This work was supported by NIH R01-HL119813 (to T.J.B.), American Lung Association RG-196051 (to T.J.B.), a CIMED Pilot and Feasibility grant (to T.J.B.), American Heart Association Predoctoral Fellowships 14PRE19970008 (to Z.Y.) and 15PRE22110004 (to D.L.K.).

1. إنتاج كميات مليغرام DNA البلازميد على نطاق واسع ترنسفكأيشن عابر <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استنساخ البروتين من الفائدة في نسخة عالية عدد الثدييات ناقلات التعبير باستخدام الاستنساخ موقع التقييد، أو تقنية أخرى مناسبة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لأفضل النتائج، استخدم pHLsec 7 ناقلات، والتي لديها المدمج في محطة سي 6His العلامة، مروج تسلسل كوزاك قوي وإشارة إفراز الأمثل. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحويل البلازميد على الخلايا المختصة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 20 ميكرولتر من الخلايا القولونية E. المختصة على 1 ميكروغرام من الحمض النووي البلازميد واحتضان على الجليد لمدة 30 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> خلايا الصدمة الحرارية في 42 درجة مئوية لمدة 35 ثانية، ثم احتضان على الجليد لمدة 2 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 300 ميكرولتر من متوسط ​​النمو الميكروبي (SOC)، واحتضان عند 37 درجة مئوية لمدة 45 دقيقة، والهز في 220 دورة في الدقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لوحة الخلايا على لوحة أجار مع اختيار المضادات الحيوية المناسبة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام 100 ميكروغرام / مل كربنيسيلين إذا البلازميد هو في ناقلات pHLsec. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> المستعمرات ثقافة في 250 مل من مرق لوريا (LB) وسائل الإعلام تستكمل مع 100 ميكروغرام / مل مضاد حيوي (كربنيسيلين) O / N عند 37 درجة مئوية، والهز في 220 دورة في الدقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تنقية DNA من الثقافة باستخدام مرحبا السرعة البلازميد ماكسي كيت وفقا لبروتوكول الشركة الصانعة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> أزل الحمض النووي في المخزن EB (10 ملي تريس الكلورين، ودرجة الحموضة 8.5)، بدلا من العازلة TE. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قسامة البلازميد المنقى في المبلغ اللازم لترنسفكأيشن وتخزينها في -20 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. على نطاق واسع الثقافة وعابر ترنسفكأيشن من خلايا 293F <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الملحق 1 L 293F وسائل الإعلام مع 10 مل من الجلوتامين و 5 مل القلم / بكتيريا (سواء 100X). تخزينها في 4 ° C. 5 مل القلم / بكتيريا هو مصدر قوة كافية في ظروف خالية من المصل وتركيز المضادات الحيوية انخفاض يحسن بقاء الخلية خلال ترنسفكأيشن، مما يحسن من عوائد البروتين. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ثقافة الخلايا 293F في 300 مل سائل الاعلام في 1 L البولي حير قوارير مخروطي مع غطاء تنفيسالصورة في 37 ° C مع 8٪ CO 2، في حين تهتز في نسيج الثقافة حاضنة قياسية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تمييع الخلايا إلى 5 × 5 10 / مل كثافة قبل ترنسفكأيشن يوم واحد. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في يوم ترنسفكأيشن، الملحق مستنبت بإضافة حجم 10٪ من 2٪ ث / ت سرع في 293F وسائل الإعلام. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياس تركيز الجلوكوز باستخدام جهاز الجلوكوز وفقا لتعليمات الشركة الصانعة والمكملات استخدام حسب الحاجة لتحقيق تركيز الجلوكوز من 500 ملغ / ديسيلتر. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة kifunensine (1 ميكروغرام / مل تركيز النهائي) في هذه الخطوة للسيطرة على البروتين بالغليكوزيل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب حجم DNA اللازمة ل1 ميكروغرام البلازميد في 1 × 10 6 خلايا. تحت ظروف معقمة، وتمييع DNA في 5 مل مصل خالية المتوسطة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب حجم كاشف ترنسفكأيشن اللازمة ل1 ميكروغرام البلازميد في 2 ميكرولتر كاشف ترنسفكأيشن. تحت ظروف معقمة، وتمييع كاشف ترنسفكأيشن (PEI-TMC-25) في 5 مل مصل خالية المتوسطة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافةكاشف ترنسفكأيشن إلى حل DNA في 1 مل الزيادات، خلط بلطف. احتضان لمدة 30 دقيقة في RT للمجمعات-DNA كاشف لتشكيل. ثم إضافة محلول على الخلايا بطريقة الإفلات من الحكمة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> السماح الخلايا المصابة بالعدوى بالنقل للتعبير عن البروتين ل72-96 ساعة. الملحق مع وسائل الإعلام ~ 10٪ زيادة حجم خلية يوميا، أو حسب الضرورة للحفاظ على مستوى السكر في قراءة 400-600 ملغ / ديسيلتر. </li></ol> 3. تنقية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> صب الثقافة في قارورة الطرد المركزي، الطرد المركزي لمدة 20 دقيقة في 1300 x ج لتكوير الخلايا ومن ثم جمع طاف. إذا لزم الأمر، وتدور مرة ثانية و / أو استخدام فلتر 0.22 ميكرون لتوضيح طاف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 10٪ حجم 10X ني NTA العازلة ملزمة (1.5 M كلوريد الصوديوم، 0.5 MK 2 هبو 4، 0.1 M تريس درجة الحموضة 8.5، 50 ملي إميدازول). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد عمود الجاذبية عن طريق إضافة 2 مل من ني NTA الطين في عمود وتوازنه مع 10 مجلدات العمود (CV) من 1X العازلة ملزمة. إذا كان ذلك ممكنا، القيام بكل الخطوات عمود في غرفة C 4 درجات. البديلةاعل، البروتين البرد وجميع المخازن على الجليد قبل الخطوة العمود، والحفاظ على البروتين والتي تم جمعها من خلال التدفق على الجليد. ملاحظة: ني NTA الطين هو 50٪ راتنج من حيث الحجم والقدرة على تصنيع وملزمة المعلن هو 50 ملغ / مل. حبات ني NTA يمكن إعادة شحن لاستخدامات متعددة </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تدفق طاف على الراتنج وجمع التدفق من خلال. كرر هذه الخطوة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يغسل مع 10 CV من غسل العازلة (300 ملي كلوريد الصوديوم، و 50 ملي K 2 هبو 4 و 20 ملي إميدازول درجة الحموضة 8). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> أزل البروتين في 5 CV من شطف العازلة (300 ملي كلوريد الصوديوم، و 50 ملي K 2 هبو 4، 250 ملي إميدازول درجة الحموضة 8). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إذا كنت بحاجة deglycosylation: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عن الحجم النهائي من 0.5 مل، والتركيز شطافة إلى 0.43 مل باستخدام مكثف الطرد المركزي. إذا يترسب النموذج، بيليه أي حطام بواسطة الطرد المركزي في 16000 x ج و 4 درجات مئوية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 50 ميكرولتر من 500 ملي نا السيترات درجة الحموضة 5.5. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 20 ميكرولتر من EndoHf (1 × 10 6 U / مل). في احتضان RT لمدة 2 ساعة. ليسه: يعمل انزيم الأمثل عند 37 درجة مئوية، مما قد يسبب البروتين مركزة لتجميع. تمديد حضانة RT، إذا deglycosylation، المقررة من قبل SDS-PAGE أو immunoblotting، غير كامل. لم يقم انزيم النشاط في 4 درجات مئوية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لإزالة EndoHf: غسل الأميلوز الراتنج 3X في الفوسفات مخزنة المالحة (PBS) أو عازلة التخزين النهائي. احتضان البروتين مع الراتنج لمدة 1 ساعة على 4 درجات مئوية. تدور 5 دقائق في 1000 x ج لتكوير الخرز وجمع طاف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تركيز البروتين باستخدام الوزن الجزيئي قطع فلتر الطرد المركزي المناسب والعازلة الصرف إلى العازلة التخزين (150 ملي كلوريد الصوديوم، و 20 ملي HEPES 7.5 درجة الحموضة). </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

خلايا كلوة 293F تقدم إنتاج قوي من البروتينات التي تتطلب التعديلات بعد متعدية. هذا النظام يسمح التعبير السريع وقابلة للبروتينات مطوية أصلا تحتوي على ثنائي السلفيدات، بالغليكوزيل، والفسفرة التي لولاها تكون غائبة في استخدام المزيد من أدوات التعبير الروتينية. وبالإضافة...

