وأيد هذا العمل في جزء من التمويل من معهد باستور ومن المنح المقدمة من الدوري الفرنسي الوطني مناهضة جنيه السرطان (منح R05/75-129 وRS07/75-75)، والرابطة من أجل الديمقراطية بحوث السرطان سور جنيه (منح ARC A09 / 1/5031 و4867)، والوكالة الوطنية دي لا بحوث (ANR07 MIME 009 02 وANR09 سحنة 026 01). كان MM المستفيدة من زمالة MENRT.

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	<li>Davey, N. E., Trave, G., Gibson, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+viruses+hijack+cell+regulation.">How viruses hijack cell regulation.</a> Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 36, 159-169 (2011).</li><li>Calderwood, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epstein-Barr+virus+and+virus+human+protein+interaction+maps.">Epstein-Barr virus and virus human protein interaction maps.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 7606-7611 (2007).</li><li>de Chassey, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatitis+C+virus+infection+protein+network.">Hepatitis C virus infection protein network.</a> Mol. Syst. Biol. 4, 230 (2008).</li><li>Simonis, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host-pathogen+interactome+mapping+for+HTLV-1+and+-2+retroviruses.">Host-pathogen interactome mapping for HTLV-1 and -2 retroviruses.</a> Retrovirology. 9, 26 (2012).</li><li>Dyer, M. D., Murali, T. M., Sobral, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+landscape+of+human+proteins+interacting+with+viruses+and+other+pathogens.">The landscape of human proteins interacting with viruses and other pathogens.</a> PLoS Pathog. 4, e32 (2008).</li><li>Rual, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+proteome-scale+map+of+the+human+protein-protein+interaction+network.">Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network.</a> Nature. 437, 1173-1178 (2005).</li><li>Venkatesan, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+empirical+framework+for+binary+interactome+mapping.">An empirical framework for binary interactome mapping.</a> Nat. Methods. 6, 83-90 (2009).</li><li>Cassonnet, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benchmarking+a+luciferase+complementation+assay+for+detecting+protein+complexes.">Benchmarking a luciferase complementation assay for detecting protein complexes.</a> Nat. Methods. 8, 990-992 (2011).</li><li>Ito, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+two-hybrid+analysis+to+explore+the+yeast+protein+interactome.">A comprehensive two-hybrid analysis to explore the yeast protein interactome.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 4569-4574 (2001).</li><li>Saldanha, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Java+Treeview--extensible+visualization+of+microarray+data.">Java Treeview--extensible visualization of microarray data.</a> Bioinformatics. 20, 3246-3248 (2004).</li><li>Smoot, M. E., Ono, K., Ruscheinski, J., Wang, P. L., Ideker, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoscape+2.8:+new+features+for+data+integration+and+network+visualization.">Cytoscape 2.8: new features for data integration and network visualization.</a> Bioinformatics. 27, 431-432 (2011).</li><li>Huang da, W., Sherman, B. T., Lempicki, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+and+integrative+analysis+of+large+gene+lists+using+DAVID+bioinformatics+resources.">Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources.</a> Nat. Protoc. 4, 44-57 (2009).</li><li>Muller, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large+scale+genotype+comparison+of+human+papillomavirus+E2-host+interaction+networks+provides+new+insights+for+e2+molecular+functions.">Large scale genotype comparison of human papillomavirus E2-host interaction networks provides new insights for e2 molecular functions.</a> PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002761 (2012).</li><li>Neveu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+virus-host+interactomes+with+a+mammalian+high-throughput+protein+complementation+assay+based+on+Gaussia+princeps+luciferase.">Comparative analysis of virus-host interactomes with a mammalian high-throughput protein complementation assay based on Gaussia princeps luciferase.</a> Methods. , (2012).</li><li>Braun, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimentally+derived+confidence+score+for+binary+protein-protein+interactions.">An experimentally derived confidence score for binary protein-protein interactions.</a> Nat. Methods. 6, 91-97 (2009).</li></ol>

يعلن الكتاب أنه ليس لديهم مصالح مالية المتنافسة.

