This study was conducted in strict accordance with the protocols established by the Institutional Review Boards of Zhongshan Hospital and Minhang Hospital, both affiliated with Fudan University (approval numbers: 2021-042 and 2021-037-01X, respectively). All participating patients provided informed written consent. Exclusion criteria were rigorously applied: patients with foraminal stenosis, multi-level stenosis, significant instability, a medical history of previous lumbar spine surgical interventions, or those presenting with degenerative spondylolisthesis of grade 2 or higher were considered ineligible for the study.
1. Patient preparation
<ol>
	<li>Perform the surgery under general anesthesia following approved protocols.</li>
	<li>Place the patient in a prone position on a radiopermeable operating table, and flex appropriately (Figure 2).</li>
	<li>Select the responsible lumbar segment causing clinical symptoms as the operative segment. 
	NOTE: For the convenience of description, the most common L4-5 stenosis was selected as an example to describe the surgical technique in this report. Other segments are similar to L4-5.</li>
	<li>Generally, select the more symptomatic side as the side of the surgical approach. In this report, the left side was selected as the surgical side for introduction.</li>
	<li>Determine the skin incision and working channel docking point on the anteroposterior view of fluoroscopy. Select the lateral edge of the left lumbar 4-5 interlaminar window as the docking target, and select its vertical projection on the body surface as the entry point of the skin.</li>
	<li>After the patient is routinely sterilized and draped, make a 10 mm stab wound in the skin deep to the fascia layer. Introduce a pencil-like rod with a 2 mm diameter to touch the bone (left L4-5 articular) under fluoroscopic guidance.</li>
</ol>
2. Insertion of endoscope
<ol>
	<li>Gradually expand the vertebral muscle and fascia using the soft tissue extender (see Table of Materials). Then, insert the 10 mm work sleeve with an oblique mouth. Verify the position of the working sleeve with fluoroscopy (Figure 3).</li>
	<li>Introduce the endoscopic surgical system (15&#176; viewing angle, outer diameter 10 mm, working channel diameter of 6 mm, and working length 125 mm), and perform all the subsequent steps under constant irrigation with endoscopic visualization.</li>
</ol>
3. Surgical procedure
<ol>
	<li>Under high-definition endoscopic visualization, dissect the soft tissue off the bone, and perform hemostasis using the radiofrequency probe (see Table of Materials). Confirm the presence of important anatomical structures, including the lower half of the left L4 lamina, left L4-5 facet joint, the upper 1/3 of the left L5 lamina, the base of the spinous process of L4 and L5, and the proliferative ligamentum flavum within the lumbar 4-5 interlaminar window1.</li>
	<li>Initiate ipsilateral bony decompression, starting from the L4 lamina. Remove the lower part of the L4 lamina, the medial part of the L4-5 articular process, and the upper edge of the L5 lamina using a 3.5 mm endoscopic diamond bur, trephine, and Kerrison Rongeur (see Table of Materials).
	<ol>
		<li>Utilize the 5 mm diameter endoscopic trephine (see Table of Materials) to effectively remove the L4 inferior articular process, which is surrounded by joint capsule and ligament. Separate and remove the superficial layer of the ligamentum flavum from the inner layer with a rongeur. 
		NOTE: Retain the inner layer of the ligamentum flavum in place, as it is tightly attached to the inner surface of the lamina and the medial border of the L5 superior articular process.</li>
		<li>The goal of lamina decompression in this step is to expose the cephalad and caudal free margins of the deep layer of the ligamentum flavum. Cut the medial border of the L5 superior articular process to free the lateral margin of the ligamentum flavum.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Proceed with contralateral bony decompression, starting from the base of the spinous process of L4. Shave the base of the spinous process to create sufficient space, facilitating the insertion of the working cannula (working channel diameter of 6 mm, and working length 125 mm) towards the contralateral side.
	<ol>
		<li>Polish the contralateral lower part of the L4 lamina from the inner surface to expose the cephalad free margin of the ligamentum flavum.</li>
		<li>Similarly, shave the base of the L5 spinous process and remove the upper edge of the L5 lamina to expose the caudal free margin of the ligamentum flavum. Detach the contralateral lateral margin of the ligamentum flavum from the contralateral L5 superior articular process.</li>
		<li>Remove the medial part of the L5 superior articular process using a diamond bur and/or Kerrison Rongeur.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>After completing bony decompression and releasing ligamentum flavum attachments, remove the ligamentum flavum either in an en bloc manner or in a piecemeal manner.</li>
	<li>Remove the inner layer of the ligamentum flavum at the end of the operation. This step helps protect nerve elements during osteotomy and reduces vision blurring caused by epidural hemorrhage.</li>
	<li>Explore both lateral recesses to ensure thorough decompression of bilateral traversing nerves. If necessary, perform further decompression of the ligamentum flavum and its attached bony structures using endoscopic Kerrison Rongeur.</li>
	<li>Conclude the procedure when the dura and bilateral traversing nerve roots are free. Perform careful hemostasis using endoscopic radiofrequency bipolar. Close the skin incision with one or two stitches (approximately 1 cm).</li>
</ol>
4. Post-operative care and follow-up
<ol>
	<li>After lying down for 8 h post-surgery, ask the patients to walk, but ensure that they wear support around their waist.</li>
	<li>Provide proper guidance to the patients on exercises to aid in their recovery. Carefully monitor and address any swelling or pain that may occur after the operation.</li>
	<li>After 7 days of the surgery, encourage them to gradually resume their usual routines. Conduct regular check-ins to assess their healing progress.</li>
</ol>