فهم بنية البروتين على المستوى الذري هو المفتاح لكشف الأساس الجزيئي للمسارات البيولوجية والأمراض. الأشعة السينية البروتين البلورات هي / طريقة المطبق الأكثر استخداما لتحديد هياكل الجزيئات. التحدي الرئيسي لهذه الطريقة هو الحصول على كميات كافية من مطوية بشكل صحيح، البروتين النقي. هذا يصبح قضية خاصة عندما تعمل مع البروتينات الثدييات يفرز، التي تخضع التعديلات بعد متعدية محددة. البروتينات أعرب البكتريا-هي المصدر الرئيسي للبروتينات تبلور المودعة في بنك معلومات البروتين 1. ويفضل أنظمة التعبير البكتيرية إلى حد كبير لأنها سريعة وغير مكلفة وتنتج غلة عالية من البروتين عادة. ومع ذلك، غالبا ما تكون غير مطوية بشكل صحيح المجالات خارج الخلية من البروتينات الثدييات أعرب في البكتيريا، التي مطلوبة refolding حالة وتنقية واسعة الخطوات للحصول على متجانس FOlded البروتين. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، العديد من البروتينات الثدييات تتطلب بالغليكوزيل آخر متعدية لتحقيق لطي السليم 2. على الرغم من أن التعبير وبالغليكوزيل في خلايا الخميرة أو الحشرات يمكن التغلب على مشكلة قابلة للطي، والتعديلات بعد متعدية، بما في ذلك بالغليكوزيل، تختلف كثيرا عن تلك الخلايا الثديية 3، مما أسفر عن البروتينات مع التعديلات غير صحيحة أو غير متجانسة. خلايا الثدييات تعبر عن جميع الآلات الجزيئية اللازمة لضمان التعديلات في مرحلة ما بعد متعدية المناسبة وقابلة للطي. ومع ذلك، لا يفضل هذه الأنظمة التعبير عادة من قبل معظم المختبرات، وذلك بسبب عائدات محدودة وارتفاع تكاليف الكواشف والمواد الاستهلاكية. Polyethyleneimine (PEI)، وكاشف ترنسفكأيشن هو معيار رخيصة نسبيا ولكن يفرض السمية الخلوية كبيرة وانخفاض كفاءة ترنسفكأيشن، مما أدى إلى زيادة التكاليف في وسائل الإعلام خلية، DNA، وزراعة المعدات. العديد من البدائل لPEI باهظة التكاليف. نتناولهذه القضايا من خلال وصف مزيج من تحسين أدوات زراعة الخلايا ومعدلة كيميائيا PEI للطريقة سريعة وغير مكلفة نسبيا للتعبير عن البروتينات الثدييات يفرز، تليها خطوة واحدة تنقية. هذا الأسلوب القوي يعطي عوائد كافية للدراسات الفنية والبيوكيميائية 4، وفي بعض الحالات، يؤدي إلى بروتين قابلة للتبلور دون مزيد من التنقية. يصف هذا البروتوكول العديد من التقنيات لتحقيق أقصى قدر من التعبير والاستسلام للبروتينات في الثدييات يفرز في الكلى الجنينية البشرية (HEK) 293F الخلايا المزروعة في التعليق. كفاءة ترنسفكأيشن (والتكلفة)، وإنتاج البروتين وتنقية كلها تتعزز بشكل كبير باتباع هذا البروتوكول. PEI تعديل بإضافة الكربانيت من خلال خطوة واحدة رد فعل عصابة فتح (PEI-TMC-25 والتركيب والخواص وصفها بالتفصيل في المرجع 5) يحسن إلى حد كبير كفاءة ترنسفكأيشن، ويقلل من السمية الخلوية من الموجبةاضطراب الغشاء، وبالتالي يقلل من تكاليف التجربة. وعلاوة على ذلك، بقاء الخلية وبروتين تعبير تحسنت كثيرا مع إضافة المكملات الثقافة لتوفير الجلوكوز والفيتامينات. الأهم لإنتاج البروتينات الغليكوزيلاتي، والمعاملة مع kifunensine، مثبط كيميائية غير سامة من مانوزيداز I، وتنتج البروتينات مع المعرفة، glycans غير الناضجة، والتي يمكن إزالتها بواسطة EndoHf endoglycosidase لانتاج البروتينات مع واحد N-acetylglucosamine في مكان كامل طول N-ربط غليكان 6. وأخيرا، فإن إفراز البروتينات في المصل خالية والمتوسطة محددة كيميائيا يسمح تنقية السريعة والسهلة للدراسات الهيكلية والبيوكيميائية. خطوة واحدة حامض والنيكل nitrilotriacetic (ني NTA) تنقية الراتنج يزيل معظم تلويث الأنواع في طاف، وفي بعض الحالات، يمكن أن تسفر عن بروتين من نقاء كافية لبلورة.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Flasks</td>
			<td>GeneMate</td>
			<td>F-5909B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>293 Freestyle Media</td>
			<td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12338-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>Use in place of Glutamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hype 5 transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Oz Biosciences</td>
			<td>HY01500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>293fectin transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12347019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEI transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>408727</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maxiprep Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>12162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA Superflow&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>30430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endo Hf</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>P0703L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amylose Resin</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>E8021S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Boost R05.2</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30584.02</td>
			<td>Cell Culture Supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlucCell</td>
			<td>CESCO Bioengineering</td>
			<td>DG2032</td>
			<td>Glucose Monitoring System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>519850.91</td>
			<td>Serum Free Medium for DNA transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria Broth (LB Media)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10855-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GC10 Competent Cells</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2919</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

