وأيد هذا العمل من المنح المقدمة من المعاهد الوطنية للصحة ومؤسسة التليف الكيسي.

1. إعداد البكتيريا لاستخراج LPS <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بدء ثقافة بين عشية وضحاها في 5 مل من مرق لوريا (LB)، على أن تستكمل مع المضادات الحيوية إذا لزم الأمر. تنمو ثقافة بين عشية وضحاها (12-18 ساعة) في هز حاضنة عند 37 درجة مئوية في الدقيقة 200 و. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تمييع 1:10 ثقافة مع LB واتخاذ 600 OD القراءة في معمل. واستنادا إلى القراءة 600 التطوير التنظيمي، وجعل التعليق 1.5 مل من البكتيريا الخاصة بك إلى OD 600 من 0.5. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بيليه البكتيريا في microcentrifuge في ز س 10600 لمدة 10 دقائق. إزالة والتخلص من طاف. ويمكن تخزين بيليه في -20 درجة مئوية، إذا LPS لن يكون استخراجه مباشرة. </li></ol> 2. استخراج LPS <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> أولا، إعداد 2X SDS العازلة. جعل حل 50 مل من 4٪ β-المركابتويثانول SDS، (BME) 4٪ و 20٪ الجلسرين في 0.1 م تريس، حمض الهيدروكلوريك، ودرجة الحموضة 6.8. إضافة قليل من اللون الأزرق برموفينول لصبغ الحل. جعل SDS-العازلة 1X الأوراق المالية عن طريق تمييع 2X قتوك 1:1 في معقم المقطرة O. 2 H ويمكن تخزين هذا في درجة حرارة الغرفة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جعل ثلاث عمليات منفصلة 10 ملغ / مل حلول من أنا الدناز، ريبونوكلياز، وK بروتين في معقم المقطرة O. 2 H </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Resuspend البكتيريا مكعبات من الخطوة 1.3 في 200 ميكروليتر من 1X SDS-العازلة. ضمان معلق تماما بيليه بواسطة pipetting الحل صعودا ونزولا ببطء. لا دوامة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> غلي البكتيريا العالقة في حمام مائي لمدة 15 دقيقة. السماح للحل لتبريد في درجة حرارة الغرفة لمدة 15 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 5 ميكرولتر من أنا الدناز على حد سواء والحلول ريبونوكلياز أعدت في 2.2. احتضان هذه العينات على 37 درجة مئوية لمدة 30 دقيقة. * هذه الخطوة اختيارية، وليس هناك فارق ضئيل في نوعية LPS بين عينات nuclease المعاملة وغير المعاملة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 10 ميكرولتر من محلول K بروتيناز أعدت في 2.2. احتضان هذه العينات على 59 درجة مئوية لمدة 3 ساعات. لا يمكن أن يؤديها هذه الخطوة بين عشية وضحاها، إذا كان هناك ضيق الوقت. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إلى كل إعلان، عينةد 200 ميكرولتر من (ويمكن استخدام المياه المشبعة الفينول كبديل إذا تريس المشبعة الفينول غير متوفر) المثلج تريس المشبعة الفينول. ضمان سقف لتغلق الأنابيب بإحكام، ودوامة كل عينة لنحو 5 إلى 10 ثوان. