We thank Erin Douglas, Anna Evans, and Carolyn Bellion for their contributions to participant recruitment and clinical assessment. We also thank Michael Casp, Zoe Englander, Justin Woodlief, and James Carter for their contributions to data collection and analysis, and Robert M. Hamer for consultation on statistical analysis and editing of the manuscript. Finally, we thank the individuals and their families who participated in this study. 
This study was supported by Conte center grant P50 MH064065 from the National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Hart was supported by T32 HD040127 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

تمت الموافقة على تقنيات البحث التي استخدمت خلال هذه الدراسة من قبل مجالس المراجعة المؤسسية (IRB) من جامعة ديوك وجامعة نورث كارولينا - تشابل هيل. 1. تصميم العمل التصوير <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> توليد مهمة الحدث القائم السلوكية التي تقدم محفزات الهدف نادرة (دائرة) ضمن سلسلة من المحفزات مستوى أكثر تواترا (صور مشوشة). ويرد التخطيطي للمهمة في الشكل 1. تقديم المهمة باستخدام البرمجيات CIGAL 10. </li></ol><img alt="الشكل 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51484/51484fig1.jpg" /> الشكل 1. رسم تخطيطي للتصميم العمل. لقد تم تعديل هذا الرقم من هارت وآخرون 20، مع إذن. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51484/51484fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لعرض نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a> <ol style="margin-left: 40px;;text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كما حددوآخرون من المحفزات مكره ومجموعة من المحفزات محايدة من قاعدة البيانات الدولية العاطفية نظام صورة (IAPS). يتم تصنيف الصور IAPS على مقياس من 1-9 لكي تعكس مستويات من الإثارة والتكافؤ 11. أعداد كبيرة تشير التكافؤ الإيجابية العالية والإثارة. اختيار مجموعة من الصور التي تتناسب مع أعمارهم إلى مجموعة الدراسة مثل الصور من الثعابين، العناكب، أو غيرها من الحيوانات. ملاحظة: وكانت الصور المحفزات مكره، مهمة ذات صلة المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة على تصنيف متوسط ​​التكافؤ 3.38 (SD = 1.78)، ومتوسط ​​تقييم الإثارة 6.14 (SD = 2.08). كانت الصور المحفزات محايدة متوسط ​​التكافؤ من 6.21 (SD = 0.26)، ومتوسط ​​تقييم الإثارة 3.72 (SD = 2.15). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> البرنامج النصي مهمة بحيث يتم عرض الصور في ترتيب العشوائية الزائفة عن 1500 ميللي ثانية مع 500 مللي ثانية يعني الفاصل بين التحفيز. المحفزات الحالية الهدف والمهمة ذات صلة صور محايدة لا أكثر من مرة كل 15 ثانية، وجعل كل منها حوالي 4٪ من المحفزات. جيالحدث tter مرات الظهور من أجل توفير أفضل قرار من وظيفة استجابة الدورة الدموية. </li></ol><ol start="2" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إنشاء 8 مجموعات من الصور، واحدة لكل من 8 أشواط وظيفية مثل التي يتم تقديمها للمشاركين مع ما مجموعه 40 هدفا و40 مهمة ذات صلة صور محايدة على مدار جميع أشواط 8. </li></ol> 2. إعداد المشاركين والمسح الضوئي <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تجنيد الأطفال والمراهقين الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 9 و 18 عاما الذين هم إما أشخاص الأصحاء أو الذين هم في خطر كبير عائلي للذهان. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التأكد من أن الأفراد الأصحاء ليس لديهم أمراض نفسية أو أي من الدرجة الأولى أفراد الأسرة مع مرض نفسي. تأكد من أن المشاركين خطر العائلي يكون على درجة الأولى واحد على الأقل قريب (الوالدين أو الأخوة) مع الفصام. لا اقصائهم عن وجود أمراض نفسية أخرى في أقارب من الدرجة الأولى. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عمر المباراة بين الجنسين المشاركين صحي مع المشاركين مجموعة المخاطر العائليةالصورة. