This project was funded by the Intramural Research Program at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. We acknowledge the helpful discussions with Dr. Thomas Bulea, PhD and Laurie Ohlrich, PT in refining the procedures presented in this protocol. Muyinat W. Osoba and Andrew Gravunder, MS assisted with the animations.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

جمع في وقت واحد من نشاط الدماغ من المناطق المستهدفة من القشرة والبيانات الكمية حول كيف يمكن لشخص يتحرك يعرض إمكانيات هائلة لتحسين فهمنا للالتحكم العصبي في الحركة، سواء في عدد السكان النامي عادة وكذلك الذين يعانون من اضطرابات الحركة. وهناك أيضا تطبيق واسع النطاق من ح...

أصبح التصوير العصبي خلال المهام الوظيفية أكثر المحمولة والتكاليف وكفاءة باستخدام التحليل الطيفي غير الغازية وظيفية القريب من الأشعة تحت الحمراء (fNIRS) لتحديد مجالات نشاط الدماغ عن طريق قياس ديناميكية تدفق الدم في القشرة. قابلية fNIRS مفيدة بشكل خاص في دراسة المهام تستقيم والوظيفية مثل مشية 1، وهو أمر غير ممكن مع التقنيات الأخرى مثل التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي (fMRI). هذه القدرة هي الحاسمة في مجالات علم الأعصاب وعلم الأعصاب، ويمكن أن تقدم رؤى جديدة في الآليات الكامنة وراء اضطرابات الحركة عند الأطفال والبالغين الذين يعانون من الشلل الدماغي (CP) والحالات العصبية الأخرى التي تؤثر على التحكم في المحركات. فهم آليات يحسن القدرة على تصميم تدخلات فعالة لاستهداف مصدر ضعف ومحدودية النشاط. وكانت العديد من الدراسات fNIRS من المهام الحركية إلى موعد مع صحة السكان من البالغين حيث جزءوأوعز icipants لتنفيذ مهمة معينة ورصد أداء مهمة يقتصر على الفحص البصري. وهذا يمكن أن يكون كافيا بالنسبة لأولئك مع الحركات النمطية وعلى مستوى عال من المشاركة، ولكن ليس من المقبول عند دراسة المشاركين الذين يعانون من اضطرابات الحركة أو أولئك الذين لديهم صعوبة حضور إلى مهمة لفترات طويلة من الزمن، بما في ذلك الأطفال النامي عادة. من أجل إبلاغ تحليل نشاط المخ في هذه الحالات، هناك حاجة للرصد المتزامنة للنمط الحركية التي يتم الانتهاء فعلا. تم عرض استعراضات شاملة لنظم fNIRS والأعراف المتبعة في الأدب 2-5 التي توجه الاستخدام ومساعدة للتدليل على دقة وحساسية هذه النظم، ولكن المسائل التقنية في جمع ومعالجة وتفسير fNIRS لا تزال البيانات. لون وسماكة الشعر تؤثر على جودة الإشارة الضوئية، مع الظلام الشعر الكثيف على الأرجح لمنع أو تشويه transmi البصريssion 3،6. ولهذا أهمية خاصة عند دراسة المناطق الحسية تقع على منطقة تاج الرأس حيث الكثافة بصيلات الشعر هي أعظم، وتقديم تقرير بعض الدراسات غير المستجيبين 6،7. وراسخة الدولية 10/20 نظام يمكن استخدامها لوضع لoptodes، ولكن بصفة خاصة في حالة الأشخاص الذين يعانون من غير نمطية تشريح الدماغ، وشارك تسجيل من موقع optode إلى التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي التشريحية أحد المشاركين في أمر مفيد للغاية إن لم يكن ضروريا لتفسير دقيق ل النتائج. استخدام fNIRS لتقييم نشاط المخ في إصابة الدماغ في مرحلة الطفولة الظهور هو الأخير إلى حد ما، ولكن تكتسب الجر في مجال جانب واحد 6،8،9 الشلل الدماغي. في النظر في التحديات المذكورة آنفا، هذا البروتوكول يجمع بين fNIRS، التقاط الحركة، وelectromyographic (EMG) رصد خلال عدد من المهام، بما في ذلك المهام واحدة مشتركة بسيطة وكذلك الاقتراحات كامل الجسم أكثر تعقيدا. التوجيه البصري والسمعي هو لناإد لتحسين الانتباه ومهمة الأداء عبر العصور متعددة من المشاركين. والهدف من هذا البروتوكول هو لتحديد الاختلافات في أنماط نشاط المخ في تلك مع الأحادية والثنائية الطفولة-ظهور إصابات الدماغ مقارنة مع أولئك الذين عادة ما النامية. نستكشف حركة كامل الجسم (مشية)، وهو أقصى انخفاض الحركة متعددة مشتركة الثنائية (الدراجات)، وحركتين واحدة مشتركة من جانب واحد (معزول عطف ظهري الكاحل، ومعزولة ناحية الضغط) لتوضيح مجموعة متنوعة من التطبيقات من الطرق. نفس أو بروتوكول مماثل جدا يمكن استخدامها لدراسة غيرها من اضطرابات حسية أو حركة أو المهام الأخرى ذات الاهتمام. وقد تنبعث موجة مستمرة قرب ضوء الأشعة تحت الحمراء والكشف على 690 نانومتر و 830 نانومتر على القشور الحسية باستخدام نظام fNIRS بمعدل 50 هرتز، وذلك باستخدام التكوين مصممة خصيصا للكشف عن مصدر. تم جمع البيانات لاسلكيا EMG على تردد 1،000 هرتز. كانت علامة عاكسة المواقع 3-Dالتي جمعها نظام التقاط الحركة البصرية بمعدل 100 هرتز. جهازي كمبيوتر مختلفة عالجت الحصول على البيانات، واحدة للfNIRS وآخر لالتقاط الحركة وEMG. تم مزامنة البيانات باستخدام نبض الزناد من جهاز كمبيوتر الثالث الذي يتوافق مع زر الماوس اضغط على لبدء الرسوم المتحركة التعليمي لكل مهمة. لكافة المهام باستثناء مشية، تم تصميم الرسوم المتحركة التعليمية لتوحيد أداء المشاركين باستخدام التوجيه البصري من وتيرة مهمة (1 هرتز)، التي يمثلها القفز الحيوان الرسوم المتحركة أو الركل، فضلا عن جديلة السمعية.