بشكل مستقل، الخميرة اثنين والهجين والثدييات المقايسات التفاعل، مثل GST المنسدلة، LUMIER أو MAPPIT، أثبتت أنها أدوات فعالة للكشف عن البروتين البروتين التفاعلات، لكنها محدودة من ارتفاع معدل الكاذبة الإيجابية والسلبية الكاذبة التفاعلات المرتبطة مع هذه التقنيات 15. وعل...

كمية متزايدة من البيانات التي تم جمعها لتوليد خرائط التفاعل البروتين البروتين يفتح آفاقا لمزيد من فهم التهابات الممرض. كما الفهم العالمي لالتهابات الممرض تبدأ في الظهور، فإنه يوفر الوصول إلى مجموعة من الاضطرابات الناجمة عن مسببات الأمراض البروتينات عند توصيل بروتيوم الإنسان 1. وبذلك يوفر وسيلة لفهم كيفية التعامل مع مسببات الأمراض آلية الخلية المضيفة. على وجه الخصوص، كشفت رسم الخرائط من عدة شبكات التفاعل الفيروسي المضيف أن البروتينات الفيروسية استهداف تفضيلي البروتينات المضيفة التي ترتبط بشكل كبير في الشبكة الخلوية (المحاور)، أو التي تعتبر أساسية لكثير من المسارات في شبكة (البروتينات الاختناقات) 2-4. هذه التفاعلات تسمح الفيروسات لمعالجة العمليات الخلوية الهامة التي تلعب دورا محوريا لتكرار وإنتاج ذرية المعدية. أجريت المقارنة التفاعلات رسم الخرائط مؤخرا على الفيروسات ذات الصلة بهدف لاستخراج المعلومات المتعلقة4 المرضية. وعلاوة على ذلك، تم توسيع نطاق الدراسات من المضيف مسببات الأمراض تفاعلات المشهد لكثير من مسببات الأمراض 5. يوفر استهدفت خلية عوامل تحديد نظرة ثاقبة لالاستراتيجيات المستخدمة من قبل مسببات الأمراض أن تصيب الخلايا ويسمح الكشف عن علامات العدوى المحتملة. نظام هجين اثنين الخميرة هي الطريقة الأكثر شعبية لتحديد التفاعلات الثنائية منذ الفحص الجيني هو أداة فعالة وحساسة لرسم الخرائط الإنتاجية العالية من البروتين البروتين التفاعلات. النهج المقترح هنا مزيد من يحسن غربلة Y2H الفردية من خلال تقييم البروتين من مسببات الأمراض متعددة المتغيرات سلالة، وبالتالي توفير إمكانية الوصول إلى نظرة شاملة مقارنة الممرض المضيف البروتين البروتين التفاعلات. وعلاوة على ذلك، وجود قيود كبيرة من الخميرة فحص هجين اثنين يكمن في معدل السلبية الكاذبة عالية، لأنه يسترد حوالي 20٪ من مجموع التفاعلات 6. هذا يعني أن التفاعلات مع الكشف عن مجموعة فرعية فقط من المرضيةجينز المتغيرات قد أفلتت من عملية الاكتشاف مع الآخرين. ولذلك، شركاء الفردية الناشئة من كل غربلة هجين اثنين وتحدى مزيد للتفاعل مع مجموعة كاملة من السلالات المدروسة، وتوفير قواعد البيانات التفاعل المقارنة. منذ وقد تبين أن الجمع بين منهجيات مختلفة يزيد بشدة متانة البروتين البروتين التفاعل مجموعات البيانات 7، يتم تنفيذ هذا التحقق في خلايا الثدييات التي وضعت حديثا البروتين شظية فحص تكامل دعا HT-GPCA 8. هذا النظام القائم على الخلية يسمح للكشف عن تفاعلات البروتين بواسطة تكامل من Gaussia princeps تقسيم و luciferase تم تصميمها لتكون متوافقة مع صيغة عالية الإنتاجية. وبفضل تقنيتها القائمة على التلألؤ والضوضاء لها خلفية منخفضة بالمقارنة مع غيرها من مقايسة المستندة إلى الإسفار، HT-GPCA يظهر حساسية عالية لافت للنظر. وعموما، هذا النهج يشكل كفاءةأداة لتوليد مسح شامل لinterplays المضيف الممرض، الذي يمثل الخطوة الأولى نحو فهم عالمي من الخلية المضيفة الخطف.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast strains</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimal SD base</td>
			<td>US biological</td>
			<td>D9500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amino acids</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-amino-1,2,4-Triazole (3-AT)</td>
			<td>Acros organics</td>
			<td>264571000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zymolase</td>
			<td>Seikagaku</td>
			<td>120491</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31966</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>BioWest</td>
			<td>S1810</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffer Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25300</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Renilla luciferase assay</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E2820</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White culture plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>655083</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-wellPCR plates</td>
			<td>4titude</td>
			<td>4t-i0730/C</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator (30 &deg;C)</td>
			<td>Memmert</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator (37 &deg;C)</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminometer</td>
			<td>Berthold</td>
			<td>Centro XS-LB 960</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a comparative approach to characterize the landscape of host-pathogen protein-protein interactions

