تم تنفيذ هذا العمل في إطار TTIW-تعاون Wetsus، مركز التميز لتكنولوجيا المياه المستدامة (www.wetsus.nl). ويتم تمويل Wetsus من قبل وزارة الشؤون الاقتصادية الهولندية، وصندوق التنمية الإقليمية للاتحاد الأوروبي، مقاطعة Fryslân، مدينة يوفاردن وبرنامج EZ / البوصلة من &#39;Samenwerkingsverband نورد هولندا &quot;. الكتاب أود أن أشكر المشاركين في موضوع البحث &quot;الفيزياء التطبيقية المياه&quot; للمناقشات مثمرة ودعمها المالي.

The authors Dr. M&#243;nica L&#243;pez S&#225;enz and Dr. Oliver Schreer are employees of IRCAM GmbH that produces instruments used in this Article. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

تشكيل الناجح مستقرة وقوية الجسور EHD السائل يتطلب الانتباه إلى أن تدفع لبعض تفاصيل بسيطة لكنها مهمة. فمن الضروري أن الموصلية الأيونية من الحلول تكون منخفضة مثل العملي (على سبيل المثال، 1-5 ميكرو ثانية / سم). أن ندرك أن تلوث المياه يمكن أن يؤدي إلى زيادة التوصيل لبعض السوائل القطبية (مثل الجلسرين). غسل جميع الأواني الزجاجية جيدا الالتفات الى الشطف دقيق، واستخدام الأواني الزجاجية فقط خالية من التلوث الناجم عن قوس السطح أو علامات الحرق. بشكل عام هو ممارسة جيدة لارتداء قفازات عند التعامل مع أي معدات للوقاية من زيوت الجلد والأملاح من تلويث التجربة. يجب sonicated أقطاب لعدة دقائق في المذيبات قيد الدراسة ويوصى بأن هذه هي &quot;في حرق&quot; عن طريق تشغيل الجسر غير الممددة لمدة 30-45 دقيقة في القيم الحالية المرتفعة (على سبيل المثال، 3-5 مللي أمبير) للحد القطب الثانوي ردود الفعل. عالية النقاء (على سبيل المثال،&gt; 99.9٪) المعادن النبيلة تعمل بشكل أفضل كمواد القطب وينبغي أن يكون مساحة كافية من اجل الحفاظ على الكثافة الحالية منخفضة على ترتيب 10 A / متر مربع وذلك للحد من التدفئة المحلية. في حالة الجسور التي لها الاستقرار الفقراء أو يصعب تشغيله ويوصى لتأكيد أولا الموصلية هو ~ 1 ميكرو ثانية / سم وأنه لا توجد حمامات غريبة من السوائل التي يمكن أن تسمح للمسار الحالي بديل. بشكل عام فمن المستحسن أن تكون جميع الأسطح الجافة ممكن، اهتماما خاصا لأفلام رقيقة التي يمكن أن تشكل بين السفن وألواح العازلة. إذا الانحناء يحدث السلطة المقاطعة وخفض قيمة الجهد ثم تطبيق السلطة كما أصيب الانحناء سيؤدي إلى &quot;تفحيم&quot; من المناطق المتضررة التي يمكن أن تقلل الاستقرار جسر أو جسر منع اشتعال جميعا. إذا تم تطبيق السلطة للنظام فوق عتبة الجهد وأي أشكال جسر قضيب زجاج معزول يمكن استخدامها لاستخلاص السائل صعودا نحو عشرنقاط الاتصال الإلكترونية (مثل ينبثق الكأس) بين السفينتين. إذا استمر النظام على التصرف بطريقة غير مستقر تنظيف المعدات والبدء من جديد