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحصول على الموافقة المسبقة من المشاركين فوق سن ال 18. على سبيل القصر، والحصول على الموافقة المسبقة من الآباء / أولياء الأمور القانونية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، الحصول على موافقة خطية من القاصرين الذين يشاركون في الدراسة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع المشاركين في الماسح الضوئي التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي وهمية من أجل إطلاعهم على البيئة. تلعب تسجيل الصوت من الضوضاء الماسح الضوئي، ويكون لهم إكمال شوط ممارسة هذه المهمة السلوكية من أجل ضمان فهمهم الإرشادات المهمة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع المشاركين في التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الماسح الضوئي والحصول على أي اللازمة بالاشعة توطين الدماغ و / أو صور تشريحية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> باستخدام مربع الإدخال-MRI آمن، أخبر المشاركين الضغط على زر واحد مع السبابة في الاستجابة لجميع المنبهات الهدف وزر أخرى مع الاصبع الوسطى من أجل جميع المحفزات الأخرى. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد المسح الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي، وجمع تقييمات ذاتية من الإثارة والتكافؤ للصور التي استخدمت في الدراسة من مجموعة فرعية من المشاركين. وCURRENحصلت ر الدراسة التصنيفات من 15 الضوابط و13 مع مخاطر عالية العائلي. </li></ol> 3. الحصول على الصور <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> المكان المشاركون إلى 3.0 تسلا التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الماسح الضوئي. أولا، الحصول على مجموعة من الصور الهيكلية بما في ذلك 3D متحد المستوى صورة تشريحية T1-التباين باستخدام عملية استحواذ تسلسل نبض أشار التدرج مدلل (TR: 5.16 ميللي ثانية، TE: 2.04 ميللي ثانية، مجال الرؤية: 24 سم؛ صورة مصفوفة: 256 × 256، فليب زاوية: 20؛ حجم فوكسل: 0.94 مم × 0.94 مم × 1.9 مم و 68 شرائح المحورية). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحصول على البيانات التصوير الوظيفية باستخدام التدرج صدى صدى مستو تسلسل التصوير مع تغطية كامل الدماغ (TR: 2000 مللي ثانية؛ TE: 27 ميللي ثانية، مجال الرؤية: 24 سم؛ صورة مصفوفة: 64 × 64؛ الوجه زاوية: 60؛ حجم فوكسل: 3.75 مم × 3.75 مم × 3.8 مم؛ 34 شرائح المحورية) بحيث يمكن قياسها أن نشاط الدماغ أثناء أداء المهمة السلوكية. تشغيل هذا التسلسل التصوير لكل شوط من هذه المهمة السلوكية. يجب أن تتكون كل شوط من 120 نقطة وقت التصوير. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تقديم تاكورونا في 8 أشواط الوظيفية، استغرقت كل منهما ما يقرب من 4 دقيقة. </li></ol> 4. تحليلات <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> صورة تجهيزها: افتح الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي أداة تحليل الخبراء (FEAT) في FSL 12. حدد تحليل المستوى الأول واحصائيات ما قبل. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على &quot;بيانات&quot; علامة التبويب، حدد عدد الصور المدخلات وأدخل المسار إلى كل من صور MR أنت ذاهب إلى معالجة. تعيين الدليل الإخراج. أدخل مجموع مجلدات، عدد من عمليات الاستحواذ التخلص منها، وTR. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على &quot;احصائيات ما قبل&quot; علامة التبويب، تعيين تصحيح الحركة إلى MCFLIRT، المكانية تجانس FWHM إلى 5 رسائل الوسائط المتعددة، و &quot;تصحيح توقيت شريحة&quot;. حدد &quot;BET استخراج الدماغ&quot; و &quot;وباس&quot; تصفية الزمانية ولكن لم تقم بتحديد B0 unwarping (UNESS لديك خريطة حقل التدرج) أو &quot;I ntensitiy normaization&quot;. 12،14. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على &quot;تسجيل&quot; علامة التبويب، حدد &quot;stru الرئيسيةصورة ctural &quot;. أدخل مسار إلى تجريد الجمجمة المرجحة T1 صورة في هذا الموضوع. استخدم البحث العادي خطي مع لا يقل عن 6 DOF. حدد خانة الاختيار مساحة قياسي. أدخل المسار إلى صورة أطلس MNI. استخدم العادي، خطي بحث مع 12 DOF اضغط العودة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استبعاد المشاركين أكبر من 3 ملم رئيس الحركة في X، Y، Z أو الاتجاهات. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> المستوى 1: مقارنة البيانات بين الشروط المهمة في شوط واحد. فتح FEAT. حدد &quot;تحليل المستوى الأول&quot; و &quot;الإحصائيات + بعد احصائيات&quot;. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضمن علامة التبويب بيانات، تعيين عدد من المدخلات وأدخل المسار إلى كل من صور MR. أدخل مسار &quot;دليل إخراج&quot; أدخل &quot;مجموع أحجام&quot;، عدد من عمليات الاستحواذ التخلص منها، وTR. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على &quot;الإحصاءات&quot; علامة التبويب، حدد خانة الاختيار &quot;استخدام FILM prewhitening&quot; 16. اضغط على &quot;نموذج كامل SEكبش &quot;الزر. تعيين &quot;عدد من المركبات الكهربائية الأصلي&quot; إلى عدد من الشروط المهمة. لكل حالة، حدد &quot;مخصص (3 شكل عمود)&quot; من القائمة المنسدلة الشكل الأساسي و&quot;انقر نقرا مزدوجا جاما HRF من&quot; الإلتواء &quot;القائمة المنسدلة 17،18 وحدد ملف نصي يحتوي على توقيت المهمة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تنسيق هذا الملف النصي في 3 أعمدة مع إدخال واحد لكل &quot;الحدث&quot; من نوع معين. يجب أن يحتوي العمود الأول في الوقت يصيب (بالثواني)، ينبغي أن تتضمن الثانية مدة (ثانية)، ويجب أن يحتوي على ثلث وزن الحدث. على علامة التبويب التباين &amp; F-الاختبارات، وخلق النقيض واحد لكل حالة مهمة واحدة لكل المقارنة. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على &quot;ما بعد احصائيات&quot; علامة التبويب، حدد &quot;الكتلة&quot; على &quot;مستوى العتبة&quot; القائمة المنسدلة وتعيين &quot;Z عتبة&quot; والكتلة P رhreshold إلى 2.3 و 0.05 على التوالي 8،19. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على &quot;تسجيل&quot; علامة التبويب، حدد &quot;صورة الهيكلية الرئيسية&quot;. أدخل المسار إلى تجريد الجمجمة المرجحة T1 صورة في هذا الموضوع. استخدام البحث العادي خطي مع لا يقل عن 6 DOF. حدد خانة الاختيار &quot;قياسي الفضاء&quot;. أدخل المسار إلى MNI الأطلس الصورة. استخدام، بحث الخطي العادي مع 12 دائرة المالية. اضغط على &quot;الذهاب&quot;. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> المستوى 2: مقارنة البيانات بين أشواط لكل حالة المهمة. فتح FEAT. حدد &quot;تحليل مستوى أعلى&quot; و &quot;الإحصائيات + بعد احصائيات&quot; من القائمة المنسدلة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على علامة التبويب البيانات، حدد &quot;المدخلات هي الدلائل FEAT المستوى الأدنى&quot;. تعيين عدد من المدخلات وأدخل المسار إلى كل من صور MR. أدخل مسار &quot;الدليل الإخراج&quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على &quot;الإحصاءات&quot; علامة التبويب، تغيير &quot;آثار المختلطة: FLAME1&quot; مربع التحديد إلى &quot;ثابت Effects &quot;. اضغط على&quot; معالج الإعداد النموذجي &quot;الزر. حدد&quot; متوسط ​​مجموعة واحدة &quot;وانقر على زر&quot; عملية &quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على &quot;ما بعد احصائيات&quot; علامة التبويب، حدد &quot;الكتلة&quot; على &quot;مستوى العتبة&quot; القائمة المنسدلة وتعيين &quot;Z عتبة&quot; وعتبة &quot;الكتلة P&quot; إلى 2.3 و 0.05 على التوالي 8،19. اضغط على &quot;الذهاب&quot;. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> المستوى 3: مقارنة البيانات بين المواضيع لكل حالة مهمة في جميع أشواط. فتح FEAT. حدد &quot;تحليل مستوى أعلى&quot; و &quot;الإحصائيات + بعد احصائيات&quot; من القائمة المنسدلة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على علامة التبويب البيانات، حدد &quot;المدخلات هي 3D تعامل الصور من الدلائل FEAT.&quot; تعيين عدد من المدخلات وأدخل المسار إلى كل من صور MR. أدخل مسار &quot;الدليل الإخراج&quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على &quot;الإحصاءات&quot; تيمن أساسها، اضغط على &quot;إعداد نموذج كامل&quot;. ضبط عدد من المركبات الكهربائية مساو لعدد من المتغيرات مجموعة والمتغيرات مثل مجموعة التشخيص، العمر، الجنس، الخ أدخل القيم لكل موضوع (الإدخال 1 - الإدخال ن) لكل EV. يمكنك استخدام إطار &quot;لصق&quot; من أجل نسخ البيانات من هذه القيم. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على &quot;تناقضات &amp; F-اختبارات&quot; علامة التبويب، إضافة النقيض لكل متغير الاختبار ولكل النقيض من ذلك (على سبيل المثال، مجموعة التشخيص). لكل متغير الاختبار، تعيين المقابل عن طريق تحديد القيمة 1 في العمود تحت EV المناسب. لكل النقيض من ذلك، تعيين القيمة الأولى إلى 1 والثانية إلى -1. حدد &quot;تم&quot;. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على علامة التبويب &quot;بعد احصائيات&quot;، حدد &quot;الكتلة&quot; على &quot;مستوى العتبة&quot; القائمة المنسدلة وتعيين &quot;Z عتبة&quot; وعتبة &quot;الكتلة P&quot; إلى 2.3 و 0.05 على التوالي 8،19 </suP&gt;. اضغط على &quot;الذهاب&quot;. </li></ol></li></ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+robust+automated+brain+extraction.">Fast robust automated brain extraction.</a> Hum Brain Map. 17, 143-155 (2002).</li><li>Jenkinson, M., Bannister, P., Brady, M., Smith, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+optimization+for+the+robust+and+accurate+linear+registration+and+motion+correction+of+brain+images.">Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images.</a> Neuroimag. 17, 825-841 (2002).</li><li>Jenkinson, M., Smith, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+global+optimisation+method+for+robust+affine+registration+of+brain+images.">A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images.</a> Med Image Ana. 5, 143-156 (2001).</li><li>Woolrich, M. W., Ripley, B. D., Brady, M., Smith, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+autocorrelation+in+univariate+linear+modeling+of+FMRI+data.">Temporal autocorrelation in univariate linear modeling of FMRI data.</a> Neuroimag. 14, 1370-1386 (2001).</li><li>Beckmann, C. F., Jenkinson, M., Smith, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+multilevel+linear+modeling+for+group+analysis+in+FMRI.">General multilevel linear modeling for group analysis in FMRI.</a> Neuroimag. 20, 1052-1063 (2003).</li><li>Woolrich, M. W., Behrens, T. E., Beckmann, C. F., Jenkinson, M., Smith, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multilevel+linear+modelling+for+FMRI+group+analysis+using+Bayesian+inference.">Multilevel linear modelling for FMRI group analysis using Bayesian inference.</a> Neuroimag. 21, 1732-1747 (2004).</li><li>Genovese, C. R., Lazar, N. A., Nichols, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thresholding+of+statistical+maps+in+functional+neuroimaging+using+the+false+discovery+rate.">Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate.</a> Neuroimag. 15, 870-878 (2002).</li><li>Hart, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+fronto-limbic+activity+in+children+and+adolescents+with+familial+high+risk+for+schizophrenia..">Altered fronto-limbic activity in children and adolescents with familial high risk for schizophrenia..</a> Psychiatry Re. 212, 19-27 (2013).</li><li>Hariri, A. R., Bookheimer, S. Y., Mazziotta, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulating+emotional+responses:+effects+of+a+neocortical+network+on+the+limbic+system.">Modulating emotional responses: effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system.</a> Neurorepor. 11, 43-48 (2000).</li><li>Gottesman, I. I., Gould, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+endophenotype+concept+in+psychiatry:+etymology+and+strategic+intentions.">The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions.</a> Am J Psyc. 160, 636-645 (2003).</li><li>Glahn, D. C., Thompson, P. M., Blangero, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroimaging+endophenotypes:+strategies+for+finding+genes+influencing+brain+structure+and+function.">Neuroimaging endophenotypes: strategies for finding genes influencing brain structure and function.</a> Hum Brain Map. 28, 488-501 (2007).</li></ol>