جمعت جهودا كبيرة لتوليد خرائط شاملة واسعة النطاق البروتين البروتين شبكة التفاعل. هذا هو دور أساسي لفهم العلاقات الممرض المضيف وأجريت أساسا عن طريق غربلة وراثية في الخميرة أنظمة هجين اثنين. التحسن الأخير من الكشف عن البروتين البروتين التفاعل من قبل Gaussia جزء المستندة إلى luciferase الفحص تكامل تقدم الآن فرصة لتطوير المناهج interactomic النسبية التكاملية اللازمة لمقارنة بدقة ملامح تفاعل بروتينات مختلفة من المتغيرات سلالة الممرض ضد مجموعة مشتركة من العوامل الخلوية. وتركز هذه الورقة على وجه التحديد على فائدة الجمع بين طريقتين متعامد لتوليد البروتين البروتين مجموعات البيانات التفاعل: الخميرة اثنين الهجين (Y2H) وفحص جديدة، عالية الإنتاجية Gaussia princeps البروتين مقايسة تكامل (HT-GPCA) التي أجريت في خلايا الثدييات. NT &quot;يتم تنفيذ&gt; A تحديد نطاق واسع من الشركاء الخلوية من البروتين الممرض عن طريق التزاوج القائم على الخميرة غربلة هجين اثنين من مكتبات [كدنا] باستخدام عدة متغيرات سلالة الممرض. مجموعة فرعية من الشركاء التفاعل اختيارها على التهديف الثقة العالية الإحصائية مزيد التحقق من صحة في خلايا الثدييات للتفاعل الزوج الحكيم مع مجموعة كاملة من المتغيرات الممرض البروتينات باستخدام HT-GPCA. هذا مزيج من اثنين من الطرق التكميلية يحسن متانة ورقة العمل التفاعل، ويسمح للأداء صرامة تحليل التفاعل المقارنة. هذه interactomics المقارنة تشكل استراتيجية موثوق بها وقوية على فك أي interplays الممرض المضيف.

إحدى نقاط القوة الرئيسية للHT-GPCA تكمن في حساسية عالية، كما يتضح من تقييم معدلات الإيجابية الكاذبة والسلبية الكاذبة للE2 بروتين فيروس الورم الحليمي البشري في الشكل 2 (مقتبسة من مرجع 13). لتحديد معدل سلبية كاذبة، تم تقييم التفاعلات المعروفة من E2 من HPV16 بواسطة HT-GPCA ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions at JoVE.com

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

تركز هذه المقالة على تحديد مجموعات البيانات التفاعل ثقة عالية بين المضيف والممرض البروتينات باستخدام مزيج من طريقتين متعامد: الخميرة اثنين الهجين تليها مقايسة تفاعل عالية الإنتاجية في خلايا الثدييات يسمى HT-GPCA.

A المنهج المقارن لتوصيف المشهد من المضيف الممرض البروتين البروتين التفاعلات

Significant efforts were gathered to generate  large-scale comprehensive protein-protein interaction network maps. This is  instrumental to understand the ...

a-comparative-approach-to-characterize-landscape-host-pathogen

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.1K Views.  Institut Pasteur. تركز هذه المقالة على تحديد مجموعات البيانات التفاعل ثقة عالية بين المضيف والممرض البروتينات باستخدام مزيج من طريقتين متعامد: الخميرة اثنين الهجين تليها مقايسة تفاعل عالية الإنتاجية في خلايا الثدييات يسمى HT-GPCA.