Treating Lumbar Spinal Stenosis with a Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

<ol>
	<li>Benini, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lumbar+spinal+stenosis.+An+overview+50+years+following+initial+description.">Lumbar spinal stenosis. An overview 50 years following initial description.</a> Der Orthopade. 22 (4), 257-266 (1993).</li><li>Cinotti, G., Postacchini, F., Fassari, F., Urso, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predisposing+factors+in+degenerative+spondylolisthesis:+a+radiographic+and+CT+study.">Predisposing factors in degenerative spondylolisthesis: a radiographic and CT study.</a> International Orthopaedics. 21, 337-342 (1997).</li><li>Torudom, Y., Dilokhuttakarn, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+portal+percutaneous+endoscopic+decompression+for+lumbar+spinal+stenosis:+preliminary+study.">Two portal percutaneous endoscopic decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis: preliminary study.</a> Asian Spine Journal. 10 (2), 335 (2016).</li><li>Atlas, S. J., Keller, R. B., Robson, D., Deyo, R. A., Singer, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+and+nonsurgical+management+of+lumbar+spinal+stenosis:+four-year+outcomes+from+the+maine+lumbar+spine+study.">Surgical and nonsurgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: four-year outcomes from the maine lumbar spine study.</a> Spine. 25 (5), 556-562 (2000).</li><li>Atlas, S. J., Keller, R. B., Wu, Y. A., Deyo, R. A., Singer, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+outcomes+of+surgical+and+nonsurgical+management+of+lumbar+spinal+stenosis:+8+to+10+year+results+from+the+maine+lumbar+spine+study.">Long-term outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: 8 to 10 year results from the maine lumbar spine study.</a> Spine. 30 (8), 936-943 (2005).</li><li>Malmivaara, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lumbar+spinal+research+group.+surgical+or+nonoperative+treatment+for+lumbar+spinal+stenosis?:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Lumbar spinal research group. surgical or nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis?: a randomized controlled trial.</a> Spine. 32 (1), 1-8 (2007).</li><li>Parker, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cost-effectiveness+of+multilevel+hemilaminectomy+for+lumbar+stenosis-associated+radiculopathy.">Cost-effectiveness of multilevel hemilaminectomy for lumbar stenosis-associated radiculopathy.</a> The Spine Journal. 11 (8), 705-711 (2011).</li><li>Parker, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-year+comprehensive+medical+management+of+degenerative+lumbar+spine+disease+(lumbar+spondylolisthesis,+stenosis,+or+disc+herniation):+a+value+analysis+of+cost,+pain,+disability,+and+quality+of+life.">Two-year comprehensive medical management of degenerative lumbar spine disease (lumbar spondylolisthesis, stenosis, or disc herniation): a value analysis of cost, pain, disability, and quality of life.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 21 (2), 143-149 (2014).</li><li>Fox, M. W., Onofrio, B. M., Hanssen, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+outcomes+and+radiological+instability+following+decompressive+lumbar+laminectomy+for+degenerative+spinal+stenosis:+a+comparison+of+patients+undergoing+concomitant+arthrodesis+versus+decompression+alone.">Clinical outcomes and radiological instability following decompressive lumbar laminectomy for degenerative spinal stenosis: a comparison of patients undergoing concomitant arthrodesis versus decompression alone.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 85 (5), 793-802 (1996).