Dr. Perkins is currently receiving grant support from Janssen, and is a consultant to Dainippon. In the past, Dr. Perkins is or has been on speaker's bureau for Eli Lilly and AstraZeneca. Dr. Perkins has previously received grants from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Otsuka, Eli Lilly, Janssen and Pfizer; and consulting and educational fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Glaxo Smith Kline, Forest Labs, Pfizer and Shire. All other authors declare no biomedical financial interests or potential conflict of interest.

The modified emotional oddball paradigm in the current study has been shown to elicit differences in neural recruitment during selective attention and emotional processing in children and adolescents at risk for schizophrenia. While existing paradigms using the emotional oddball task have been used to investigate neural changes in adult populations with psychiatric illness8, the current paradigm may be particularly useful for measurement of vulnerability markers in younger age groups. 
<p class='jove_conte...

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a known genetic component1,2 and with symptoms including deficits in both executive and emotional processing3,4. First-degree relatives are thought to be at an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, and have been shown to share some of these same neurocognitive deficits in both cognitive and social-emotional domains5. We therefore expect that brain activity in regions associated with executive and emotional processing may be altered in at-risk family members preceding the onset of clinical symptoms. 
Previous studies have indicated that both adults with schizophrenia and adults at familial high risk show aberrant activity within executive and emotional processing networks; however it remains unclear how these changes come about during development. Demonstrating that these changes occur early in life will be a critical first step in understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder. Therefore, this study utilizes an emotional oddball paradigm during functional MRI (fMRI) scanning in order to measure brain activity during the completion of a task that requires both executive and emotional processing in adolescents who are at risk for developing schizophrenia. Oddball paradigms are frequently used to examine the function of fronto-striate circuitry in schizophrenia6 and in individuals with familial high risk7 by measuring selective attention processes allocated to task-relevant target stimuli. Here, a standard oddball task has been modified to include task-irrelevant aversive and neutral stimuli that have been shown to elicit changes in brain activity in patients with schizophrenia8. 
This paper measures functional differences between healthy adolescents and adolescents at high familial risk for schizophrenia using an emotional oddball task. The task design is similar to that used by Fichtenholtz and colleagues9, but the selection of aversive emotional images has been modified to be appropriate for children between the ages of 9-18. The use of this task during functional MRI allowed for the identification of specific brain regions that showed patterns of hyperactivation and hypoactivation in children and adolescents with FHR for schizophrenia, in addition to age-related changes in neural activity during adolescent development.

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			<td class="xl63">3T MRI scanner</td>
			<td class="xl63">GE</td>
			<td class="xl63"></td>
			<td class="xl63">BIAC 3T scanner (replaced)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of fronto-limbic activity using an emotional oddball task in children with familial high risk for schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

لم تكن هناك فروق بين مجموعات على أساس الخصائص الديموغرافية 20. وأشارت البيانات السلوكية أن مهمة الكشف عن الهدف هي على مستوى مناسب من الصعوبة للأطفال والمراهقين الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 9-18. في الدراسة الحالية، والضوابط التي تم تحديدها بشكل صحيح 82.36٪ من الأهداف <em...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia at JoVE.com

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

قياس النشاط الجبهي الحوفي باستخدام العاطفي غريب الاطوار العمل في الأطفال الذين يعانون من مخاطر عالية العائلي لمرض الفصام

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

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8.8K Views.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine. This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR). FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

Video: Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

التقييم وتقييم المخاطر الوليد العليا: إن مقياس NICU شبكة السلوك العصبي

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Na&#239;ve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Growing evidence suggests that movement abnormalities are a core feature of psychosis. One marker of movement abnormality, dyskinesia, is a result of impaired neuromodulation of dopamine in fronto-striatal pathways. The traditional methods for identifying movement abnormalities include observer-based reports and force stability gauges. The drawbacks of these methods are long training times for raters, experimenter bias, large site differences in instrumental apparatus, and suboptimal reliability. Taking these drawbacks into account has guided the development of better&#160;standardized and more efficient procedures to examine movement abnormalities through handwriting analysis software and tablet. Individuals at&#160;risk for psychosis showed significantly more dysfluent pen movements (a proximal measure for dyskinesia) in a handwriting task. Handwriting kinematics offers a great advance over previous methods of assessing dyskinesia, which could clearly be beneficial for understanding the etiology of psychosis.

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Na&amp;#239;ve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Handwriting analysis software significantly improves upon existing instruments measuring movement disorders. Individuals at&#160;risk for psychosis and healthy controls completed handwriting tasks to test for dyskinesia. Results suggest that youth at&#160;risk for psychosis exhibit dyskinesia and that handwriting analysis could significantly contribute to wider dissemination of early identification efforts

تحليل خط اليد يشير إلى خلل الحركة العفوية في ذهان السذاجة المراهقين المعرضين للخطر عالية للذهان

Growing evidence suggests that movement abnormalities are a core feature of psychosis. One marker of movement abnormality, dyskinesia, is a result of ...

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

القشرية تحليل مصدر عالي الكثافة EEG تسجيلات في الأطفال

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying sustained and transient thought suppression, and thought re-emergence in controls, at-risk and depressed individuals. Activation was greatest for controls compared to the at-risk and the depressed group in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during thought suppression and anterior cingulate cortex during thought re-emergence.