Video: A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Comparative in vivo Study of gp96 Adjuvanticity in the Frog Xenopus laevis

We have developed in the amphibian Xenopus laevis a unique non-mammalian model to study the ability of certain heat shock proteins (hsps) such as gp96 to facilitate cross-presentation of chaperoned antigens and elicit innate and adaptive T cell responses. Xenopus skin graft rejection provides an excellent platform to study the ability of gp96 to elicit classical MHC class Ia (class Ia) restricted T cell responses. Additionally, the Xenopus model system also provides an attractive alternative to mice for exploring the ability of gp96 to generate responses against tumors that have down-regulated their class Ia molecules thereby escaping immune surveillance. Recently, we have developed an adoptive cell transfer assay in Xenopus clones using peritoneal leukocytes as antigen presenting cells (APCs), and shown that gp96 can prime CD8 T cell responses in vivo against minor histocompatibility skin antigens as well as against the Xenopus thymic tumor 15/0 that does not express class Ia molecules. We describe here the methodology involved to perform these assays including the elicitation, pulsing and adoptive transfer of peritoneal leukocytes, as well as the skin graft and tumor transplantation assays. Additionally we are also describing the harvesting and separation of peripheral blood leukocytes used for flow cytometry and proliferation assays which allow for further characterization of the effector populations involved in skin rejection and anti-tumor responses.

Comparative in vivo Study of gp96 Adjuvanticity in the Frog Xenopus laevis

The frog Xenopus laevis provides an attractive alternative non-mammalian model for exploring the ability of heat shock protein such as gp96 to promote antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses. We present methods to study in vivo facilitation of cross-presentation of skin and tumor antigens by gp96.

مقارن في الجسم الحي دراسة gp96 Adjuvanticity في الضفدع القيطم المورق</em

We have developed in the amphibian Xenopus laevis a unique non-mammalian model to study the ability of certain heat shock proteins (hsps) such as gp96 to ...

Use of an Optical Trap for Study of Host-Pathogen Interactions for Dynamic Live Cell Imaging

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and temporal control between the phagocytic cell and microbe has rendered focused observations into the initial interactions of host response to pathogens difficult. Historically, intercellular contact events such as phagocytosis3 have been imaged by mixing two cell types, and then continuously scanning the field-of-view to find serendipitous intercellular contacts at the appropriate stage of interaction. The stochastic nature of these events renders this process tedious, and it is difficult to observe early or fleeting events in cell-cell contact by this approach. This method requires finding cell pairs that are on the verge of contact, and observing them until they consummate their contact, or do not. To address these limitations, we use optical trapping as a non-invasive, non-destructive, but fast and effective method to position cells in culture.
Optical traps, or optical tweezers, are increasingly utilized in biological research to capture and physically manipulate cells and other micron-sized particles in three dimensions4. Radiation pressure was first observed and applied to optical tweezer systems in 19705, 6, and was first used to control biological specimens in 19877. Since then, optical tweezers have matured into a technology to probe a variety of biological phenomena8-13.
We describe a method14 that advances live cell imaging by integrating an optical trap with spinning disk confocal microscopy with temperature and humidity control to provide exquisite spatial and temporal control of pathogenic organisms in a physiological environment to facilitate interactions with host cells, as determined by the operator. Live, pathogenic organisms like Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, which can cause potentially lethal, invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals15, 16 (e.g. AIDS, chemotherapy, and organ transplantation patients), were optically trapped using non-destructive laser intensities and moved adjacent to macrophages, which can phagocytose the pathogen. High resolution, transmitted light and fluorescence-based movies established the ability to observe early events of phagocytosis in living cells. To demonstrate the broad applicability in immunology, primary T-cells were also trapped and manipulated to form synapses with anti-CD3 coated microspheres in vivo, and time-lapse imaging of synapse formation was also obtained. By providing a method to exert fine spatial control of live pathogens with respect to immune cells, cellular interactions can be captured by fluorescence microscopy with minimal perturbation to cells and can yield powerful insight into early responses of innate and adaptive immunity.

A method is described to individually select, manipulate, and image live pathogens using an optical trap coupled to a spinning disk microscope. The optical trap provides spatial and temporal control of organisms and places them adjacent to host cells. Fluorescence microscopy captures dynamic intercellular interactions with minimal perturbation to cells.