efficient mammalian cell expression and single-step purification of extracellular glycoproteins for crystallization

Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time and cost efficient protocol for secreted protein expression in mammalian cells and one step purification using nickel affinity chromatography. The system is based on large scale transient transfection of mammalian cells in suspension, which greatly decreases the time to produce protein, as it eliminates steps, such as developing expression viruses or generating stable expressing cell lines. This protocol utilizes cheap transfection agents, which can be easily made by simple chemical modification, or moderately priced transfection agents, which increase yield through increased transfection efficiency and decreased cytotoxicity. Careful monitoring and maintaining of media glucose levels increases protein yield. Controlling the maturation of native glycans at the expression step increases the final yield of properly folded and functional mammalian proteins, which are ideal properties to pursue X-ray crystallography. In some cases, single step purification produces protein of sufficient purity for crystallization, which is demonstrated here as an example case.

يلي هذه الوثيقة نتائج هذا النظام التعبير تطبيقها على يفرز 13 كيلو دالتون المناعي (IG) المجال من البروتين مما اثار مستقبل بشري أعرب عن خلايا الدم النخاعي 2 (hTREM2، وبقايا 19-132). TREM2 هو نوع I بروتين الغشاء خارج الخلية التي تحتوي على مجال واحد أ.ج التي لديها اثنين من السندات ثاني...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Mammalian Cell Expression and Single-step Purification of Extracellular Glycoproteins for Crystallization at JoVE.com

Efficient Mammalian Cell Expression and Single-step Purification of Extracellular Glycoproteins for Crystallization

This is a quick, cost-efficient protocol for the production of secreted, glycosylated mammalian proteins and subsequent single-step purification with sufficient yields of homogenous protein for X-ray crystallography and other biophysical studies.

كفاءة الثدييات التعبير خلية وخطوة واحدة خارج الخلية تنقية البروتينات السكرية لبلورة

Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time ...

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13.7K Views.  Washington University School of Medicine. This is a quick, cost-efficient protocol for the production of secreted, glycosylated mammalian proteins and subsequent single-step purification with sufficient yields of homogenous protein for X-ray crystallography and other biophysical studies.