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان هذه العينات على 65 درجة مئوية لمدة 15 دقيقة، vortexing في بعض الأحيان. بعد احتضان بارد إلى درجة حرارة الغرفة، ثم يضاف 1 مل من درجة حرارة الغرفة ايثر على كل عينة ودوامة لمدة 5 إلى 10 ثوان. مما لا شك فيه لأداء الأثير في مقبض غطاء الدخان، كما هو الحال المضطربة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> منبذة العينات في ز س 20600 لمدة 10 دقائق. إزالة بعناية عينات من أجهزة الطرد المركزي واستخراج الطبقة السفلية الزرقاء. مما لا شك فيه لتجنب العلوي، وطبقة واضحة. تاركين وراءهم كمية صغيرة من طبقة الأزرق هو الأفضل للتلوث مع الطبقة العليا. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعادة استخراج عينات بتكرار الخطوات 2،7-2،9. اثنان الاستخراج تكفي عادة. إذا كانت عينات يبدو غائما، قد يكون أكثر الاستخراج performeد. إضافة 200 ميكرولتر من العازلة، SDS 2X إلى كل من العينات المستخرجة قبل فصل بواسطة SDS-PAGE. يمكن تشغيل العينات في 8٪ الهلام SDS-بولكرلميد -15٪. خمسة إلى 15 ميكرولتر من LPS أعد استخدام هذا الأسلوب هو ما يكفي لتصور عادة. </li></ol> 3. ممثل النتائج يمكن أن عينات LPS أعدت على النحو الوارد أعلاه يمكن تصور من قبل تلطيخ مباشرة بعد الانفصال عن SDS-PAGE باستخدام معيار الفضة تلطيخ بروتوكول أو تلطيخ LPS عدة متاحة تجاريا. بدلا من ذلك، يمكن أن تنتقل LPS فصلها عن مادة هلامية بولكرلميد إلى غشاء النيتروسليلوز وتعرض لغربي immunoblotting باستخدام LPS محددة لمكافحة الأمصال. لهذا البروتوكول، وكنا الموالية للس الزمرد جل Lipopolysaccharide 300 كيت اللطخة (المسابر الجزيئية)، واتباع إرشادات الشركة المصنعة. هو مبين في الشكل 1 هو الموالية للس الزمرد 300 ملون 12٪ SDS-بولكرلميد هلام. كل حارة يحتوي على 15 ميكرولتر من LPS أعدت من DIFعزل سلالات من ferent مؤلم بيركولديريا من عينات البلغم من مرضى التليف الكيسي. LPS مختلف أنماط النطاقات وسلم، وتعكس أرقام مختلفة O-مستضد تكرار وحدات ملحقة oligosaccharide الأساسية، واضحة باستخدام هذا الأسلوب، على سبيل المثال، والعينات في حارة 1 و 6 لديها أنماط مماثلة ربط بعضها ببعض (محاصر في الحمراء). <img alt="الشكل 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3916/3916fig1.jpg" /> الشكل 1. الموالية للس الزمرد 300 LPS الملون من العزلات مؤلم بيركولديريا السريرية. LPS من سبع B. تم عزل سلالات مؤلم من تفشي هذا المرض في مرضى التليف الكيسي على النحو المبين في هذا البروتوكول. تم فصل خمسة عشر ميكرولتر على هلام SDS-بولكرلميد 12٪، والملون مع الموالية للالزمرد س 300، وفقا لتعليمات الشركة المصنعة. يشار LPS الأساسية سهم، وLPS تظهر أنماط مماثلة من النطاقات O-مستضد يكرر هي محاصر في أحمر. M = علامة الوزن الجزيئي.

