kloos, A. D., Fisher, L. C., Detloff, M. R., Hassenzahl, D. L., Basso, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stepwise+motor+and+all-or-none+sensory+recovery+is+associated+with+nonlinear+sparing+after+incremental+spinal+cord+injury+in+rats.">Stepwise motor and all-or-none sensory recovery is associated with nonlinear sparing after incremental spinal cord injury in rats.</a> Exp. Neurol. 191, 251-265 (2005).</li><li>Detloff, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remote+activation+of+microglia+and+pro-inflammatory+cytokines+predict+the+onset+and+severity+of+below-level+neuropathic+pain+after+spinal+cord+injury+in+rats.">Remote activation of microglia and pro-inflammatory cytokines predict the onset and severity of below-level neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury in rats.</a> Exp. Neurol. 212, 337-347 (2008).</li><li>Detloff, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+of+acute+and+chronic+tactile+sensory+testing+after+spinal+cord+injury+in+rats.">Validity of acute and chronic tactile sensory testing after spinal cord injury in rats.</a> Exp. Neurol. 225, 366-376 (2010).</li><li>Hutchinson, K. J., Gomez-Pinilla, F., Crowe, M. J., Ying, Z., Basso, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+exercise+paradigms+differentially+improve+sensory+recovery+after+spinal+cord+contusion+in+rats.">Three exercise paradigms differentially improve sensory recovery after spinal cord contusion in rats.</a> Brain. 127, 1403-1414 (2004).</li><li>Carlton, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+and+central+sensitization+in+remote+spinal+cord+regions+contribute+to+central+neuropathic+pain+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Peripheral and central sensitization in remote spinal cord regions contribute to central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.</a> Pain. 147, 265-276 (2009).</li><li>Lindsey, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analysis+of+changes+in+sensory+thresholds+to+mild+tactile+and+cold+stimuli+after+experimental+spinal+cord+injury+in+the+rat.">An analysis of changes in sensory thresholds to mild tactile and cold stimuli after experimental spinal cord injury in the rat.</a> Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 14, 287-300 (2000).</li><li>Basso, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+testing+after+spinal+cord+injury:+congruities,+complexities,+and+controversies.">Behavioral testing after spinal cord injury: congruities, complexities, and controversies.</a> J. Neurotrauma. 21, 395-404 (2004).</li><li>Langford, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+modulation+of+pain+as+evidence+for+empathy+in+mice.">Social modulation of pain as evidence for empathy in mice.</a> Science. 312, 1967-1970 (2006).</li></ol>

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قدمت طرق الاختبار VFH هنا تمثل نماذج اختبار 2 التي تعتبر حساسة وصالحة للاستخدام في نماذج اصابات النخاع الشوكي على الفئران. الأهم من ذلك، تم إنشاء اختبار VFH ظهري لتقييم استعادة الاحساس باللمس من الكفوف هند بعد تماما في منتصف الصدر اصابات النخاع الشوكي عند الفئران غير قادرين على الوقوف على الخلف بهم. ويمكن أيضا اختبار هذا النموذج يتم استخدامها عند الفئران على استعادة القدرة على دعم وزنهم وعلى أطرافه الخلفية بعد اصابات النخاع الشوكي عنق الرحم. أظهرت نماذج 2 الاستفادة من هنا VFH معايرة لتحديد عتبة عن طريق اللمس من كل مخلب هند. الأساليب الأخرى تحديد وتيرة انسحاب إما إلى التحفيز عادة حميدة أو ضارة عادة. لقد أظهرنا في وقت سابق ان التحسينات الصغيرة في العتبات عن طريق اللمس يمكن أن تمثل الفرق بين وجود آلام الأعصاب المزمنة والاحساس باللمس العادي. وبالتالي الاستفادة من طرق الاختبار التجريبي التي تستمد الألم عتبات مايو كرة القدمcilitate ترجمة من التدخلات العلاجية المحتملة إلى العيادة. كما هو الحال مع جميع الاختبارات السلوكية، لا بد للتقليل من عدد من الإرباك داخل بيئة الاختبار التي قد تؤثر على نتائج الاختبار السلوكية 9. وبالتالي، فمن المهم أن كل دورة الاختبار يحدث في نفس الوقت من اليوم، في نفس درجة الحرارة والرطوبة تسيطر عليها غرفة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، منذ الفئران التواصل جهارا في نطاق الموجات فوق الصوتية، من المهم أن يتم الاحتفاظ الفئران انتظار لفحصها في غرفة منفصلة حتى تبدأ تجاربها. وأظهرت لانجفورد وآخرون 10 دليل على أن الحيوانات درامية ساذجة تجربة الألم بعد نشهد cagemate تتعرض لتحفيز الضارة. لمزيد من القضاء على التباين في التجارب الحسية عن طريق اللمس، ونحن الاستفادة من الحبوب مسكر باعتباره distractor المعرفية خلال اختبار VFH أخمصي. في القيام بذلك، ونحن على استقرار استجابات الحيوان. العتبة هو أقل عرضة للتسوس في جميع أنحاءاختبار عندما يتم توفير distractor من عند واحد ليست 5. هذا الاستقرار هو على الأرجح نتيجة لتلطيف من السلوكيات hypervigilant وcatastrophizing، دولتين الاستباقي حيث التهديد ألم ينشط الخوف والمراكز العاطفية في المخ.