Video: Efficient Mammalian Cell Expression and Single-step Purification of Extracellular Glycoproteins for Crystallization

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

التحضير لزراعة الخلايا المكونة للدم الابتدائية من نخاع عظام الفئران لElectroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

تلطيخ من البروتينات في الهلام مع Coomassie G - 250 دون عضوي حمض الخليك والمذيبات

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Pulse-chase Analysis of N-linked Sugar Chains from Glycoproteins in Mammalian Cells

Attachment of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 precursor oligosaccharide to nascent polypeptides in the ER is a common modification for secretory proteins. Although this modification was implicated in several biological processes, additional aspects of its function are emerging, with recent evidence of its role in the production of signals for glycoprotein quality control and trafficking. Thus, phenomena related to N-linked glycans and their processing are being intensively investigated. Methods that have been recently developed for proteomic analysis have greatly improved the characterization of glycoprotein N-linked glycans. Nevertheless, they do not provide insight into the dynamics of the sugar chain processing involved. For this, labeling and pulse-chase analysis protocols are used that are usually complex and give very low yields. We describe here a simple method for the isolation and analysis of metabolically labeled N-linked oligosaccharides. The protocol is based on labeling of cells with [2-3H] mannose, denaturing lysis and enzymatic release of the oligosaccharides from either a specifically immunoprecipitated protein of interest or from the general glycoprotein pool by sequential treatments with endo H and N-glycosidase F, followed by molecular filtration (Amicon). In this method the isolated oligosaccharides serve as an input for HPLC analysis, which allows discrimination between various glycan structures according to the number of monosaccharide units comprising them, with a resolution of a single monosaccharide. Using this method we were able to study high mannose N-linked oligosaccharide profiles of total cell glycoproteins after pulse-chase in normal conditions and under proteasome inhibition. These profiles were compared to those obtained from an immunoprecipitated ER-associated degradation (ERAD) substrate. Our results suggest that most NIH 3T3 cellular glycoproteins are relatively stable and that most of their oligosaccharides are trimmed to Man9-8GlcNAc2. In contrast, unstable ERAD substrates are trimmed to Man6-5GlcNAc2 and glycoproteins bearing these species accumulate upon inhibition of proteasomal degradation.

We describe a method for analysis of the alteration of N-linked glycans through the early life of glycoproteins after their biosynthesis in mammalian cells. This is achieved by pulse-chase analysis of metabolically labeled glycans, enzymatic release from glycoproteins and examination by HPLC.

نبض مطاردة تحليل سلاسل السكر N - الموصولة من جليكوبروتينات في خلايا الثدييات

Attachment of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 precursor oligosaccharide to nascent polypeptides in the ER is a common modification for secretory proteins. Although ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

باستخدام خلية مكافحة الآلي لتبسيط دراسات التعبير الجيني : ضربة قاضية سيرنا من IL - 4 التعبير الجيني في الخلايا التابعة Namalwa

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

MISSION esiRNA for RNAi Screening in Mammalian Cells

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The short double-stranded RNAs originate from longer double stranded precursors by the activity of Dicer, a protein of the RNase III family of endonucleases. The resulting fragments are components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), directing it to the cognate target mRNA. RISC cleaves the target mRNA thereby reducing the expression of the encoded protein1,2,3. RNAi has become a powerful and widely used experimental method for loss of gene function studies in mammalian cells utilizing small interfering RNAs.
Currently two main methods are available for the production of small interfering RNAs. One method involves chemical synthesis, whereas an alternative method employs endonucleolytic cleavage of target specific long double-stranded RNAs by RNase III in vitro. Thereby, a diverse pool of siRNA-like oligonucleotides is produced which is also known as endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA or esiRNA. A comparison of efficacy of chemically derived siRNAs and esiRNAs shows that both triggers are potent in target-gene silencing. Differences can, however, be seen when comparing specificity. Many single chemically synthesized siRNAs produce prominent off-target effects, whereas the complex mixture inherent in esiRNAs leads to a more specific knockdown10.
In this study, we present the design of genome-scale MISSION esiRNA libraries and its utilization for RNAi screening exemplified by a DNA-content screen for the identification of genes involved in cell cycle progression. We show how to optimize the transfection protocol and the assay for screening in high throughput. We also demonstrate how large data-sets can be evaluated statistically and present methods to validate primary hits. Finally, we give potential starting points for further functional characterizations of validated hits.