مع السائل الطازج. إذا تعذر ذلك، فمن المستحسن أن تأخذ جرد المناطق المحيطة بها الأجسام المعدنية الكبيرة، والمواد التي تدعم تهمة ثابتة، أو التيارات الهوائية القوية يمكن أن يحدث خللا الجسر و / أو الحقل الكهربائي التي تدعم ذلك. يتم تعديل النظام التجريبي بسهولة لتناسب المواد المتوفرة عادة في معظم المختبرات. يمكن أن يكون من حاويات السائلة يجب أن تدفع ما يقرب من أي مواد متوافقة واهتماما خاصا للاشتعال الحاوية أو الطور السائل في حالة القوس الكهربائي. على سبيل المثال تفلون سوف تولد الغازات الخطرة عند احتراقه. شكل القطب، والتنسيب، والمواد يمكن أيضا أن تتغير لتتناسب مع قيود معين انشاء. يتم استخدام أقطاب كهربائية مستو عادة مصنوعة من احباط ولكن يمكن أيضا أن تستخدم سلك طويل مثل المبادئ التوجيهية الحالية كثافة<html> تؤخذ بعين الاعتبار. الحقل الكهربائي تطبيقها يمكن أن يكون محض DC، AC النقي، أو AC DC منحازة. جميع سينتج الجسور السائلة داخل مدى استجابة تعتمد تردد للسوائل وصفها في المؤلفات على electrowetting على عازلة (EWOD) وdielectrophoresis (DEP) 9 التي تحدد نطاق تردد الاستجابة بين 20 هرتز و 20 كيلوهرتز لالفولتية معتدلة. قد نطاقات تردد أعلى تولد أيضا الجسور الرغم من أن هذه لم يتم اختبارها بشكل واضح، وقد أفاد بعض العمال الحد الأدنى للAC الجسور العمودية لتكون 50 هرتز 42. التوجه إلى الجاذبية أيضا تعديلها بسهولة طالما نظام يمكن وضعها لتوفير الأسطح السائل الحرة التي هي مستقرة دون وجود حقل كهربائي التطبيقية. وقد أجريت التجارب في غياب الجاذبية 41 والتي أظهرت أن هذه الجسور لديها الاعتماد على النفوذ استقرار الجاذبية التي تحافظ على توازن دقيق للقوى السائدة في جسر السائل. الأنف والحنجرة &quot;&gt; جسور EHD السائل هي أداة جديدة يمكن إضافتها إلى ذخيرة من العديد من التطبيقات العلوم الطبيعية، فهي تسمح استكشاف التفاعل بين السائبة والسطح القوات مع المجالات الكهربائية تطبيقها خارجيا، حيث فتح الفرصة لدراسة وسائل جديدة ل خلط السوائل المختلفة 37؛ تغيير حركية التفاعل الكيميائي 52؛ النقل بروتون 44،45، ودراسة استجابة النظم البيولوجية لهذه الظروف 53 وبالإضافة إلى هذه الجسور تتيح الوصول المباشر إلى سطح السائل دون أي هياكل subtending جسديا الذي أثمر بالفعل جديدة. المعلومات الطيفية على الديناميات في الماء السائل 28 وتلميحات ليس فقط في وجود مفتاح الدولة تسيطر كهربائيا حيث خصائص السائبة جديدة تظهر 31 ولكن في القدرة على فحص السائل السائل التحولات المرحلة 54 من خلال طريقة جديدة تماما. تطبيق الصناعي على نطاق واسع عمليات EHD (على سبيل المثال </eم&gt;، electrospinning 26، وelectrospray 32،33 الطرق) بالتأكيد يمكن أن تستفيد من دراسة أخرى من هذه الظواهر المتحالفة عن كثب.