<html><table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم كاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td><td> تعليقات </td></tr><tr><td> Semmes، وينشتاين المجذوذه </td><td> Stoelting المشارك </td><td> 58011 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> مربي الاسماك صندوق </td><td> حوض السمك مخزن التموين </td><td></td><td> ثقب حفر في الجانب تسليم الحبوب </td></tr><tr><td> ارتفاع شبكات سلكية (1/4 &quot;س 1/4&quot; الشبكة) </td><td> الأجهزة مخزن </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> المرونة لعقد الأسماك مربع مربي في مكان </td><td> حرفة مخزن </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> مسكر الحبوب </td><td> محل بقالة </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> هاك جراحي فوط 16 &quot;× 23&quot; </td><td> مخزن التموين الطبي </td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>الطبقة = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;

acute and chronic tactile sensory testing after spinal cord injury in rats

اصابات الحبل الشوكي (النخاع الشوكي) يضعف أنظمة حسية تسبب allodynia 1-8. لتحديد أسباب الخلوية والجزيئية من allodynia وحساسة والتجارب الحسية صالحة في نماذج الفئران اصابات النخاع الشوكي هو مطلوب. ومع ذلك، حتى وقت قريب، كان قد تم التحقق من صحة أي نهج اختبار واحد لاصابات النخاع الشوكي بحيث طرق موحدة لم يتم تنفيذها عبر المختبرات. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، لا يمكن أن طرق الاختبار متاح تنفذ تماما، أو عندما حاد محرك العاهات وجدت، ومنع دراسات لتطوير اصابات النخاع الشوكي التي يسببها allodynia 3. هنا نقدم 2 التحقق من صحة طرق الاختبار الحسي باستخدام فون فراي الشعر (VFH) المجذوذه التي قياس التغيرات في العتبات الحسية عن طريق اللمس بعد اصابات النخاع الشوكي 4-5. اختبار واحد هو راسخة يصل أسفل اختبار والذي يدل على حساسية عالية وخصوصية عبر بالقسوة اصابات النخاع الشوكي مختلفة عند اختبار 5 مزمنة. الاختبار الآخر هو المطورة حديثا اختبار VFH الظهرية التي يمكن تطبيقها بشكل حاد بعد اصابات النخاع الشوكي عندماllodynia يتطور، وذلك قبل 4-5 استرداد السيارات. كل حيدة VFH ينطبق قوة معايرة عندما تطرق إلى الجلد من مخلب هند حتى ينحني. في طريقة ما يصل إلى أسفل، وتستخدم VFHs بالتناوب القوات أعلى أو أقل في قطاع جلدي في L5 أخمصي لتحديد عتبات انسحاب المثنية. وتطبق القوات أعلى تباعا حتى انسحاب يحدث بعد ذلك يتم استخدام VFHs أقل قوة حتى انسحاب يتوقف. عتبة اللمس يعكس القوة المطلوبة للحصول الانسحاب في 50٪ من المنبهات. لاختبار جديد، يتم تطبيق كل VFH إلى قطاع جلدي على ظهري L5 من مخلب في حين يتم اعتماد الفئران بواسطة الفاحص. تحفيز VFH يحدث في ترتيب تصاعدي من قوة حتى على الأقل 2 من 3 طلبات في قوة معينة تنتج انسحاب مخلب. عتبة الحسية عن طريق اللمس هو أدنى قوة للحصول انسحاب من 66٪ من الوقت. وصفت تأقلم والاختبار وإجراءات التسجيل. وتحدد التجارب الشاذة التي تحتاج إلى إعادة الإختبار والتجارب النموذجية. حيوان استخدام ثكما وافقت عليها ولاية أوهايو رعاية الحيوانات وجامعة لجنة الاستخدام.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats at JoVE.com

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

وصفنا 2 اللمس طرق الاختبار الحسي لفترات حادة أو مزمنة من اصابات الحبل الشوكي في الفئران. ويمكن لهذه الإجراءات التحقق من صحة الكشف عن تطوير وصيانة allodynia مثل الأحاسيس.