</li><li>J&#246;nsson, B., Annertz, M., Sj&#246;berg, C., Str&#246;mqvist, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+prospective+and+consecutive+study+of+surgically+treated+lumbar+spinal+stenosis:+part+II:+five-year+follow-up+by+an+independent+observer.">A prospective and consecutive study of surgically treated lumbar spinal stenosis: part II: five-year follow-up by an independent observer.</a> Spine. 22 (24), 2938-2944 (1997).</li><li>Ghogawala, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminectomy+plus+fusion+versus+laminectomy+alone+for+lumbar+spondylolisthesis.">Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (15), 1424-1434 (2016).</li><li>Komp, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bilateral+spinal+decompression+of+lumbar+central+stenosis+with+the+full-endoscopic+interlaminar+versus+microsurgical+laminotomy+technique:+a+prospective,+randomized,+controlled+study.">Bilateral spinal decompression of lumbar central stenosis with the full-endoscopic interlaminar versus microsurgical laminotomy technique: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.</a> Pain Physician. 18 (1), 61 (2015).</li><li>Ito, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Step-by-step+sublaminar+approach+with+a+newly-designed+spinal+endoscope+for+unilateral-approach+bilateral+decompression+in+spinal+stenosis.">Step-by-step sublaminar approach with a newly-designed spinal endoscope for unilateral-approach bilateral decompression in spinal stenosis.</a> Neurospine. 16 (1), 41 (2019).</li><li>Lee, C. W., Yoon, K. J., Jun, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+endoscopic+laminotomy+with+flavectomy+by+uniportal,+unilateral+approach+for+the+lumbar+canal+or+lateral+recess+stenosis.">Percutaneous endoscopic laminotomy with flavectomy by uniportal, unilateral approach for the lumbar canal or lateral recess stenosis.</a> World Neurosurgery. 113, e129-e137 (2018).</li><li>McGrath, L. B., White-Dzuro, G. A., Hofstetter, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+clinical+outcomes+following+minimally+invasive+or+lumbar+endoscopic+unilateral+laminotomy+for+bilateral+decompression.">Comparison of clinical outcomes following minimally invasive or lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 30 (4), 491-499 (2019).</li><li>Pairuchvej, S., Muljadi, J. A., Ho, J. C., Arirachakaran, A., Kongtharvonskul, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full-endoscopic+(bi-portal+or+uni-portal)+versus+microscopic+lumbar+decompression+laminectomy+in+patients+with+spinal+stenosis:+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Full-endoscopic (bi-portal or uni-portal) versus microscopic lumbar decompression laminectomy in patients with spinal stenosis: systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery &amp; Traumatology. 30, 595-611 (2020).</li><li>Kim, H. S., Wu, P. H., Jang, I. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lumbar+endoscopic+unilateral+laminotomy+for+bilateral+decompression+outside-in+approach:+a+proctorship+guideline+with+12+steps+of+effectiveness+and+safety.">Lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression outside-in approach: a proctorship guideline with 12 steps of effectiveness and safety.</a> Neurospine. 17 (Suppl 1), S99 (2020).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

With the progressive evolution of percutaneous endoscopic spine surgery and clinicians&#39; profound comprehension of endoscopic procedures, the therapeutic indications for endoscopic lumbar interventions have expanded to encompass all manifestations of LSS, branching out from merely addressing lumbar disc herniation. The spectrum of endoscopic management for LSS includes stenosis decompression, contralateral decompression, and fusion facilitated by endoscopic visualization. An increasing volume of research underscores t...

Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (DLSS) can result from alterations in bony, discal, capsular, or ligamentary anatomical structures. Clinically, LSS presents with a range of symptoms, including radiating sciatic pain in the legs, neurogenic claudication during ambulation, and sensory disturbances, all of which significantly affect patients&#39; quality of life1,2,3. An initial conservative management period of two months is the recommended therapeutic approach for LSS. If conservative measures prove ineffective, transitioning to surgical decompression therapy becomes the subsequent recommendation.
Historically, open laminectomy has been the traditional surgical approach for addressing spinal stenosis. Peer-reviewed studies have confirmed its safety and cost-effectiveness, with outcomes showing notable superiority compared to non-surgical interventions4,5,6,7,8. However, the complexities involved in achieving comprehensive bony decompression of neural components can introduce the risk of segmental spinal instability. This may lead to symptom recurrence or a subsequent need for arthrodesis9,10. Distinctively, Ghogawala et al.11 documented that approximately 34% of patients, after undergoing traditional laminectomy for lumbar spinal stenosis with concomitant stable spinal spondylolisthesis, required revision surgery within four years post-operatively.
Over the past five decades, a discernible shift toward minimally invasive spinal surgical procedures has become evident. The overarching objective has been to reduce approach-related tissue disruption and subsequently mitigate post-operative discomfort and disability. This transition aligns seamlessly with the advent and progression of percutaneous endoscopic spine surgery.
Synchronized with advancements in endoscopic technology and a deepened understanding of endoscopic anatomical intricacies, contemporary endoscopic spine surgeons are now equipped to address a spectrum of LSS presentations safely and effectively. Specifically, lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (LE-ULBD) has gained traction as a favored modality for LSS management12,13,14,15,16,17(Figure 1). Paramount benefits of LE-ULBD include minimal incision requirements, avoidance of soft tissue disruption and muscular denervation, along with improved visualization.
Between May 2017 and May 2021, our institution employed the LE-ULBD technique to manage 132 patients with LSS. Relevant technical details and outcomes over a two-year follow-up period are elucidated herein. Based on these findings, LE-ULBD emerges as a minimally invasive, effective, and secure modality, positioning it as a viable alternative therapeutic strategy for patients diagnosed with lumbar central canal stenosis and/or lateral recess stenosis.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Kerrison Rongeur&#160;</td>
			<td>Joimax GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The endoscopic high-speed&#160;diamond burr</td>
			<td>NSK-Nakanishi International, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan</td>
			<td>Primado P200-RA330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The endoscopic surgical system Delta</td>
			<td>Joimax GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The radiofrequency probe</td>
			<td>Elliquence LLC, Baldwin, New York</td>
			<td>Trigger-FlexR Bipolar System</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trephine</td>
			<td>Joimax GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

percutaneous endoscopic unilateral-approach bilateral decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) involves the narrowing of the spinal canal due to degenerative changes in the vertebral joints, intervertebral discs, and ligaments. LSS encompasses central canal stenosis (CCS), lateral recess stenosis (LRS), and intervertebral foramen stenosis (IFS). The utilization of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (LE-ULBD) has gained popularity in the treatment of CCS and LRS. This popularity is attributed to the rapid development of endoscopic instruments and the progress of endoscopic philosophy.
In this technical report, a detailed introduction to the steps and key points of LE-ULBD is provided. Simultaneously, a retrospective review of 132 consecutive patients who underwent LE-ULBD for central canal and/or lateral recess stenosis was conducted. The outcomes after more than two years of follow-up were assessed using the visual analogue score (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, and the modified MacNab criteria to evaluate surgical efficacy. All 132 patients underwent LE-ULBD successfully. Among them, 119 patients were rated as "excellent," while 13 patients were rated as "good" based on the modified MacNab criteria during the last follow-up. Incidental dural tears occurred in four cases, but there were no post-operative epidural hematomas or infections. The experience demonstrates that LE-ULBD is a less invasive, effective, and safe approach. It can be considered as an alternative option for treating patients with lumbar central canal stenosis and/or lateral recess stenosis.