An erratum was issued for <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51819/the-preparation-electrohydrodynamic-bridges-from-polar-dielectric">The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids</a>. Figure 3 was updated because it had an incorrect representation of the power used in an operating bridge.
Figure 3 has been updated from:
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/5806/51819fig3old.jpg" /> 
Figure 3.&#160;Characteristic curves for a liquid water bridge. The current-voltage relationship for liquid water bridges at 0, 5, 10, 15 mm separation distance is plotted. A lower threshold below which no liquid bridge will form (see inset photo at lower left), and an upper threshold above which bridges are unstable (inset photos 1-4) bound the region of stability. For most bridges with some measureable extension (i.e. &#8805; 5 mm) the total power dissipation lies between 10 and 20 watts. The rupture of a bridge beyond the upper threshold will often follow a sequence of events progressing from normal operation (inset 1), to leaking (inset 2), sagging (inset 3), and finally rupture (inset 4).
to:
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/5806/51819fig3new.jpg" /> 
Figure 3.&#160;Characteristic curves for a liquid water bridge. The current-voltage relationship for liquid water bridges at 0, 5, 10, 15 mm separation distance is plotted. A lower threshold below which no liquid bridge will form (see inset photo at lower left), and an upper threshold above which bridges are unstable (inset photos 1-4) bound the region of stability.&#160; Power dissipation is a tunable parameter where longer bridges have a more narrow tuning range than shorter bridges. The rupture of a bridge beyond the upper threshold will often follow a sequence of events progressing from normal operation (inset 1), to leaking (inset 2), sagging (inset 3), and finally rupture (inset 4).

<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: rgb(58, 58, 58); font-family: Arimo, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">An erratum was issued for&#160;<i style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids<span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Figure 3 was updated because it had an&#160;<span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">incorrect representation of the power used in an operating bridge.

Erratum: The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1104">
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:449px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:449px;">Borosilicate Crystallization Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR</td>
			<td>216-0064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:449px;">Double walled roundbottom flask with GL14 and GL8 openings along with 6mm spherical joint port</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">LGS</td>
			<td>SP757102a</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Custom glassware with minimum two openings one for electrode, one for bridge spout.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:449px;">Adjustable Platforms</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Rudolf Grauer AG</td>
			<td>Swiss Boy 115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:449px;">Motion Translation Stage</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MTS25/M-Z8E</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Complete motorized stage, controller, and power supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:449px;">Insulating Plates</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Should be appropriate for resisting the intended voltages without breakdown</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:449px;">Pt Electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Alfa-Aesar</td>
			<td>000261</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Wash and then sonicate in 18.2 MOhm water prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:449px;">HVPS</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">FUG GmbH</td>
			<td>HCP 350-65000</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">65 kVDC @ 5mA maximum output</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:449px;">Fiber Optic Temperature Probe System</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">OpSens</td>
			<td>OTG-F Sensor/ XXX-XXX Control Unit</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Readout speed 1 kHz, accuracy 0.01K, probe size 120 um</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:449px;">Long Wave Infrared Camera</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">IRCAM GmBH</td>
			<td>Taurus 110K L</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">168 FPS 384x288 Sensitivity &#60;30mK</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:449px;">Long Wave Infrared Camera</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">FLIR</td>
			<td>FLIR 620</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">30 FPS 640x480 pixel Sensitivity to &#60;45mK</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:449px;">Dual Band Mid- and Long-Wave Infrared Camera</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">IRCAM GmBH</td>
			<td>Geminis 110k ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:449px;">Digital Camera</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Canon</td>
			<td>550D</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Used for both video and still frames</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:449px;">Tripod</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Manfrotto</td>
			<td>475B/405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:449px;">18.2 MOhm Water</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Milli-Q</td>
			<td>Advantage</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Allow 24 hours to equilibrate after dispensing into clear borosilicate bottles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:449px;">Methanol dehydrated with less than 0,0050% water AnalaR NORMAPUR</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR-BDH</td>
			<td>20856.296</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Keep dry until needed;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:449px;">Glycerol anhydrous for synthesis</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR - Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>8.18709.1000</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Keep dry until needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:449px;">Dimethylsulfoxide, ACS Grade</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR-BDH</td>
			<td>BDH1115-1LP</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">Keep dry until needed</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the preparation of electrohydrodynamic bridges from polar dielectric liquids