الحادة والمزمنة الاختبارات الحسية اللمس بعد إصابة الحبل الشوكي في الجرذان

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

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23.5K Views.  School of Allied Medical Professions, The Ohio State University. وصفنا 2 اللمس طرق الاختبار الحسي لفترات حادة أو مزمنة من اصابات الحبل الشوكي في الفئران. ويمكن لهذه الإجراءات التحقق من صحة الكشف عن تطوير وصيانة allodynia مثل الأحاسيس.

Video: Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher frequency of fractures 1. As these fractures often occur in regions that have lost normal sensory function, the patient is at a greater risk of fracture-dependent pathologies, including death. SCI-dependent loss in both bone mineral density (BMD, grams/cm2) and bone mineral content (BMC, grams) has been attributed to mechanical disuse 2, aberrant neuronal signaling 3 and hormonal changes 4. The use of rodent models of SCI-induced osteoporosis can provide invaluable information regarding the mechanisms underlying the development of osteoporosis following SCI as well as a test environment for the generation of new therapies 5-7 (and reviewed in 8). Mouse models of SCI are of great interest as they permit a reductionist approach to mechanism-based assessment through the use of null and transgenic mice. While such models have provided important data, there is still a need for minimally-invasive, reliable, reproducible, and quantifiable methods in determining the extent of bone loss following SCI, particularly over time and within the same cohort of experimental animals, to improve diagnosis, treatment methods, and/or prevention of SCI-induced osteoporosis.
An ideal method for measuring bone density in rodents would allow multiple, sequential (over time) exposures to low-levels of X-ray radiation. This study describes the use of a new whole-animal scanner, the IVIS Lumina XR (Caliper Instruments) that can be used to provide low-energy (1-3 milligray (mGy)) high-resolution, high-magnification X-ray images of mouse hind limb bones over time following SCI. Significant bone density loss was seen in the tibiae of mice by 10 days post-spinal transection when compared to uninjured, age-matched control (na&iuml;ve) mice (13% decrease, p&lt;0.0005). Loss of bone density in the distal femur was also detectable by day 10 post-SCI, while a loss of density in the proximal femur was not detectable until 40 days post injury (7% decrease, p&lt;0.05). SCI-dependent loss of mouse femur density was confirmed post-mortem through the use of Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), the current "gold standard" for bone density measurements. We detect a 12% loss of BMC in the femurs of mice at 40 days post-SCI using the IVIS Lumina XR. This compares favorably with a previously reported BMC loss of 13.5% by Picard and colleagues who used DXA analysis on mouse femurs post-mortem 30 days post-SCI 9. Our results suggest that the IVIS Lumina XR provides a novel, high-resolution/high-magnification method for performing long-term, longitudinal measurements of hind limb bone density in the mouse following SCI.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

A longitudinal examination of bone loss in the femurs and tibiae of adult mice was performed following spinal cord injury using sequential low-dose X-ray scans. Tibia bone loss was detected throughout the study, while bone loss in the femur was not detected until 40 days post injury.

التقييم الطولي للهند ماوس الاطراف فقدان العظام بعد اصابة النخاع الشوكي به الرواية ، في الجسم الحي ، منهجية

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher ...

Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of the population1,2. Symptoms include spontaneous (tingling, burning, electric-shock like) pain, dysaesthesia, paraesthesia, allodynia (pain resulting from normally non-painful stimuli) and hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). The sensory symptoms are co-morbid with behavioural disabilities, such as insomnia and depression. To study chronic neuropathic pain several animal models mimicking peripheral nerve injury have been developed, one of the most widely used is Bennett and Xie's (1988) unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)3 (Figure 1). Here we present a method for performing CCI and testing pain hypersensitivity.
CCI is performed under anaesthesia, with the sciatic nerve on one side exposed by making a skin incision, and cutting through the connective tissue between the gluteus superficialis and biceps femoris muscles. Four chromic gut ligatures are tied loosely around the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals, to just occlude but not arrest epineural blood flow. The wound is closed with sutures in the muscle and staples in the skin. The animal is then allowed to recover from surgery for 24 hrs before pain hypersensitivity testing begins.
For behavioural testing, rats are placed into the testing apparatus and are allowed to habituate to the testing procedure. The area tested is the mid-plantar surface of the hindpaw (Figure 2), which falls within the sciatic nerve distribution. Mechanical withdrawal threshold is assessed by mechanically stimulating both injured and uninjured hindpaws using an electronic dynamic plantar von Frey aesthesiometer or manual von Frey hairs4. The mechanical withdrawal threshold is the maximum pressure exerted (in grams) that triggers paw withdrawal. For measurement of thermal withdrawal latency, first described by Hargreaves et al (1988), the hindpaw is exposed to a beam of radiant heat through a transparent glass surface using a plantar analgesia meter5,6. The withdrawal latency to the heat stimulus is recorded as the time for paw withdrawal in both injured and uninjured hindpaws. Following CCI, mechanical withdrawal threshold, as well as thermal withdrawal latency in the injured paw are both significantly reduced, compared to baseline measurements and the uninjured paw (Figure 3). The CCI model of peripheral nerve injury combined with pain hypersensitivity testing provides a model system to investigate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents to modify chronic neuropathic pain. In our laboratory, we utilise CCI alongside thermal and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaws to investigate the role of neuro-immune interactions in the pathogenesis and treatment of neuropathic pain.

Due to the simplicity of surgery and the robust behavioural outcome, chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve is one of the pre-eminent animal models of neuropathic pain. Within 24 hrs following surgery, pain hypersensitivity is established and can be quantitatively measured using a von Frey aesthesiometer (mechanical test) and plantar analgesia meter (thermal test).

مزمن انقباض في العصب الوركي والألم اختبار فرط الحساسية في الفئران

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of ...

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

تسيطر الاصابات تهتك عنق في الفئران

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

A Contusion Model of Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is described to obtain a consistent model of severe SCI. Use of a stereotactic frame and computer controlled impactor allows for creation of reproducible injury. Hypothermia and urinary tract infection pose significant challenges in the post-operative period. Careful monitoring of animals with daily weight recording and bladder expression allows for early detection of post-operative complications. The functional results of this contusion model are equivalent to transection models. The contusion model can be utilized to evaluate the efficacy of both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches.

A contusion model of severe spinal cord injury is described. Detailed pre-operative, operative and post-operative steps are described to obtain a consistent model.

نموذج كدمة شديدة اصابات الحبل الشوكي في الجرذان

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is ...

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination is disrupted by spinal cord injury (SCI), control of respiratory muscles innervated below the injury level is compromised1,2 leading to respiratory muscle dysfunction and pulmonary complications. These conditions are among the leading causes of death in patients with SCI3. Standard pulmonary function tests that assess respiratory motor function include spirometrical and maximum airway pressure outcomes: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (PImax) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (PEmax)4,5. These values provide indirect measurements of respiratory muscle performance6. In clinical practice and research, a surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded from respiratory muscles can be used to assess respiratory motor function and help to diagnose neuromuscular pathology. However, variability in the sEMG amplitude inhibits efforts to develop objective and direct measures of respiratory motor function6. Based on a multi-muscle sEMG approach to characterize motor control of limb muscles7, known as the voluntary response index (VRI)8, we developed an analytical tool to characterize respiratory motor control directly from sEMG data recorded from multiple respiratory muscles during the voluntary respiratory tasks. We have termed this the Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA)9. This vector analysis method quantifies the amount and distribution of activity across muscles and presents it in the form of an index that relates the degree to which sEMG output within a test-subject resembles that from a group of healthy (non-injured) controls. The resulting index value has been shown to have high face validity, sensitivity and specificity9-11. We showed previously9 that the RMCA outcomes significantly correlate with levels of SCI and pulmonary function measures. We are presenting here the method to quantitatively compare post-spinal cord injury respiratory multi-muscle activation patterns to those of healthy individuals.

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment RMCA in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

The purpose of this publication is to present our original work on a multi-muscle surface electromyographic approach to quantitatively characterize respiratory muscle activation patterns in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury using vector-based analysis.