<ol>
	<li>Raetz, C. R., Whitfield, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipopolysaccharide+endotoxins.">Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins.</a> Annu. Rev. Biochem. 71, 635-700 (2002).</li><li>Valvano, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Export+of+O-specific+lipopolysaccharide.">Export of O-specific lipopolysaccharide.</a> Front. Biosci. 8, 452-471 (2003).</li><li>Pier, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+lipopolysaccharide:+a+major+virulence+factor,+initiator+of+inflammation+and+target+for+effective+immunity.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide: a major virulence factor, initiator of inflammation and target for effective immunity.</a> Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 297, 277-295 (2007).</li><li>Freudenberg, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+lipopolysaccharide+susceptibility+in+the+innate+immune+response+to+Salmonella+typhimurium+infection:+LPS,+a+primary+target+for+recognition+of+Gram-negative+bacteria.">Role of lipopolysaccharide susceptibility in the innate immune response to Salmonella typhimurium infection: LPS, a primary target for recognition of Gram-negative bacteria.</a> Microbes Infect. 3, 1213-1222 (2001).</li><li>Jann, K., Jann, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polysaccharide+antigens+of+Escherichia+coli.">Polysaccharide antigens of Escherichia coli.</a> Rev. Infect. Dis. 9, S517-S526 (1987).</li><li>McCallum, K. L., Schoenhals, G., Laakso, D., Clarke, B., Whitfield, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-molecular-weight+fraction+of+smooth+lipopolysaccharide+in+Klebsiella+serotype+O1:K20+contains+a+unique+O-antigen+epitope+and+determines+resistance+to+nonspecific+serum+killing.">A high-molecular-weight fraction of smooth lipopolysaccharide in Klebsiella serotype O1:K20 contains a unique O-antigen epitope and determines resistance to nonspecific serum killing.</a> Infect. Immun. 57, 3816-3822 (1989).</li><li>Hancock, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+isolates+from+patients+with+cystic+fibrosis:+a+class+of+serum-sensitive,+nontypable+strains+deficient+in+lipopolysaccharide+O+side+chains.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis: a class of serum-sensitive, nontypable strains deficient in lipopolysaccharide O side chains.</a> Infect. Immun. 42, 170-177 (1983).</li><li>Gupta, S. K., Masinick, S., Garrett, M., Hazlett, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+lipopolysaccharide+binds+galectin-3+and+other+human+corneal+epithelial+proteins.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide binds galectin-3 and other human corneal epithelial proteins.</a> Infect. Immun. 65, 2747-2753 (1997).</li><li>Hitchcock, P. J., Brown, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+heterogeneity+among+Salmonella+lipopolysaccharide+chemotypes+in+silver-stained+polyacrylamide+gels.">Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chemotypes in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels.</a> J. Bacteriol. 154, 269-277 (1983).</li><li>Westphal, O., Jann, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+lipopolysaccharides.">Bacterial lipopolysaccharides.</a> Methods Carbohyr. Chem. 5, 83 (1965).</li><li>Lieberman, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parallel+bacterial+evolution+within+multiple+patients+ties+novel+genes+to+pathogenesis.">Parallel bacterial evolution within multiple patients ties novel genes to pathogenesis.</a> Nat Genet. , (2011).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