استخدام اعتراض البصرية لدراسة التفاعلات المرضي المضيف الحيوي للخلية الحية التصوير

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and ...

Use of the EpiAirway Model for Characterizing Long-term Host-pathogen Interactions

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that can cause recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory mucosa 1; 2. To study the mechanisms by which these organisms survive on and inside respiratory tissues, a model in which successful long-term co-culture of bacteria and human cells can be performed is required. We use primary human respiratory epithelial tissues raised to the air-liquid interface, the EpiAirway model (MatTek, Ashland, MA). These are non-immortalized, well-differentiated, 3-dimensional tissues that contain tight junctions, ciliated and nonciliated cells, goblet cells that produce mucin, and retain the ability to produce cytokines in response to infection. 
This biologically relevant in vitro model of the human upper airway can be used in a number of ways; the overall goal of this method is to perform long-term co-culture of EpiAirway tissues with NTHi and quantitate cell-associated and internalized bacteria over time. As well, mucin production and the cytokine profile of the infected co-cultures can be determined. This approach improves upon existing methods in that many current protocols use submerged monolayer or Transwell cultures of human cells, which are not capable of supporting bacterial infections over extended periods3. For example, if an organism can replicate in the overlying media, this can result in unacceptable levels of cytotoxicity and loss of host cells, arresting the experiment. The EpiAirway model allows characterization of long-term host-pathogen interactions. Further, since the source for the EpiAirway is normal human tracheo-bronchial cells rather than an immortalized line, each is an excellent representation of actual human upper respiratory tract tissue, both in structure and in function4.
For this method, the EpiAirway tissues are weaned off of anti-microbial and anti-fungal compounds for 2 days prior to delivery, and all procedures are performed under antibiotic-free conditions. This necessitates special considerations, since both bacteria and primary human tissues are used in the same biosafety cabinet, and are co-cultured for extended periods.

This method allows characterization of extended bacterial co-culture with EpiAirways, primary human respiratory epithelial tissue grown at the air-liquid interface, a biologically relevant in vitro model. The approach can be used with any microbe that is amenable to long-term co-culture.

استخدام نموذج لوصف EpiAirway طويل الأجل المضيف الممرض التفاعلات

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae  (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that can cause recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory ...

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins

Current investigations into phage-host interactions are dependent on extrapolating knowledge from (meta)genomes. Interestingly, 60 - 95% of all phage sequences share no homology to current annotated proteins. As a result, a large proportion of phage genes are annotated as hypothetical. This reality heavily affects the annotation of both structural and auxiliary metabolic genes. Here we present phenomic methods designed to capture the physiological response(s) of a selected host during expression of one of these unknown phage genes. Multi-phenotype Assay Plates (MAPs) are used to monitor the diversity of host substrate utilization and subsequent biomass formation, while metabolomics provides bi-product analysis by monitoring metabolite abundance and diversity. Both tools are used simultaneously to provide a phenotypic profile associated with expression of a single putative phage open reading frame (ORF). Representative results for both methods are compared, highlighting the phenotypic profile differences of a host carrying either putative structural or metabolic phage genes. In addition, the visualization techniques and high throughput computational pipelines that facilitated experimental analysis are presented.

Here, we present phenomic approaches for the functional characterization of putative phage genes. Techniques include a developed assay capable of monitoring host anabolic metabolism, the Multi-phenotype Assay Plates (MAPs), in addition to the established method of metabolomics, capable of measuring effects to catabolic metabolism.

Phenomics فج: مقاربات الفسيولوجية لتوصيف رواية الفيروسية البروتينات

Current investigations into phage-host interactions are dependent on extrapolating knowledge from (meta)genomes. Interestingly, 60 - 95% of all phage ...