الجسور الأفقية والرأسية السائل هي أدوات بسيطة وقوية لاستكشاف التفاعل بين المجالات كثافة عالية الكهربائية (8-20 كيلو فولت / سم) والسوائل عازلة القطبية. هذه الجسور هي فريدة من نوعها من الجسور الشعرية في أنهم يظهرون التمدد خارج بضعة ملليمترات، لديهم أنماط نقل الجماعي ثنائية الاتجاه المعقدة، وتنبعث منها غير بلانك للإشعاع الأشعة تحت الحمراء. وهناك عدد من المذيبات المشتركة يمكن أن تشكل هذه الجسور فضلا عن حلول التوصيل منخفضة والمعلقات الغروية. يخضع سلوك العيانية بواسطة electrohydrodynamics ويوفر وسيلة لدراسة الظواهر تدفق السوائل من دون وجود جدران جامدة. قبل ظهور العديد من الظواهر جسرا هاما السائل يمكن ملاحظتها بما في ذلك دفع ارتفاع الغضروف المفصلي (electrowetting)، تداول السوائل بكميات كبيرة (تأثير سوموتو)، وطرد من قطرات اتهم (electrospray). التفاعل بين السطح، والاستقطاب، وقوات النزوح يمكن فحصها مباشرةمتفاوتة الجهد المطبق وطول الجسر. الحقل الكهربائي، بمساعدة الجاذبية، ويستقر الجسر السائل ضد عدم الاستقرار رايلي-الهضبة. بناء جهاز التوجيه الأساسي لكلا الرأسي والأفقي إلى جانب أمثلة التشغيلية، بما في ذلك الصور الحفر الحراري، لمدة ثلاثة السوائل (مثل الماء، DMSO، والجلسرين) وتقدم.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids at JoVE.com

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

الجسور السائل electrohydrodynamic الأفقية والرأسية هي أدوات بسيطة وقوية لاستكشاف التفاعل من كثافة عالية المجالات الكهربائية والسوائل العازلة القطبية. بناء جهاز الأساسي والأمثلة العملية، بما في ذلك الصور الحفر الحراري، لمدة ثلاثة السوائل (مثل الماء، DMSO، والجلسرين) وتقدم.

لإعداد Electrohydrodynamic جسور من السوائل القطبية عازل

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and ...

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26.0K Views.  Wetsus - Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology.  الجسور السائل electrohydrodynamic الأفقية والرأسية هي أدوات بسيطة وقوية لاستكشاف التفاعل من كثافة عالية المجالات الكهربائية والسوائل العازلة القطبية. بناء جهاز الأساسي والأمثلة العملية، بما في ذلك الصور الحفر الحراري، لمدة ثلاثة السوائل (مثل

Video: The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Revealing Dynamic Processes of Materials in Liquids Using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy

The recent development for in situ transmission electron microscopy, which allows imaging through liquids with high spatial resolution, has attracted significant interests across the research fields of materials science, physics, chemistry and biology. The key enabling technology is a liquid cell. We fabricate liquid cells with thin viewing windows through a sequential microfabrication process, including silicon nitride membrane deposition, photolithographic patterning, wafer etching, cell bonding, etc. A liquid cell with the dimensions of a regular TEM grid can fit in any standard TEM sample holder. About 100 nanoliters reaction solution is loaded into the reservoirs and about 30 picoliters liquid is drawn into the viewing windows by capillary force. Subsequently, the cell is sealed and loaded into a microscope for in situ imaging. Inside the TEM, the electron beam goes through the thin liquid layer sandwiched between two silicon nitride membranes. Dynamic processes of nanoparticles in liquids, such as nucleation and growth of nanocrystals, diffusion and assembly of nanoparticles, etc., have been imaged in real time with sub-nanometer resolution. We have also applied this method to other research areas, e.g., imaging proteins in water. Liquid cell TEM is poised to play a major role in revealing dynamic processes of materials in their working environments. It may also bring high impact in the study of biological processes in their native environment.