Outcome evaluation
Surgical results were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores for leg and back pain, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) Scores, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, and the modified MacNab standard12,15,17. These indicators were measured pre-operatively and at two days, six months, ...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Percutaneous Endoscopic Unilateral-Approach Bilateral Decompression for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis at JoVE.com

Author Spotlight: Scope of LE-ULBD as a Safe, Effective, and Minimally Invasive Approach to Treat Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

The present protocol describes the steps and key points of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.

Percutaneous Endoscopic Unilateral-Approach Bilateral Decompression for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) involves the narrowing of the spinal canal due to degenerative changes in the vertebral joints, intervertebral discs, and ...

The present protocol describes the steps and the key points of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression, LE-ULBD. This technique is used to treat degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. The paramount advantage is that LE-ULBD provides an unparalleled clear visualization of the surgical field while reducing surgical-related trauma.Endoscopic spine surgery was initially used for lumbar disc herniation. However, it had evolved dramatically in recent years with the rapid development of endoscopic equipment and technological innovations. We have always been committed to broaden the scope of indications of spinal endoscopic technique.For example, we are developing percutaneous full-endoscopic C2 ganglionectomy to treat intractable occipital neuralgia.

percutaneous-endoscopic-unilateral-approach-bilateral-decompression

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

317 Views.  Minhang Hospital, Fudan University. The present protocol describes the steps and the key points of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression, LE-ULBD. This technique is used to treat degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. The paramount advantage is that LE-ULBD provides an unparalleled clear visualization of the surgical field while reducing surgical-related trauma.Endoscopic spine surgery was initially used for lumbar disc herniation. However, it had evolved dramatically in recent years with the ...

Video: Author Spotlight: Scope of LE-ULBD as a Safe, Effective, and Minimally Invasive Approach to Treat Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

A Mobile Outside-in Technique of Transforaminal Lumbar Endoscopy for Lumbar Disc Herniations

Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar discectomy (PETLD) has now become a standard of care for the management of lumbar disc disease. There are two techniques for the introduction of a working cannula with respect to disc&#8212;outside-in and inside-out. The aim of this prospective study is to describe the technical aspects of a novel mobile outside-in method in dealing with different types of disc prolapse. A total of 184 consecutive patients with unilateral lower limb radiculopathy due to lumbar disc prolapse were operated on with the mobile outside-in technique of PETLD. Their clinical outcomes were evaluated based on the type of disc prolapse they had, a visual analog scale (VAS) leg pain score, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the Macnab criteria. The completeness of the decompression was documented with a postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. The mean age of the patients was 50 &#177; 16 years and the male/female ratio was 2:1. The mean follow-up was 19 &#177; 6 months. A total of 190 lumbar levels were operated on (L1&#8211;L2: n = 4, L2&#8211;L3: n = 17, L3&#8211;L4: n = 27, L4&#8211;5: n = 123, and L5&#8211;S1: n = 19). Divided into types, the patient distribution was central: n = 14, paracentral: n = 74, foraminal: n = 28, far lateral: n = 13, superior-migrated: n = 8, inferior migrated: n = 38, and high canal compromise: n = 9. The mean operative time was 35 &#177; 12 (25 - 56) min and the mean hospital stay was 1.2 &#177; 0.5 (1&#8211;3) days. The VAS score for leg pain improved from 7.5 &#177; 1 to 1.7 &#177; 0.9. The ODI improved from 70 &#177; 8.3 to 23 &#177; 5. According to the Macnab criteria, 75 patients (40.8%) had excellent results, 104 patients (56.5%) had good results, and 5 patients (2.7%) had fair results. Recurrence (including early and late) was seen in 15 out of the 190 levels that were operated on (7.89%). This article presents a novel outside-in approach that relies on a precise landing within the foramen in a mobile manner and does not solely depend upon the enlargement of the foramen. It is more versatile in application and useful in the management of all types of disc prolapse, even in severe canal compromise and high migration.

Here we present a protocol of a novel outside-in technique of transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniations. The technical aspects of the technique, the wide indications of use, and the results of the treatment in 184 patients are described in detail.

Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar discectomy (PETLD) has now become a standard of care for the management of lumbar disc disease. There are ...