وقد وصفت لنا وسيلة لتنقية LPS بعيدا عن مكونات الخلية الأخرى، بما فيها الأحماض النووية والبروتينات. هذه الطريقة توفر جودة عالية LPS التي يمكن استخدامها في عدد من الطرق تصور مختلف، بما في ذلك الكربوهيدرات من تلطيخ SDS-PAGE المواد الهلامية، كما هو مبين في الشكل رقم 1. ويمكن است...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم كاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td></tr><tr><td> الدناز أنا المؤتلف، ريبونوكلياز خالية </td><td> روش </td><td> 04716728001 </td></tr><tr><td> ريبونوكلياز A </td><td> روش </td><td> 10109169001 </td></tr><tr><td> بروتين K </td><td> الصياد </td><td> BP1700 </td></tr><tr><td> تريس المشبعة الفينول </td><td> الصياد </td><td> BP1750-100 </td></tr><tr><td> إثيل الأثير </td><td> توماس العلمية </td><td> C313K31 </td></tr><tr><td> الموالية للس الزمرد جل Lipopolysaccharide 300 كيت اللطخة </td><td> المسابر الجزيئية </td><td> P20495 </td></tr></tbody></table>

purification and visualization of lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria by hot aqueous-phenol extraction

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) عنصرا رئيسيا من الأغشية سلبية الغرام الخارجي الجرثومي. هذا هو جزيء الدهون الثلاثية التي تتكون من ألف والذي يتجسد في الغشاء الخارجي، وهو جوهر oligosaccharide وتكرار O-مستضد الوحدات التي تمتد إلى الخارج من سطح الخلية 1 و 2. LPS هو جزيء سائد مناعيا أن المهم بالنسبة للخبث والتسبب في العديد من الأنواع البكتيرية، بما في ذلك الزائفة الزنجارية، والأنواع السالمونيلا، والإشريكية القولونية 3-5، والاختلاف في شكل LPS تكوين O-مستضد أساس التنميط المصلي من السلالات. وتشارك LPS في المرفق لاستضافة خلايا في بدء الإصابة، ويوفر حماية من تكملة بوساطة القتل؛ السلالات التي تفتقر LPS يمكن أن تكون مخففة عن خبث 6-8. لهذه الأسباب، من المهم أن تصور LPS، وخاصة من السلالات الإكلينيكية. تصور LPS النطاقات أنماط واعتراف محدد 1ويمكن أن تكون أدوات مفيدة ntibodies لتحديد الأنساب وسلالة لتوصيف مختلف المسوخ. في هذا التقرير، وصفنا ساخنة مائي، الفينول طريقة لعزل وتنقية LPS من سلبية الغرام الخلايا البكتيرية. هذا البروتوكول يسمح لاستخراج LPS بعيدا عن الأحماض النووية والبروتينات التي يمكن أن تتداخل مع تصور من LPS التي تحدث مع أقصر، وطرق استخلاص أقل كثافة 9. أعد LPS يمكن فصلها بهذه الطريقة من قبل كبريتات الصوديوم دوديسيل (SDS)-بولكرلميد الكهربائي للهلام (صفحة) والملون مباشرة باستخدام الكربوهيدرات / بروتين سكري البقع أو معيار أساليب تلطيخ الفضة. العديد من الأمصال المضادة لللLPS تحتوي على الأجسام المضادة التي مع بروتينات الغشاء الخارجي أو الأهداف المستضدية الأخرى التي يمكن أن تعوق عبور رد فعل، لوحظ التفاعل بعد طخة مناعية الغربية من SDS-PAGE-فصل lysates خلية النفط الخام. علاج البروتيني من lysates خلية النفط الخام وحدها ليست دائما وسيلة فعالة لإزالة هذهالخلفية باستخدام هذا التصور أو أساليب أخرى. كذلك، يمكن معالجة الأنزيم البروتيني واسعة في محاولة لإزالة هذه الخلفية تؤدي إلى LPS جودة الفقيرة التي لم يتم حلها بشكل جيد من قبل أي من الطرق المذكورة أعلاه. لهذه الأسباب، فإننا نعتقد أن البروتوكول التالي، المقتبس من Westpahl وجن 10، يعتبر مثاليا لاستخلاص LPS.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification and Visualization of Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative Bacteria by Hot Aqueous-phenol Extraction at JoVE.com

Purification and Visualization of Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative Bacteria by Hot Aqueous-phenol Extraction

نحن تصف تعديل حار طريقة استخراج مائي، الفينول لتنقية lipopolysaccharide (بي إس) من الجراثيم سلبية الغرام. انتزعت مرة، يمكن تحليلها في وقت لاحق من قبل LPS SDS-PAGE وتصور من قبل تلطيخ مباشرة أو طخة مناعية الغربية.

تنقية والتصور من Lipopolysaccharide من البكتريا سالبة الجرام بواسطة استخراج مائي، الفينول الساخن

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)  is a major component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes. It is a tripartite molecule consisting of  lipid A, which is ...

purification-visualization-lipopolysaccharide-from-gram-negative

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Immunology and Infection

34.9K Views.  University of Virginia Health System. نحن تصف تعديل حار طريقة استخراج مائي، الفينول لتنقية lipopolysaccharide (بي إس) من الجراثيم سلبية الغرام. انتزعت مرة، يمكن تحليلها في وقت لاحق من قبل LPS SDS-PAGE وتصور من قبل تلطيخ مباشرة أو طخة مناعية الغربية.

Video: Purification and Visualization of Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative Bacteria by Hot Aqueous-phenol Extraction

Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

Experimental and clinical studies often require highly purified cell populations.  FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known phenotype.  Other bulk methods of purification include panning, complement depletion and magnetic bead separation.  However, FACS has several advantages over other available methods.  FACS is the preferred method when very high purity of the desired population is required, when the target cell population expresses a very low level of the identifying marker or when cell populations require separation based on differential marker density.  In addition, FACS is the only available purification technique to isolate cells based on internal staining or intracellular protein expression, such as a genetically modified fluorescent protein marker.  FACS allows the purification of individual cells based on size, granularity and fluorescence.  In order to purify cells of interest, they are first stained with fluorescently-tagged monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which recognize specific surface markers on the desired cell population (1).  Negative selection of unstained cells is also possible.  FACS purification requires a flow cytometer with sorting capacity and the appropriate software.  For FACS, cells in suspension are passed as a stream in droplets with each containing a single cell in front of a laser.  The fluorescence detection system detects cells of interest based on predetermined fluorescent parameters of the cells.  The instrument applies a charge to the droplet containing a cell of interest and an electrostatic deflection system facilitates collection of the charged droplets into appropriate collection tubes (2).  The success of staining and thereby sorting depends largely on the selection of the identifying markers and the choice of mAb.  Sorting parameters can be adjusted depending on the requirement of purity and yield.  Although FACS requires specialized equipment and personnel training, it is the method of choice for isolation of highly purified cell populations.

Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting FACS

For many scientific studies requiring a biological and chemical analysis of cell populations the cells must be in a high state of purity. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) is a superior method in which to obtain pure cell populations.

تنقية سكان خلية معينة من قبل الإسفار الفرز الخلية المنشط (FACS)

Experimental and clinical studies often require highly purified cell populations.  FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known ...

IgY Technology: Extraction of Chicken Antibodies from Egg Yolk by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Precipitation

Hens can be immunized by means of i.m. vaccination (Musculus pectoralis, left and right, injection volume 0.5-1.0 ml) or by means of Gene-Gun plasmid-immunization. Dependent on the immunogenicity of the antigen, high antibody-titres (up to 1:100,000 - 1:1,000,000) can be achieved after only one or 3 - 4 boost immunizations. Normally, a hen lays eggs continuously for about 72 weeks, thereafter the laying capacity decreases. This protocol describes the extraction of total IgY from egg yolk by means of a precipitation procedure (PEG. Polson et al. 1980). The method involves two important steps. The first one is the removal of lipids and the second is the precipitation of total IgY from the supernatant of step one. After dialysis against a buffer (normally PBS) the IgY-extract can be stored at -20&deg;C for more than a year. The purity of the extract is around 80 %, the total IgY per egg varies from 40-80 mg, dependent on the age of the laying hen. The total IgY content increases with the age of the hen from around 40 mg/egg up to 80 mg/egg (concerning PEG precipitation). The laying capacity of a hen per year is around 325 eggs. That means a total potential harvest of 20 g total IgY/year based on a mean IgY content of 60 mg total IgY/egg (see Table 1).

IgY Technology: Extraction of Chicken Antibodies from Egg Yolk by Polyethylene Glycol PEG Precipitation

This protocol describes in particular the extraction of total IgY from egg yolk by means of polyethylene glycol precipitation and gives general information about IgY technology.

IGY التكنولوجيا : استخراج الأجسام المضادة من صفار البيض الدجاج بواسطة البولي ايثيلين جلايكول (PEG) الأمطار

Hens can be immunized by means of  i.m. vaccination (Musculus pectoralis, left and right, injection volume  0.5-1.0 ml) or by means of Gene-Gun ...

A Simple Chelex Protocol for DNA Extraction from Anopheles spp.