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="777">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">CW6</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">TechEn</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://nirsoptix.com/</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">fNIRS machine with variable number of sources and detectors, depending on the number of modules included</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">MX system with ten T40-series cameras</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://www.vicon.com/System/TSeries</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Motion capture cameras</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">reflective 4 mm markers</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Markers used by the motion capture cameras to locate fNIRS optodes, Ar, Al, Nz, and hand coordinates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="113">
			<td height="113" style="height:113px;width:216px;">reflective 9.5 mm markers</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Markers used by the motion capture cameras to locate arm and leg coordinates. Clusters are used for the limb segments, and markers with offsets are uses for PSIS and Iz to improve reliability in data capture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Trigno Wireless EMG system</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Delsys, Inc. Natick, MA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://www.delsys.com/products/wireless-emg/</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Electromyography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Bertec split-belt instrumented treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Bertec Corporation, Columbus, OH</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://bertec.com/products/instrumented-treadmills.html</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Treadmill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">ZeroG body-weight support system</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Aretech, LLC, Ashburn, VA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://www.aretechllc.com/overview.html</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Track and passive trolley used to support cables, harness can be used for patient safety during gait trials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">3DS Max 2013</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Autodesk, Inc., San Francisco, CA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://www.autodesk.com/</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">3-D animation software used to animate animals for instructional videos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Windows Movie Maker</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-live/movie-maker</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">software used to combine animation footage with music</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Audacity</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">open source</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://audacity.sourceforge.net/</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Software used to alter musical beat to appropriate cadence</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional near infrared spectroscopy of the sensory and motor brain regions with simultaneous kinematic and emg monitoring during motor tasks