Novel Percutaneous Approach for Deployment of 3D Printed Coronary Stenosis Implants in Swine Models of Ischemic Heart Disease

Minimally invasive methods for creating models of focal coronary narrowing in large animals are challenging. Rapid prototyping using three-dimensionally (3D) printed coronary implants can be employed to percutaneously create a focal coronary stenosis. However, reliable delivery of the implants can be difficult without the use of ancillary equipment. We describe the use of a mother-and-child coronary guide catheter for stabilization of the implant and for effective delivery of the 3D printed implant to any desired location along the length of the coronary vessel. The focal coronary narrowing was confirmed under coronary cineangiography and the functional significance of the coronary stenosis was assessed using gadolinium-enhanced first-pass cardiac perfusion MRI. We showed that reliable delivery of 3D printed coronary implants in swine models (n = 11) of ischemic heart disease can be achieved through repurposing mother-and-child coronary guide catheters. Our technique simplifies the percutaneous delivery of coronary implants to create closed-chest swine models of focal coronary artery stenosis and can be performed expeditiously, with a low procedural failure rate.

We describe a novel, cost-effective, and efficient technique for percutaneous delivery of three-dimensionally printed coronary implants to create closed-chest swine models of ischemic heart disease. The implants were fixed in place using a mother-and-child extension catheter with high success rate.

Minimally invasive methods for creating models of focal coronary narrowing in large animals are challenging. Rapid prototyping using three-dimensionally ...

Full-Endoscopic Isolation Zone Technique for the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a type of serious sinus or sciatic nerve dysfunction caused by nucleus pulposus protrusion and annulus fibrosus tears. Its clinical symptoms often include severe low back pain, limited lumbar movement, sciatic nerve pain in the lower limbs, and even cauda equina syndrome. The common treatment for LDH is a conservative treatment scheme involving medicine, rest, and physical therapy. However, if the conservative treatment scheme is ineffective, a surgical treatment approach is adopted. Traditional open lumbar surgery has some disadvantages, including the potential for severe surgical trauma, severe blood loss during the operation, instability of the lumbar spine, and loss of the lumbar motor unit. Among the minimally invasive surgical schemes, full-endoscopic spine surgery (FESS) is undoubtedly the most appropriate and has the advantages of minimal trauma, high safety, quick postoperative recovery, and the retention of the stable structure and the motor unit of the lumbar spine. However, simultaneously, incomplete removal of the nucleus pulposus and residual nerve dysfunction after surgery can occur. To avoid these shortcomings, we studied a specific spinal endoscopy technique, the "isolation zone" surgical strategy, which can effectively block the pain from the nerve conduction pathway by completely relieving the nerve compression and nerve dysfunction through the orderly treatment of the protruding nucleus pulposus, the fissure of the annulus fibrosus, the sinus nerve, and the surrounding inflammatory soft tissues.

Here, we present a protocol for the &#34;isolation zone&#34; technique in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) under full-endoscopic spine surgery (FESS), including intervertebral foramen formation, targeted catheterization, nucleus pulposus resection, and annulus fibrosus formation, which together completely block the pain from the nerve conduction pathway.

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a type of serious sinus or sciatic nerve dysfunction caused by nucleus pulposus protrusion and annulus fibrosus tears. Its ...

Fully Endoscopic Mitral Valve Repair with Percutaneous Cannulation of Groin Vessels

Endoscopic mitral valve surgery (EMS) has become a standard of care at specialized heart centers, further reducing surgical trauma compared to a traditional minimally invasive, thoracotomy-based approach. Exposure of the groin vessels for the establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) via surgical cutdown in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) may result in wound healing disorders or seroma formation. The avoidance of surgical exposure of the groin vessels by using fully percutaneous techniques for the insertion of a CPB cannula with the implementation of vascular pre-closure devices has the potential to reduce these complications and improve clinical results. Herein, we present the utilization of a novel plug based vacsular closure device with a resobable collagen plug and the absence of suture material for closure of the arterial access for CPB in MIS. While this device was initially predominantly used in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedures, with its safety and feasibility shown, we herein show that it can be used in CPB cannulation, since it is capable of closing arterial access sites up to 25 French (Fr.) in size. This device may be suitable to significantly reduce groin complications in MIS and simplify the establishment of CPB. Here, we describe the fundamental steps of EMS, including percutaneous groin cannulation and decannulation using a vascular closure device.