We have developed a self-contained liquid cell, which allows imaging through liquids using a transmission electron microscope. Dynamic processes of nanoparticles in liquids can be revealed in real time with sub-nanometer resolution.

الكشف عن العمليات الدينامية للمواد السائلة في السوائل عن طريق انتقال الإلكترون المجهري الخليوي

The recent development for in situ transmission electron microscopy, which allows imaging through liquids with high spatial resolution, has attracted ...

Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

A procedure for creating and imaging capillary bridges in slit-pore geometry is presented. High aspect ratio hydrophobic pillars are fabricated and functionalized to render their top surfaces hydrophilic. The combination of a physical feature (the pillar) with a chemical boundary (the hydrophilic film on the top of the pillar) provides both a physical and chemical heterogeneity that pins the triple contact line, a necessary feature to create stable long but narrow capillary bridges. The substrates with the pillars are attached to glass slides and secured into custom holders. The holders are then mounted onto four axis microstages and positioned such that the pillars are parallel and facing each other. The capillary bridges are formed by introducing a fluid in the gap between the two substrates once the separation between the facing pillars has been reduced to a few hundred micrometers. The custom microstage is then employed to vary the height of the capillary bridge. A CCD camera is positioned to image either the length or the width of the capillary bridge to characterize the morphology of the fluid interface. Pillars with widths down to 250 &#181;m and lengths up to 70 mm were fabricated with this method, leading to capillary bridges with aspect ratios (length/width) of over 1001.

A procedure for creating and imaging capillary bridges in slit-pore geometry is presented. The creation of capillary bridges relies on the formation of pillars to provide a directional physical and chemical heterogeneity to pin the fluid. Capillary bridges are formed and manipulated using microstages and visualized using a CCD camera.

تصنيع وتصور الجسور الشعرية في هندسة المسام الشق

A procedure for creating and imaging capillary bridges in slit-pore geometry is presented. High aspect ratio hydrophobic pillars are fabricated and ...

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). In this article we will describe the methods for constructing and characterizing macroscopic disordered photonic structures using microwaves. The microwave regime offers the most convenient experimental sample size to build and test PBG media. Easily manipulated dielectric lattice components extend flexibility in building various 2D structures on top of pre-printed plastic templates. Once built, the structures could be quickly modified with point and line defects to make freeform waveguides and filters. Testing is done using a widely available Vector Network Analyzer and pairs of microwave horn antennas. Due to the scale invariance property of electromagnetic fields, the results we obtained in the microwave region can be directly applied to infrared and optical regions. Our approach is simple but delivers exciting new insight into the nature of light and disordered matter interaction.

Our representative results include the first experimental demonstration of the existence of a complete and isotropic PBG in a two-dimensional (2D) hyperuniform disordered dielectric structure. Additionally we demonstrate experimentally the ability of this novel photonic structure to guide electromagnetic waves (EM) through freeform waveguides of arbitrary shape.

Disordered structures offer new mechanisms for forming photonic bandgaps and unprecedented freedom in functional-defect designs. To circumvent the computational challenges of disordered systems, we construct modular macroscopic samples of the new class of PBG materials and use microwaves to characterize their scale-invariant photonic properties, in an easy and inexpensive manner.

باستخدام الميكروويف وعينات ترى بالعين المجردة وعازل المواد الصلبة لدراسة خصائص الضوئية من المختلين المواد الضوئية فرق الطاقة

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). ...