Here we use a human esiRNA library in a high-throughput screen for genes involved in cell division. We demonstrate how to set up and conduct an esiRNA screens, as well as how to analyze and validate the results.

esiRNA بعثة لفحص رني في خلايا الثدييات

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as ...

Expression Analysis of Mammalian Linker-histone Subtypes

Linker histone H1 binds to the nucleosome core particle and linker DNA, facilitating folding of chromatin into higher order structure. H1 is essential for mammalian development1 and regulates specific gene expression in vivo2-4. Among the highly conserved histone proteins, the family of H1 linker histones is the most heterogeneous group. There are 11 H1 subtypes in mammals that are differentially regulated during development and in different cell types. These H1 subtypes include 5 somatic H1s (H1a-e), the replacement H10, 4 germ cell specific H1 subtypes, and H1x5. The presence of multiple H1 subtypes that differ in DNA binding affinity and chromatin compaction ability6-9 provides an additional level of modulation of chromatin function. Thus, quantitative expression analysis of individual H1 subtypes, both of mRNA and proteins, is necessary for better understanding of the regulation of higher order chromatin structure and function.
Here we describe a set of assays designed for analyzing the expression levels of individual H1 subtypes (Figure 1). mRNA expression of various H1 variant genes is measured by a set of highly sensitive and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays, which are faster, more accurate and require much less samples compared with the alternative approach of Northern blot analysis. Unlike most other cellular mRNA messages, mRNAs for most histone genes, including the majority of H1 genes, lack a long polyA tail, but contain a stem-loop structure at the 3' untranslated region (UTR)10. Therefore, cDNAs are prepared from total RNA by reverse transcription using random primers instead of oligo-dT primers. Realtime PCR assays with primers specific to each H1 subtypes (Table 1) are performed to obtain highly quantitative measurement of mRNA levels of individual H1 subtypes. Expression of housekeeping genes are analyzed as controls for normalization. 
The relative abundance of proteins of each H1 subtype and core histones is obtained through reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis of total histones extracted from mammalian cells11-13. The HPLC method and elution conditions described here give optimum separations of mouse H1 subtypes. By quantifying the HPLC profile, we calculate the relative proportion of individual H1 subtypes within H1 family, as well as determine the H1 to nucleosome ratio in the cells.

We describe a set of assays to analyze expression levels of H1 linker histones. mRNA of individual H1 genes are quantitatively measured by random primer based reverse transcription followed by real-time PCR, whereas protein quantification of H1 histones is achieved by HPLC analysis.

تحليل التعبير عن الأنواع الفرعية رابط-هيستون الثدييات

Linker histone H1 binds to the nucleosome core particle and linker DNA, facilitating folding of chromatin into higher order structure.  H1 is essential ...

Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing worldwide demand for pharmaceuticals due to its limited scalability and high cost. Plants have shown to be one of the most promising alternative pharmaceutical production platforms that are robust, scalable, low-cost and safe. The recent development of virus-based vectors has allowed rapid and high-level transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants. To further optimize the utility of the transient expression system, we demonstrate a simple, efficient and scalable methodology to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium into plant tissue in this study. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with both syringe and vacuum methods have resulted in the efficient introduction of Agrobacterium into leaves and robust production of two fluorescent proteins; GFP and DsRed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the unique advantages offered by both methods. Syringe infiltration is simple and does not need expensive equipment. It also allows the flexibility to either infiltrate the entire leave with one target gene, or to introduce genes of multiple targets on one leaf. Thus, it can be used for laboratory scale expression of recombinant proteins as well as for comparing different proteins or vectors for yield or expression kinetics. The simplicity of syringe infiltration also suggests its utility in high school and college education for the subject of biotechnology. In contrast, vacuum infiltration is more robust and can be scaled-up for commercial manufacture of pharmaceutical proteins. It also offers the advantage of being able to agroinfiltrate plant species that are not amenable for syringe infiltration such as lettuce and Arabidopsis. Overall, the combination of syringe and vacuum agroinfiltration provides researchers and educators a simple, efficient, and robust methodology for transient protein expression. It will greatly facilitate the development of pharmaceutical proteins and promote science education.