This protocol demonstrates in detail how to perform fully endoscopic mitral valve surgery (EMS) with percutaneous cannulation of the groin vessels, using a percutaneous plug-based vascular closure device. Fundamental steps and useful instructions are described in detail for each step.

Endoscopic mitral valve surgery (EMS) has become a standard of care at specialized heart centers, further reducing surgical trauma compared to a ...

Clinical Application of Microscope-Assisted Minimally Invasive Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

This study aims to investigate the technical aspects of microscope-assisted anterior decompression fusion and to introduce a spreader system suitable for minimally invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion (Mini-ALIF). This article is a technical description of anterior lumbar spine surgery under a microscope. We retrospectively collected information on patients who underwent microscope-assisted Mini-ALIF surgery at our hospital between July 2020 and August 2022. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare imaging indicators between periods. Forty-two patients were included in the study. The mean volume of intraoperative bleeding was 180 mL, and the mean operative time was 143 min. The mean follow-up time was 18 months. Apart from one case of peritoneal rupture, no other serious complications occurred. The postoperative foramen and disc height were both higher on average than before surgery. The spreader-assisted micro-Mini-ALIF is simple and easy to use. It can provide good intraoperative disc exposure, good discrimination of important structures, adequate spreading of the intervertebral space, and the restoration of the necessary intervertebral height, which is very helpful for less experienced surgeons.

The technique described in this article is well-suited to the Mini-ALIF procedure, allows for excellent exposure and decompression, and facilitates microscope-assisted manipulation.

This study aims to investigate the technical aspects of microscope-assisted anterior decompression fusion and to introduce a spreader system suitable for ...

A 3-Channel Endoscopic Technique for Lumbar Stenosis and Contralateral Herniation

The Third Channel-Assisted Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Technique for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Combined with Contralateral Disc Herniation

Unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) spine surgery is an emerging minimally invasive surgical (MIS) technique that has gained popularity for treating lumbar spinal stenosis, particularly in Eastern Asia. The traditional UBE technique, with two portals on one side, can achieve successful unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (ULBD) and, therefore, demonstrates favorable clinical outcomes. However, in the case of lumbar spinal stenosis combined with contralateral disc herniation, it is very difficult to remove the contralateral disc herniation, especially the loose disc fragment within the deep disc. Here, a third channel of the traditional UBE technique was developed to do the discectomy within the ipsilateral endoscopic vision, with which the instruments can go vertically into the contralateral disc, allowing easy discectomy. This technique can not only achieve adequate decompression of the bilateral spinal canal but also effectively remove contralateral herniated disc fragments. This technique avoids performing another UBE procedure on the opposite side, which can potentially shorten the duration of the operation, minimize blood loss and tissue damage, and ensure sufficient neural decompression. This paper will introduce the indications and surgical operation procedures, as well as present a classical case report and follow-up data, to facilitate the application of the third channel-assisted UBE (T-UBE) technique for spine surgeons.

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Potential of TUBE Technique in Spinal Surgery

Here, we present the third channel-assisted UBE technique, which allows for the vertical removal of herniated disc fragments. This technique can effectively address the limitations of traditional UBE techniques. This article will systematically elaborate on this procedure.

Unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) spine surgery is an emerging minimally invasive surgical (MIS) technique that has gained popularity for treating ...

Novel PLL-AF Suture Technique for Annulus Fibrosus Repair in Lumbar Endoscopy

A Suture Technique for Ruptured Annulus Fibrosus Following Decompression Under Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy

The suture technique for a ruptured annulus fibrosus (AF) under full-endoscopy remains challenging. Direct suturing of a ruptured annular tear after full decompression has been shown to decrease the recurrence rate of lumbar disc herniation during endoscopic surgery. Traditional suture operations under endoscopy involve only simple suturing of the ruptured AF. Due to the weak and poor quality of the AF tissue around the tear portal, using this area as needle insertion points during suturing may lead to insufficient tension and a low success rate of AF closure. Currently, there is no detailed technical illustration based on video for AF tear suturing under lumbar full-endoscopy. We innovatively propose a method of covering and suturing the AF tear by pulling up the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) under lumbar endoscopy and using three stitches (PLL-AF suture technique). The patient who received the novel suture technique achieved satisfactory results. Six months after the operation, lumbar MRI showed no evidence of recurrence in the outpatient clinic.