Endemic countries are increasingly adopting molecular tools for efficient typing, identification and surveillance against malaria parasites and vector mosquitoes, as an integral part of their control programs1,2,3,4,5. For sustainable establishment of these accurate approaches in operations research to strengthen malaria control and elimination efforts, simple and affordable methods, with parsimonious reagent and equipment requirements are essential6,7,8. Here we present a simple Chelex-based technique for extracting malaria parasite and vector DNA from field collected mosquito specimens.
We morphologically identified 72 Anopheles gambiae sl. from 156 mosquitoes captured by pyrethrum spray catches in sleeping rooms of households within a 2,000 km2 vicinity of the Malaria Institute at Macha. After dissection to separate the head and thorax from the abdomen for all 72 Anopheles gambiae sl. mosquitoes, the two sections were individually placed in 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes and submerged in 20 &mu;l of deionized water. Using a sterile pipette tip, each mosquito section was separately homogenized to a uniform suspension in the deionized water. Of the ensuing homogenate from each mosquito section, 10 &mu;l was retained while the other 10 &mu;l was transferred to a separate autoclaved 1.5 ml tube. The separate aliquots were subjected to DNA extraction by either the simplified Chelex or the standard salting out extraction protocol9,10. The salting out protocol is so-called and widely used because it employs high salt concentrations in lieu of hazardous organic solvents (such as phenol and chloroform) for the protein precipitation step during DNA extraction9.
Extracts were used as templates for PCR amplification using primers targeting arthropod mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH) subunit 4 gene (ND4) to check DNA quality11, a PCR for identification of Anopheles gambiae sibling species10 and a nested PCR for typing of Plasmodium falciparum infection12. Comparison using DNA quality (ND4) PCR showed 93% sensitivity and 82% specificity for the Chelex approach relative to the established salting out protocol. Corresponding values of sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 78%, respectively, using sibling species identification PCR and 92% and 80%, respectively for P. falciparum detection PCR. There were no significant differences in proportion of samples giving amplicon signal with the Chelex or the regular salting out protocol across all three PCR applications. The Chelex approach required three simple reagents and 37 min to complete, while the salting out protocol entailed 10 different reagents and 2 hr and 47 min' processing time, including an overnight step. Our results show that the Chelex method is comparable to the existing salting out extraction and can be substituted as a simple and sustainable approach in resource-limited settings where a constant reagent supply chain is often difficult to maintain.

A Simple Chelex Protocol for DNA Extraction from Anopheles spp.

A rapid and affordable way to extract quality malaria parasite and vector DNA from mosquito specimens is described. Capitalizing on chelating properties of Chelex resin, the simple method enables genotyping of malaria parasites in mosquito mid-gut and salivary gland phases, as well as molecular identification of the Anopheles sibling species by PCR.

A Chelex بروتوكول بسيط لاستخراج الحمض النووي من<em&gt; الأنوفيلة</em&gt; النيابة.

Endemic countries are increasingly adopting molecular tools for  efficient typing, identification and surveillance against malaria parasites and  vector ...

Purification of Pathogen Vacuoles from Legionella-infected Phagocytes

The opportunistic pathogen Legionella pneumophila is an amoeba-resistant bacterium, which also replicates in alveolar macrophages thus causing the severe pneumonia "Legionnaires' disease"1. In protozoan and mammalian phagocytes, L. pneumophila employs a conserved mechanism to form a specific, replication-permissive compartment, the "Legionella-containing vacuole" (LCV). LCV formation requires the bacterial Icm/Dot type IV secretion system (T4SS), which translocates as many as 275 "effector" proteins into host cells. The effectors manipulate host proteins as well as lipids and communicate with secretory, endosomal and mitochondrial organelles2-4.
The formation of LCVs represents a complex, robust and redundant process, which is difficult to grasp in a reductionist manner. An integrative approach is required to comprehensively understand LCV formation, including a global analysis of pathogen-host factor interactions and their temporal and spatial dynamics. As a first step towards this goal, intact LCVs are purified and analyzed by proteomics and lipidomics.
The composition and formation of pathogen-containing vacuoles has been investigated by proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography or 2-D gel electrophoresis coupled to mass-spectrometry. Vacuoles isolated from either the social soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum or mammalian phagocytes harboured Leishmania5, Listeria6, Mycobacterium7, Rhodococcus8, Salmonella9 or Legionella spp.10. However, the purification protocols employed in these studies are time-consuming and tedious, as they require e.g. electron microscopy to analyse LCV morphology, integrity and purity. Additionally, these protocols do not exploit specific features of the pathogen vacuole for enrichment.
The method presented here overcomes these limitations by employing D. discoideum producing a fluorescent LCV marker and by targeting the bacterial effector protein SidC, which selectively anchors to the LCV membrane by binding to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P)3,11 . LCVs are enriched in a first step by immuno-magnetic separation using an affinity-purified primary antibody against SidC and a secondary antibody coupled to magnetic beads, followed in a second step by a classical Histodenz density gradient centrifugation12,13 (Fig. 1).
A proteome study of isolated LCVs from D. discoideum revealed more than 560 host cell proteins, including proteins associated with phagocytic vesicles, mitochondria, ER and Golgi, as well as several GTPases, which have not been implicated in LCV formation before13. LCVs enriched and purified with the protocol outlined here can be further analyzed by microscopy (immunofluorescence, electron microscopy), biochemical methods (Western blot) and proteomic or lipidomic approaches.