Plants offer a novel system for the production of pharmaceutical proteins on a commercial scale that is more scalable, cost-efficient and safe than current expression paradigms. In this study, we report a simple and convenient, yet scalable approach to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants for protein transient expression.

Agroinfiltration كفاءة من النباتات للتعبير عابر الرفيع المستوى من البروتينات المؤتلف

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing ...

Efficient Production and Purification of Recombinant Murine Kindlin-3 from Insect Cells for Biophysical Studies

Kindlins are essential coactivators, with talin, of the cell surface receptors&#160;integrins and also participate in integrin outside-in signalling, and the control of gene transcription in the cell nucleus. The kindlins are ~75 kDa multidomain proteins and bind to an NPxY motif and upstream T/S cluster of the integrin &#946;-subunit cytoplasmic tail. The hematopoietically-important kindlin isoform, kindlin-3, is critical for platelet aggregation during thrombus formation, leukocyte rolling in response to infection and inflammation and osteoclast podocyte formation in bone resorption. Kindlin-3&#39;s role in these processes has resulted in extensive cellular and physiological studies. However, there is a need for an efficient method of acquiring high quality milligram quantities of the protein for further studies. We have developed a protocol, here described, for the efficient expression and purification of recombinant murine kindlin-3 by use of a baculovirus-driven expression system in Sf9 cells yielding sufficient amounts of high purity full-length protein to allow its biophysical characterization. The same approach could be taken in the study of the other mammalian kindlin isoforms.

Kindlins are fundamental to cell adhesion through integrins but studies of them have been hampered by the difficulty encountered in expressing them recombinantly in bacterial hosts. We describe here methods for their efficient production in baculovirus-infected insect cells.

كفاءة الإنتاج وتنقية المؤتلف الفئران Kindlin-3 من خلايا الحشرات للدراسات البيوفيزيائية

Kindlins are essential coactivators, with talin, of the cell surface receptors&#160;integrins and also participate in integrin outside-in signalling, and ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

تحليل الحمض النووي الريبي العالمي التجميعي على مستوى خلية واحدة نقص الأكسجة التالي

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

siRNA Screening to Identify Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like System Regulators of Biological Pathways in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that regulates diverse biological pathways including the hypoxia response, proteostasis, the DNA damage response and transcription.&#160; To better understand how UBLs regulate pathways relevant to human disease, we have compiled a human siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; library consisting of 1,186 siRNA duplex pools targeting all known and predicted components of UBL system pathways. This library can be screened against a range of cell lines expressing reporters of diverse biological pathways to determine which UBL components act as positive or negative regulators of the pathway in question.&#160; Here, we describe a protocol utilizing this library to identify ubiquitome-regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia using a transcription-based luciferase reporter.&#160; An initial assay development stage is performed to establish suitable screening parameters of the cell line before performing the screen in three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary/deconvolution screening. &#160;The use of targeted over whole genome siRNA libraries is becoming increasingly popular as it offers the advantage of reporting only on members of the pathway with which the investigators are most interested.&#160; Despite inherent limitations of siRNA screening, in particular false-positives caused by siRNA off-target effects, the identification of genuine novel regulators of the pathways in question outweigh these shortcomings, which can be overcome by performing a series of carefully undertaken control experiments.

Here, we describe a methodology to perform a targeted siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; screen to identify novel ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia.&#160; This can be adapted to any biological pathway where a robust read out of reporter activity is available.

سيرنا فحص لتحديد اليوبيكويتين واليوبيكويتين مثل المنظمين نظام مقررات تمهيدية البيولوجية في خلايا الثدييات مثقف

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that ...