تقييم تنشيط العضلات التنفسية عن طريق الجهاز التنفسي التحكم في المحركات تقييم (RMCA) في الأشخاص الذين يعانون المزمنة اصابات الحبل الشوكي

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

تسيطر الموديل أثر القشرية لإصابات الدماغ الرضية

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter connected to a radio transmitter into the femoral artery of rats that underwent a T4 spinal cord transection with or without grafting of embryonic brainstem-derived neural stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Compared to other methods such as cannula insertion or tail-cuff, telemetry is advantageous to continuously monitor blood pressure and heart rate in freely moving animals. It is also capable of long term multiple data acquisitions. In spinal cord injured rats, basal cardiovascular data under unrestrained condition and autonomic dysreflexia in response to colorectal distension were successfully recorded. In addition, cardiovascular parameters before and after SCI can be compared in the same rat if a transmitter is implanted before a spinal cord transection. One limitation of the described telemetry procedure is that implantation in the femoral artery may influence the blood supply to the ipsilateral hindlimb.

We present a protocol for using a radio-telemetric system to record cardiovascular parameters in T4 spinal cord transected rats eight weeks after embryonic brainstem neural stem cell grafting into the lesion site. Telemetry is an advanced technique to accurately evaluate cardiovascular function in conscious freely moving spinal cord injured rats.

ونظام القياس عن بعد راديو لمراقبة وظيفة القلب والأوعية الدموية في الحبل الشوكي مع الفئران Transection والعصبية الجذعية الجنينية الطعوم خلية

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter ...

Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The calibrated forceps model of compression injury is a convenient, low cost, and very reproducible animal model for SCI. We used a pair of modified forceps in accordance with the method published by Plemel et al. (2008) to laterally compress the spinal cord to a distance of 0.35 mm. In this video, we will demonstrate a dorsal laminectomy to expose the spinal cord, followed by compression of the spinal cord with the modified forceps. In the video, we will also address issues related to the care of paraplegic laboratory animals. This injury model produces mice that exhibit impairment in sensation, as well as impaired hindlimb locomotor function. Furthermore, this method of injury produces consistent aberrations in the pathology of the SCI, as determined by immunohistochemical methods. After watching this video, viewers should be able to determine the necessary supplies and methods for producing SCI of various severities in the mouse for studies on SCI and/or treatments designed to mitigate impairment after injury.

Spinal cord injury models should be highly reproducible. We demonstrate that the calibrated forceps compression model of spinal cord injury is an easy to use surgical method for generating reproducible injuries to the murine spinal cord.

معايرة الملقط نموذج من الحبل الشوكي ضغط الإصابات

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The ...

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Reduced spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) (i.e., ischemia) plays a key role in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) pathophysiology and is accordingly an important target for neuroprotective therapies. Although several techniques have been described to assess SCBF, they all have significant limitations. To overcome the latter, we propose the use of real-time contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEU). Here we describe the application of this technique in a rat contusion model of SCI. A jugular catheter is first implanted for the repeated injection of contrast agent, a sodium chloride solution of sulphur hexafluoride encapsulated microbubbles. The spine is then stabilized with a custom-made 3D-frame and the spinal cord dura mater is exposed by a laminectomy at ThIX-ThXII. The ultrasound probe is then positioned at the posterior aspect of the dura mater (coated with ultrasound gel). To assess baseline SCBF, a single intravenous injection (400 &#181;l) of contrast agent is applied to record its passage through the intact spinal cord microvasculature. A weight-drop device is subsequently used to generate a reproducible experimental contusion model of SCI. Contrast agent is re-injected 15 min following the injury to assess post-SCI SCBF changes. CEU allows for real time and in-vivo assessment of SCBF changes following SCI. In the uninjured animal, ultrasound imaging showed uneven blood flow along the intact spinal cord. Furthermore, 15 min post-SCI, there was critical ischemia at the level of the epicenter while SCBF remained preserved in the more remote intact areas. In the regions adjacent to the epicenter (both rostral and caudal), SCBF was significantly reduced. This corresponds to the previously described &#8220;ischemic penumbra zone&#8221;. This tool is of major interest for assessing the effects of therapies aimed at limiting ischemia and the resulting tissue necrosis subsequent to SCI.

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound imaging is a reliable in-vivo tool for quantifying spinal cord blood flow in an experimental rat spinal cord injury model. This paper contains a comprehensive protocol for application of this technique in association with a contusion model of thoracic spinal cord injury.

على النقيض المحسن التصوير بالموجات فوق الصوتية لتقييم الحبل الشوكي تدفق الدم في التجريبية العمود الفقري اصابات الحبل

Reduced spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) (i.e., ischemia) plays a key role in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) pathophysiology and is accordingly an ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

وحديثي الولادة ماوس الحبل الشوكي ضغط إصابة نموذج

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...