وهناك العديد من المزايا التي ظيفية الطيفي الأشعة تحت الحمراء القريبة (fNIRS) ويعرض في الدراسة من التحكم العصبي في حركة الإنسان. أنها مرنة نسبيا فيما يتعلق مشارك المواقع ويسمح لبعض حركات الرأس أثناء المهام. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أنها غير مكلفة وخفيفة الوزن، والمحمولة، مع عدد قليل جدا من موانع لاستخدامه. وهذا يمثل فرصة فريدة لدراسة نشاط الدماغ وظيفية خلال المهام الحركية في الأفراد الذين عادة ما النامية، فضلا عن أولئك الذين يعانون من اضطرابات الحركة، مثل الشلل الدماغي. وهناك اعتبار إضافي عند دراسة اضطرابات الحركة، ومع ذلك، هو نوعية الحركات الفعلية أداء وإمكانات، والحركات غير مقصودة إضافية. ولذلك، مطلوب الرصد المتزامن لكلا من التغيرات في تدفق الدم في الدماغ والحركات الفعلية من الجسم أثناء الاختبار لتفسير مناسب لنتائج fNIRS. هنا، وتبين لنا بروتوكول لمزيج من fNIRS معالعضلات ورصد الحركية خلال المهام الحركية. نستكشف مشية، وهي حركة من جانب واحد متعدد مشتركة (الدراجات)، وحركتين واحدة مشتركة من جانب واحد (معزول عطف ظهري الكاحل، ومعزولة ناحية الضغط). التقنيات المعروضة يمكن أن تكون مفيدة في دراسة كل من التحكم في المحركات التقليدية وغير التقليدية، ويمكن تعديلها لتحقيق مجموعة واسعة من المهام والمسائل العلمية.

هذا البروتوكول ينسق اكتساب المتزامن من 3 طرائق لالتقاط تدفق الدم في الدماغ، والنشاط الكهربائي للعضلات، وحركة الحركية للمفاصل أثناء أحد المشاركين بأداء المهام الحركية (الشكل 1). <img alt="الشكل (1)" src="/files/ft...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks at JoVE.com

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

وظيفية الأدنى الأشعة تحت الحمراء الطيفي من المناطق الحسية والحركية الدماغ مع الحركية في وقت واحد وEMG رصد خلال المهام للسيارات

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

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15.0K Views.  National Institutes of Health. Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

Video: Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

أفضل الممارسات الحالية الحصول على نتائج عالية الجودة بيانات EEG خلال الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي في وقت واحد

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

رصد EEG في وقت واحد خلال تحفيز مباشر عبر الجمجمة الحالي

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

تخطيط كهربية متزامنة فروة الرأس (EEG)، العضلات (EMG)، وكامل الجسم تسجيل بالقصور الذاتي القطاعي لمتعدد الوسائط العصبية فك

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and retrieve food rewards positioned at a specific location, their motor performance (defined as accuracy and speed) improves progressively over time, and plateaus after persistent training. Once such reaching skill is mastered, its further maintenance does not require constant practice. Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task to study the acquisition and maintenance of skilled forelimb movements in mice. In this video, we first describe the behaviors of mice that are commonly encountered in this learning and memory paradigm, and then discuss how to categorize these behaviors and quantify the observed results. Combined with mouse genetics, this paradigm can be utilized as a behavioral platform to explore the anatomical underpinnings, physiological properties, and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.

Persistent practice improves the precision of coordinated movements.&#160;Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task, which is designed to assess the learning and memory of forelimb skill in mice.&#160;

الدراسة موتور مهارة التعلم عن طريق واحدة بيليه المهام الوصول في الفئران

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

تحفيز الشفاه موتور اللحاء مع تحفيز المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

كشف بيت الصمم: اضطرابات كشف إيقاع مع فنجر تزامن التنصت والمهام الإدراكية التوقيت

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

باستخدام Fiberless، fNIRS لبس لمراقبة نشاط المخ في المهام المعرفية في العالم الحقيقي

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

التحقيق عمليات التعلم المهارات الحركية مع الروبوتية Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

استخدام حلقة مفرغة سبليت-حزام لتقييم تعميم التكيف الحركي البشري

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs frequency-specific stimulation of the human brain through current applied to the scalp with surface electrodes. Most current knowledge of the technique is based on behavioral studies; thus, combining the method with brain imaging holds potential to better understand the mechanisms of tACS. Because of electrical and susceptibility artifacts, combining tACS with brain imaging can be challenging, however, one brain imaging technique that is well suited to be applied simultaneously with tACS is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In our lab, we have successfully combined tACS with simultaneous fMRI measurements to show that tACS effects are state, current, and frequency dependent, and that modulation of brain activity is not limited to the area directly below the electrodes. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with visual task fMRI studies, which can lend to understanding oscillatory brain function as well as the effects of tACS on the brain.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations, though its effects are not completely understood. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can increase understanding oscillatory brain function and effects of tACS.