Biomimetic Materials to Characterize Bacteria-host Interactions

Bacterial attachment to host cells is one of the earliest events during bacterial colonization of host tissues and thus a key step during infection. The biochemical and functional characterization of adhesins mediating these initial bacteria-host interactions is often compromised by the presence of other bacterial factors, such as cell wall components or secreted molecules, which interfere with the analysis. This protocol describes the production and use of biomimetic materials, consisting of pure recombinant adhesins chemically coupled to commercially available, functionalized polystyrene beads, which have been used successfully to dissect the biochemical and functional interactions between individual bacterial adhesins and host cell receptors. Protocols for different coupling chemistries, allowing directional immobilization of recombinant adhesins on polymer scaffolds, and for assessment of the coupling efficiency of the resulting &#8220;bacteriomimetic&#8221; materials are also discussed. We further describe how these materials can be used as a tool to inhibit pathogen mediated cytotoxicity and discuss scope, limitations and further applications of this approach in studying bacterial - host interactions.

Bacterial attachment to host cells is a key step during host colonization and infection. This protocol describes the generation of polymer-coupled recombinant adhesins as biomimetic materials which allow analysis of the contribution of individual adhesins to these processes, independent of other bacterial factors.

المواد الجزيئية الحيوية لوصف التفاعلات البكتيريا في استضافة

Bacterial attachment to host cells is one of the earliest events during bacterial colonization of host tissues and thus a key step during infection. The ...

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

Helper T cell development and function must be tightly regulated to induce an appropriate immune response that eliminates specific pathogens yet prevents autoimmunity. Many approaches involving different model organisms have been utilized to understand the mechanisms controlling helper T cell development and function. However, studies using mouse models have proven to be highly informative due to the availability of genetic, cellular, and biochemical systems. One genetic approach in mice used by many labs involves retroviral transduction of primary helper T cells. This is a powerful approach due to its relative ease, making it accessible to almost any laboratory with basic skills in molecular biology and immunology. Therefore, multiple genes in wild type or mutant forms can readily be tested for function in helper T cells to understand their importance and mechanisms of action. We have optimized this approach and describe here the protocols for production of high titer retroviruses, isolation of primary murine helper T cells, and their transduction by retroviruses and differentiation toward the different helper subsets. Finally, the use of this approach is described in uncovering mechanisms utilized by microRNAs (miRNAs) to regulate pathways controlling helper T cell development and function.

Many experimental systems have been utilized to understand the mechanisms regulating T cell development and function in an immune response. Here a genetic approach using retroviral transduction is described, which is economic, time efficient, and most importantly, highly informative in identifying regulatory pathways.

فيروسات تنبيغ من الخلايا التائية المساعدة كنهج الوراثي لدراسة آليات السيطرة على التمايز وظيفة

Helper T cell development and function must be tightly regulated to induce an appropriate immune response that eliminates specific pathogens yet prevents ...

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Assessment of antibiotic action with new drug development directed towards anaerobic bacteria is difficult and technically demanding. To gain insight into possible MOA, morphologic changes associated with antibiotic exposure can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Integrating SEM imaging with traditional kill curves may improve our insight into drug action and advance the drug development process. To test this premise, kill curves and SEM studies were conducted using drugs with known but different MOA (vancomycin and metronidazole). C. difficile cells (R20291) were grown with or without the presence of antibiotic for up to 48 h. Throughout the 48 h interval, cells were collected at multiple time points to determine antibiotic efficacy and for imaging on the SEM. Consistent with previous reports, vancomycin and metronidazole had significant bactericidal activity following 24 h of treatment as measured by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. Using SEM imaging we determined that metronidazole had significant effects on cell length (&#62; 50% reduction in cell length for each antibiotic; P&#60; 0.05) compared to controls and vancomycin. While the phenotypic response to drug treatment has not been documented previously in this manner, they are consistent with the drug&#39;s MOA demonstrating the versatility and reliability of the imaging and measurements and the application of this technique for other experimental compounds.

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Antibiotic efficacy is most commonly determined by conducting killing kinetic studies and measuring colony forming units (CFUs). By integrating scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with these standard methods, we can distinguish the pharmacological effects of treatment between different antibiotics.