تصميم وتنفيذ دراسة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي دراسة الفكر قمع في الشابات مع والمعرضة للخطر، للاكتئاب

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks are used to identify indifference points, which reflect equal preference for two dichotomous reward alternatives differing in both delay and magnitude. Indifference points are key to assessing the shape of a delay-discounting gradient because they allow us to isolate the effect of delay on value. For example, if at a 1 week delay and a maximum of $1,000, the indifference point is at $700 we know that, for that participant, a 1-week delay corresponds to a 30% reduction in value. This video outlines an adjusting amount delay-discounting task that identifies indifference points relatively quickly and is inexpensive and easy to administer. Once data have been collected, non-linear regression techniques are typically used to generate discounting curves. The steepness of the discounting curve reflects the degree of impulsive choice of a group or individual. These techniques have been used with a wide range of commodities and have identified populations that are relatively impulsive. For example, people with substance abuse problems discount delayed rewards more steeply than control participants. Although degree of discounting varies as a function of the commodity examined, discounting of one commodity correlates with discounting of other commodities, which suggests that discounting may be a persistent pattern of behavior1.

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. We outline a computer-based delay discounting task that is easy to implement and allows for the quantification of the degree of delay discounting in human participants.

قياس التأخر خصم في البشر باستخدام مبلغ التصحيح العمل

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

وستروب العمل العاطفي: تقييم الأداء الإدراكي تحت التعرض إلى المحتوى العاطفي

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery

Human pain models are useful in the assessing the analgesic effect of drugs, providing information about a drug&#39;s pharmacology and identify potentially suitable therapeutic populations. The need to use a comprehensive battery of pain models is highlighted by studies whereby only a single pain model, thought to relate to the clinical situation, demonstrates lack of efficacy. No single experimental model can mimic the complex nature of clinical pain. The integrated, multi-modal pain task&#160;battery presented here encompasses the electrical stimulation task, pressure stimulation task, cold pressor task, the UVB inflammatory model which includes a thermal task and a paradigm for inhibitory conditioned pain modulation. These human pain models have been tested for predicative validity and reliability both in their own right and in combination, and can be used repeatedly, quickly, in short succession, with minimum burden for the subject and with a modest quantity of equipment. This allows a drug to be fully characterized and profiled for analgesic effect which is especially useful for drugs with a novel or untested mechanism of action.

Human pain models are valuable tools used to assess the analgesic potential of novel compounds and predict their clinical efficacy, especially when used in an integrated manner. Although implementation of these models is complex, with proper execution, the pain models described in this protocol can provide predictive and reliable results.

تحديد كشف الألم وعتبات التسامح عن طريق متكاملة، متعدد مشروط الألم البطارية العمل

Human pain models are useful in the assessing the analgesic effect of drugs, providing information about a drug&#39;s pharmacology and identify ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

باستخدام نموذج العالم المرئي لدراسة الجملة الفهم في الناطقة بالفصحى الأطفال الذين يعانون من التوحد

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

تاثير الفترة الزمنيه العالية الكثافة والتمارين المستمرة المعتدلة الكثافة علي مستوي تي تروبونين القلبي في مرحله مبكرة من التدريب

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Object place recognition is a prominent method used to investigate spatial memory in rodents. This object place recognition memory forms the basis of the object location task. This paper provides an extensive protocol to guide the establishment of an object location task with the option of up to four repetitions using the same cohort of rats. Both weak and strong encoding protocols can be used to study short- and long-term spatial memories of varying strength and to enable the implementation of relevant memory-inhibiting or -enhancing manipulations. In addition, repetition of the test with the counterbalancing presented here allows the combination of results from two or more tests for within-subject comparison to reduce variability between rats. This method helps to increase statistical power and is strongly recommended, particularly when running experiments that produce high variation in individual behavior. This directly refines the study by increasing the data obtained from each animal and reducing the overall number of animals needed.&#160;Finally, implementation of the repeated object location task increases the efficiency of studies that involve surgical procedures by saving time and labor.

This protocol provides detailed steps for an object location task with four repetitions using the same cohort of rats. Weak and strong encoding can produce short- and long-term memories. The flexibility of the protocol with repetition can be beneficial for studies involving surgical operations by saving time and labor.

تصميم تجريبي داخل الموضوع باستخدام مهمة موقع الكائن في الفئران

Object place recognition is a prominent method used to investigate spatial memory in rodents. This object place recognition memory forms the basis of the ...