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in on-chip interconnect stacks is one of the most critical failure mechanisms for microelectronic devices. The aggressive scaling of feature sizes, both on devices and interconnects, leads to serious challenges to ensure the required product reliability. Standard reliability tests and post-mortem failure analysis provide only limited information about the physics of failure mechanisms and degradation kinetics. Therefore it is necessary to develop new experimental approaches and procedures to study the TDDB failure mechanisms and degradation kinetics in particular. In this paper, an in situ experimental methodology in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) is demonstrated to investigate the TDDB degradation and failure mechanisms in Cu/ULK interconnect stacks. High quality imaging and chemical analysis are used to study the kinetic process. The in situ electrical test is integrated into the TEM to provide an elevated electrical field to the dielectrics. Electron tomography is utilized to characterize the directed Cu diffusion in the insulating dielectrics. This experimental procedure opens a possibility to study the failure mechanism in interconnect stacks of microelectronic products, and it could also be extended to other structures in active devices.

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in on-chip interconnect stacks is one of the most critical failure mechanisms for microelectronic devices. This paper demonstrates the procedure of an in situ TDDB experiment in the transmission electron microscope, which opens a possibility to study the failure mechanism in microelectronic products.

في انهيار العزل الكهربائي الموضعي الوقت المعتمد في نقل الكترون المجهر: إمكانية لفهم آلية الفشل في الأجهزة الإلكترونية الدقيقة

The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in on-chip interconnect stacks is one of the most critical failure mechanisms for microelectronic devices. ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

عملية تصنيع عازل المرنة الأجهزة التنفيذية القائمة على السيليكون

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Plasma-assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy of N-polar InAlN-barrier High-electron-mobility Transistors

Plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy is well suited for the epitaxial growth of III-nitride thin films and heterostructures with smooth, abrupt interfaces required for high-quality high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). A procedure is presented for the growth of N-polar InAlN HEMTs, including wafer preparation and growth of buffer layers, the InAlN barrier layer, AlN and GaN interlayers and the GaN channel. Critical issues at each step of the process are identified, such as avoiding Ga accumulation in the GaN buffer, the role of temperature on InAlN compositional homogeneity, and the use of Ga flux during the AlN interlayer and the interrupt prior to GaN channel growth. Compositionally homogeneous N-polar InAlN thin films are demonstrated with surface root-mean-squared roughness as low as 0.19 nm and InAlN-based HEMT structures are reported having mobility as high as 1,750 cm2/V&#8729;sec for devices with a sheet charge density of 1.7 x 1013 cm-2.

Molecular beam epitaxy is used to grow N-polar InAlN-barrier high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). Control of the wafer preparation, layer growth conditions and epitaxial structure results in smooth, compositionally homogeneous InAlN layers and HEMTs with mobility as high as 1,750 cm2/V&#8729;sec.

بمساعدة البلازما الجزيئية شعاع إبيتاز من InAlN من العوائق الترانزستور عالية الإلكترون التنقل N-القطبية

Plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy is well suited for the epitaxial growth of III-nitride thin films and heterostructures with smooth, abrupt ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

فخ تحميل البصري للعازل المجهرية الدقيقة في الهواء

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

Dielectric RheoSANS &#8212; Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and microstructural properties of complex fluids is presented. The instrument consists of a Couette geometry contained within a modified forced convection oven mounted on a commercial rheometer. This instrument is available for use on the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) beamlines at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The Couette geometry is machined to be transparent to neutrons and provides for measurement of the electrical properties and microstructural properties of a sample confined between titanium cylinders while the sample undergoes arbitrary deformation. Synchronization of these measurements is enabled through the use of a customizable program that monitors and controls the execution of predetermined experimental protocols. Described here is a protocol to perform a flow sweep experiment where the shear rate is logarithmically stepped from a maximum value to a minimum value holding at each step for a specified period of time while frequency dependent dielectric measurements are made. Representative results are shown from a sample consisting of a gel composed of carbon black aggregates dispersed in propylene carbonate. As the gel undergoes steady shear, the carbon black network is mechanically deformed, which causes an initial decrease in conductivity associated with the breaking of bonds comprising the carbon black network. However, at higher shear rates, the conductivity recovers associated with the onset of shear thickening. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of the simultaneous measurement of the rheo-electro-microstructural properties of these suspensions using the dielectric RheoSANS geometry.