Author Spotlight: Development and Application of a Novel Suture Technique for Annular Fibrosus Repair in Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy

This protocol describes an innovative suture technique for ruptured annular fibrosus during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy.

The suture technique for a ruptured annulus fibrosus (AF) under full-endoscopy remains challenging. Direct suturing of a ruptured annular tear after full ...

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Oncoplastic breast surgery, with its focus on improving cosmetic outcomes while maintaining oncological safety, has fundamentally transformed the landscape of breast cancer surgical treatment, giving rise to an array of techniques for breast reconstruction. Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) has emerged as a cornerstone in managing early breast cancer. Aligned with the principles of minimally invasive surgery, recent years have witnessed the widespread integration of endoscopic approaches in breast surgery, encompassing procedures like endoscopic breast-conserving surgery (E-BCS) and endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy (E-NSM), among others. Capitalizing on the advantages of inconspicuous and shorter incisions, improved visibility, and the avoidance of radiation therapy, the popularity of E-NSM with IBBR is on the rise. However, conventional E-NSM with IBBR often requires two or more incisions, which can result in suboptimal cosmetic outcomes and even prosthesis loss.This paper presents a comprehensive account of the intricate surgical procedures involved in endoscopic bilateral nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate pre-pectoral implant-based breast reconstruction. The insights shared are drawn from the collective experience of our institution. Notable benefits associated with the described surgical approach encompass enhanced cosmetic outcomes, improved postoperative quality of life, and enhanced physiological functions attributable to the application of pre-pectoral implant-based breast reconstruction through a single incision.

Here, we present detailed surgical procedures for endoscopic bilateral nipple-sparing mastectomy via a single axillary incision with immediate pre-pectoral implant-based breast reconstruction. This procedure is a secure and viable method for breast cancer patients.

Oncoplastic breast surgery, with its focus on improving cosmetic outcomes while maintaining oncological safety, has fundamentally transformed the ...

Biportal Endoscopic Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis with Contralateral Disc Herniation

Enhancing Pedicle Puncture Precision with 3D Modeling and a Nine-Grid Method

Nine-Grid Area Division Method: A New Ideal Bone Puncture Region for Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in Lumbar Spine

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is widely recognized as an efficacious intervention for alleviating low back pain resulting from osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. The ideal bone puncture point is conventionally situated at the projection "left 10 points, right 2 points" of the pedicle in the lumbar spine. Determining the optimal bone puncture point represents a critical and complex challenge. The accuracy of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is primarily influenced by the proficiency of the operating surgeons and the utilization of multiple fluoroscopes during the conventional procedure. Incidences of puncture-related complications have been documented globally. In an effort to enhance the precision of the surgical technique and reduce the occurrence of puncture-related complications, our team applied the "Nine-grid Area Division Method" for PVP in the lumbar spine to modify the traditional procedure. There is potential to decrease the number of puncture times, the radiation exposure dosage, and the duration of surgical procedures.
This protocol introduces the definition of the "Nine-grid Area Division Method" and describes the process of modeling target vertebrae DICOM imaging data within medical imaging processing software, simulating operations within a 3-D model, refining the 3-D model using reverse engineering production software, reconstructing the vertebral engineering model within 3-D modeling design software, and utilizing surgical data to determine safe entry regions for pedicle projection. By employing this methodology, surgeons can effectively identify appropriate puncture points with precision and ease, thereby reducing the intricacies associated with puncturing and enhancing the overall accuracy of surgical procedures.

Author Spotlight: Improving Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Surgical Accuracy and Efficiency Through Advanced Puncture Techniques

Herein, we present a "Nine-grid Area Division Method" for percutaneous vertebroplasty. A patient with an L1 vertebral compression fracture was selected as a case study.

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is widely recognized as an efficacious intervention for alleviating low back pain resulting from osteoporotic vertebral ...