Purification of Pathogen Vacuoles from Legionella-infected Phagocytes

This article describes a method for the isolation and purification of intact Legionella-containing vacuoles (LCVs) from amoeba and macrophages. The two-step protocol comprises LCV enrichment by immuno-magnetic separation using an antibody against a bacterial LCV marker and further purification by density gradient centrifugation.

تنقية من الفجوات المرضي من<em&gt; البكتيريا</em&gt; المصابة البالعات

The opportunistic pathogen Legionella pneumophila is an amoeba-resistant bacterium, which also replicates in alveolar macrophages thus causing the severe ...

Rapid Identification of Gram Negative Bacteria from Blood Culture Broth Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

An important role of the clinical microbiology laboratory is to provide rapid identification of bacteria causing bloodstream infection. Traditional identification requires the sub-culture of signaled blood culture broth with identification available only after colonies on solid agar have matured. MALDI-TOF MS is a reliable, rapid method for identification of the majority of clinically relevant bacteria when applied to colonies on solid media. The application of MALDI-TOF MS directly to blood culture broth is an attractive approach as it has potential to accelerate species identification of bacteria and improve clinical management. However, an important problem to overcome is the pre-analysis removal of interfering resins, proteins and hemoglobin&#160;contained in blood culture specimens which, if not removed, interfere with the MS spectra and can result in insufficient or low discrimination identification scores. In addition it is necessary to concentrate bacteria to develop spectra of sufficient quality. The presented method describes the concentration, purification, and extraction of Gram negative bacteria allowing for the early identification of bacteria from a signaled blood culture broth.

The application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) directly to blood culture broth expedites the identification of bacteria. The presented method is a rapid and reliable method for identification of Gram negative bacteria directly from blood culture broth.

التعرف السريع على البكتيريا سالبة الجرام من ثقافة الدم في مرق عن طريق MALDI-TOF الطيف الكتلي

An important role of the clinical microbiology laboratory is to provide rapid identification of bacteria causing bloodstream infection. Traditional ...

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

Recently, we have shown, contrary to what is described, that CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of adaptive immune cells, capture bacteria from infected dendritic cells (DCs) by a process called transinfection. Here, we describe the analysis of the transinfection process, which occurs during the course of antigen presentation. This process was unveiled by using CD4+ T cells from transgenic OTII mice, which bear a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a peptide of ovoalbumin (OVAp), which therefore can form stable immune complexes with infected dendritic cells loaded with this specific OVAp. The dynamics of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing bacteria during DC-T cell transmission can be monitored by live-cell imaging and the quantification of bacterial transinfection can be performed by flow cytometry. In addition, transinfection can be quantified by a more sensitive method based in the use of gentamicin, a non-permeable aminoglycoside antibiotic killing extracellular bacteria but not intracellular ones. This classical method has been used previously in microbiology to study the efficiency of bacterial infections. We hereby explain the protocol of the complete process, from the isolation of the primary cells to the quantification of transinfection.

Here a protocol is presented to measure bacterial capture by CD4+ T cells which occurs during antigen presentation via transinfection from pre-infected dendritic cells (DC). We show how to perform the necessary steps: isolation of primary cells, infection of DC, DC/T cell conjugate formation, and measurement of bacterial T cell transfection.

T خلايا التقاط البكتيريا التي كتبها Transinfection من الخلايا الجذعية

Recently, we have shown, contrary to what is described, that CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of adaptive immune cells, capture bacteria from infected dendritic ...