Dielectric RheoSANS &amp;#8212; Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids

Here, we present a procedure for the measurement of simultaneous impedance, rheology and neutron scattering from soft matter materials under shear flow.

RheoSANS عازل - الاستجواب في وقت واحد من الممانعة، دراسة الخواص الانسيابية والصغيرة زاوية تشتت النيوترونات من السوائل مجمع

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and ...

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

An analog, macroscopic method for studying molecular-scale hydrodynamic processes in dense gases and liquids is described. The technique applies a standard fluid dynamic diagnostic, particle image velocimetry (PIV), to measure: i) velocities of individual particles (grains), extant on short, grain-collision time-scales, ii) velocities of systems of particles, on both short collision-time- and long, continuum-flow-time-scales, iii) collective hydrodynamic modes known to exist in dense molecular fluids, and iv) short- and long-time-scale velocity autocorrelation functions, central to understanding particle-scale dynamics in strongly interacting, dense fluid systems. The basic system is composed of an imaging system, light source, vibrational sensors, vibrational system with a known media, and PIV and analysis software. Required experimental measurements and an outline of the theoretical tools needed when using the analog technique to study molecular-scale hydrodynamic processes are highlighted. The proposed technique provides a relatively straightforward alternative to photonic and neutron beam scattering methods traditionally used in molecular hydrodynamic studies.

An experimentally accessible analog method for studying molecular hydrodynamic processes in dense fluids is presented. The technique uses particle image velocimetry of vibrated, high-restitution grain piles and allows direct, macroscopic observation of dynamical processes known and predicted to exist in strongly interacting, high density gases and liquids.

أسلوب عيانية تناظرية لدراسة العمليات هيدرودينامية الجزيئية في كثافة الغازات والسوائل

An analog, macroscopic method for studying molecular-scale hydrodynamic processes in dense gases and liquids is described. The technique applies a ...

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

To drive electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flows in aqueous solutions, the separation of cation and anion transport pathways is essential because a directed electric body force has to be induced by ionic motions in liquid. On the other hand, positive and negative charges attract each other, and electroneutrality is maintained everywhere in equilibrium conditions. Furthermore, an increase in an applied voltage has to be suppressed to avoid water electrolysis, which causes the solutions to become unstable. Usually, EHD flows can be induced in non-aqueous solutions by applying extremely high voltages, such as tens of kV, to inject electrical charges. In this study, two methods are introduced to generate EHD flows induced by electrical charge separations in aqueous solutions, where two liquid phases are separated by an ion-exchange membrane. Due to a difference in the ionic mobility in the membrane, ion concentration polarization is induced between both sides of the membrane. In this study, we demonstrate two methods. (i) The relaxation of ion concentration gradients occurs via a flow channel that penetrates an ion-exchange membrane, where the transport of the slower species in the membrane selectively becomes dominant in the flow channel. This is a driving force to generate an EHD flow in the liquid. (ii) A long waiting time for the diffusion of ions passing through the ion-exchange membrane enables the generation of an ion-dragged flow by externally applying an electric field. Ions concentrated in a flow channel of a 1 x 1 mm2 cross-section determine the direction of the liquid flow, corresponding to the electrophoretic transport pathways. In both methods, the electric voltage difference required for an EHD flow generation is drastically reduced to near 2 V by rectifying the ion transport pathways.

The rectification of ion transport pathways is an effective method to generate one-directional ion-dragged electrohydrodynamic flows. By setting an ion-exchange membrane in a flow channel, an electrically polarized condition is generated and causes a liquid flow to be driven when an electric field is externally applied.

توليد ومراقبة اليكتروهيدروديناميك التدفقات في حلول الكهرباء المائية

To drive electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flows in aqueous solutions, the separation of cation and anion transport pathways is essential because a directed ...