بروتوكول لتوصيف التغيرات المورفولوجية<em&gt; كلوستريديوم ديفيسيل</em&gt; في الاستجابة للعلاج بالمضادات الحيوية

Assessment of antibiotic action with new drug development directed towards anaerobic bacteria is difficult and technically demanding. To gain insight into ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a striking increase in life expectancy around the globe. Nonetheless, determining vaccine efficacy remains a challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that the current acellular vaccine (aPV) for Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) induces suboptimal immunity. Therefore, a major challenge is designing a next-generation vaccine that induces protective immunity without the adverse side effects of a whole-cell vaccine (wPV). Here we describe a protocol that we used to test the efficacy of a promising, novel adjuvant that skews immune responses to a protective Th1/Th17 phenotype and promotes a better clearance of a B. pertussis challenge from the murine respiratory tract. This article describes the protocol for mouse immunization, bacterial inoculation, tissue harvesting, and analysis of immune responses. Using this method, within our model, we have successfully elucidated crucial mechanisms elicited by a promising, next-generation acellular pertussis vaccine. This method can be applied to any infectious disease model in order to determine vaccine efficacy.

Here we present an elegant protocol for in vivo evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and host immune responses. This protocol can be adapted for vaccine models that study viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens.

تقييم استجابات المضيف الممرض ونجاعة اللقاح في الفئران

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...

Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is one of&#160;the most common fungal infections among immunocompromised individuals. Despite the availability of antifungal drugs, IA can cause &#62;50% mortality in infected immunocompromised patients. It is crucial to determine both host and pathogen factors that contribute to infection susceptibility and low survival rates in infected patients in order to develop novel therapeutics. Innate immune responses play a pivotal role in recognition and clearance of Aspergillus spores, though little is known about the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms. Reliable models are required to investigate detailed mechanistic interactions between the host and pathogen. The optical clarity and genetic tractability of zebrafish larvae make them an intriguing model&#160;to study host-pathogen interactions of multiple human bacterial and fungal infections in a live and intact host. This protocol describes a larval zebrafish Aspergillus infection model. First, Aspergillus spores are isolated and injected into the zebrafish hindbrain ventricle via microinjection. Then, chemical inhibitors such as immunosuppressive drugs are added directly to the larval water. Two methods to monitor the infection in injected larvae are described, including the 1) homogenization of larvae for colony forming unit (CFU) enumeration and 2) a repeated, daily live imaging setup. Overall, these techniques can be used to mechanistically analyze the progression of Aspergillus infection in vivo and can be applied to different host backgrounds and Aspergillus strains to interrogate host-pathogen interactions.

Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions

This protocol describes an Aspergillus infection model in zebrafish larvae. Aspergillus spores are microinjected into the hindbrain of larvae, and chemical treatment is used to induce immunosuppression. Infection progression is monitored via a daily imaging setup to monitor fungal growth and immune responses as well as enumeration of live spores by colony forming unit plating.

عدوى يرقات حمار وحشي مع جراثيم أسبيرغيلوس لتحليل التفاعلات المضيفة الممرضة

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is one of&#160;the most common fungal infections among immunocompromised individuals. Despite the availability of antifungal ...

Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Workflow for Discovery-Driven Host-Pathogen Interactions

The technological achievements of mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics opens many undiscovered avenues for analyzing an organism&#8217;s global proteome under varying conditions. This powerful strategy applied to the interactions of microbial pathogens with the desired host comprehensively characterizes both perspectives towards infection. Herein, the workflow describes label-free quantification (LFQ) of the infectome of Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungal facultative intracellular pathogen that is the causative agent of the deadly disease cryptococcosis, in the presence of immortalized macrophage cells. The protocol details the proper protein preparation techniques for both pathogen and mammalian cells within a single experiment, resulting in appropriate peptide submission for liquid-chromatography (LC)-MS/MS analysis. The high throughput generic nature of LFQ allows a wide dynamic range of protein identification and quantification, as well as transferability to any host-pathogen infection setting, maintaining extreme sensitivity. The method is optimized to catalogue extensive, unbiased protein abundance profiles of a pathogen within infection-mimicking conditions. Specifically, the method demonstrated here provides essential information on C. neoformans pathogenesis, such as protein production necessary for virulence and identifies critical host proteins responding to microbial invasion.

Here, we present a protocol to profile the interplay between host and pathogen during infection by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. This protocol uses label-free quantification to measure changes in protein abundance of both host (e.g., macrophages) and pathogen (e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans) in a single experiment.

خالية من التسمية تدفق عمل البروتوميات الكمية للتفاعلات المُضيفة-الممرضة مدفوعة بالإكتشاف

The technological achievements of mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics opens many undiscovered avenues for analyzing an organism&#8217;s ...