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi

The study of polymicrobial interactions across the taxonomic kingdoms that include fungi, bacteria and virus have not been previously examined with respect to how viral members of the microbiome affect subsequent microbe interactions with these virus-infected host cells. The co-habitation of virus with bacteria and fungi is principally present on the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity and genital tract. Mucosal cells, particularly those with persistent chronic or persistent latent viral infections, could have a significant impact on members of the microbiome through virus alteration in number and type of receptors expressed. Modification in host cell membrane architecture would result in altered ability of subsequent members of the normal flora and opportunistic pathogens to initiate the first step in biofilm formation, i.e., adherence. This study describes a method for quantitation and visual examination of HSV&#39;s effect on the initiation of biofilm formation (adherence) of S. aureus and C. albicans.

A method is described herein for the determination of inter-Kingdom association and competition (bacterial and fungal) for adherence to virus-infected HeLa cell monolayers. This protocol can be extended to multiple combinations of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses.

تحديد بيوفيلم بدء في الخلايا المصابة بالفيروسات من قبل البكتيريا والفطريات

The study of polymicrobial interactions across the taxonomic kingdoms that include fungi, bacteria and virus have not been previously examined with ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

عزل وتوصيف وتنقية الضامة من الأنسجة المتضررة من التهاب المتصلة بالسمنة

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

During the pathogenic infection of Drosophila melanogaster, hemocytes play an important role in the immune response throughout the infection. Thus, the goal of this protocol is to develop a method to visualize the pathogen invasion in a specific immune compartment of flies, namely hemocytes. Using the method presented here, up to 3 &#215; 106 live hemocytes can be obtained from 200 Drosophila 3rd instar larvae in 30 min for ex vivo infection. Alternatively, hemocytes can be infected in vivo through injection of 3rd instar larvae followed by hemocyte extraction up to 24 h post-infection. These infected primary cells were fixed, stained, and imaged using confocal microscopy. Then, 3D representations were generated from the images to definitively show pathogen invasion. Additionally, high-quality RNA for qRT-PCR can be obtained for the detection of pathogen mRNA following infection, and sufficient protein can be extracted from these cells for Western blot analysis. Taken together, we present a method for definite reconciliation of pathogen invasion and confirmation of infection using bacterial and viral pathogen types and an efficient method for hemocyte extraction to obtain enough live hemocytes from Drosophila larvae for ex vivo and in vivo infection experiments.

Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

This method demonstrates how to visualize pathogen invasion into insect cells with three-dimensional (3D) models. Hemocytes from Drosophila larvae were infected with viral or bacterial pathogens, either ex vivo or in vivo. Infected hemocytes were then fixed and stained for imaging with a confocal microscope and subsequent 3D cellular reconstruction.

استخراج هيموسيتيس من اليرقات melanogaster المورفولوجية للعدوى الميكروبية والتحليل

During the pathogenic infection of Drosophila melanogaster, hemocytes play an important role in the immune response throughout the infection. Thus, the ...

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP)

The assembly of protein complexes is a central mechanism underlying the regulation of many cell signaling pathways. A major focus of biomedical research is deciphering how these dynamic protein complexes act to integrate signals from multiple sources in order to direct a specific biological response, and how this becomes deregulated in many disease settings. Despite the importance of this key biochemical mechanism, there is a lack of experimental techniques that can facilitate the specific and sensitive deconvolution of these multi-molecular signaling complexes.
Here this shortcoming is addressed through the combination of a protein complementation assay with a conformation-specific nanobody, which we have termed Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP). This novel technique facilitates the specific isolation and downstream proteomic characterization of any pair of interacting proteins, to the exclusion of un-complexed individual proteins and complexes formed with competing binding partners. 
The BiCAP technique is adaptable to a wide array of downstream experimental assays, and the high degree of specificity afforded by this technique allows more nuanced investigations into the mechanics of protein complex assembly than is currently possible using standard affinity purification techniques.

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification BiCAP

This manuscript describes the protocol for Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP). This novel method facilitates the specific isolation and downstream proteomic characterization of any two interacting proteins, while excluding un-complexed individual proteins as well as complexes formed with competing binding partners.

تشريح مجمعات البروتين متعدد الإشارات بالتكامل Bimolecular انجذاب تطهير (بيكاب)

The assembly of protein complexes is a central mechanism underlying the regulation of many cell signaling pathways. A major focus of biomedical research ...