Timothy Daniels, MLS(ASCP), MB, QLS, and Helmut Weigelin, MLS(ASCP) were instrumental in establishing this extraction method within our laboratory.

The present protocol follows the human care guidelines and with approval of the institutional review board (IRB) of the University of Michigan. A waiver of informed consent was obtained for this from IRB. There are no relevant inclusion or exclusion criteria for the patients involved.
1. Separation of cellular and cell-free components
NOTE: Three types of samples can be received for VRL diagnostic testing: vitreous (undilute; fluid from vitrectomy col...

Diagnosis of Vitreoretinal Lymphoma Using Cell-Free DNA

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	<li>Chan, C. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+vitreoretinal+lymphoma:+a+report+from+an+International+Primary+Central+Nervous+System+Lymphoma+Collaborative+Group+symposium.">Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a report from an International Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Collaborative Group symposium.</a> Oncologist. 16 (11), 1589-1599 (2011).</li><li>Sagoo, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+intraocular+lymphomas.">Primary intraocular lymphomas.</a> Clinical &amp; Experimental Ophthalmology. 59 (5), 503-516 (2014).</li><li>Coupland, S. 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Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is an aggressive large B-cell lymphoma1,2,3 whose symptoms can mimic other vitreoretinal diseases4,5. Molecular testing of vitreous and, more recently, aqueous humor has become a critical method for making the diagnosis of VRL or ruling it out. However, these fluids are very low in volume and often have low cellularity. Many of the cells with...

Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is an aggressive lymphoma associated with primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma1,2,3. VRL is typically fatal due to its involvement in the central nervous system1,2. Although rare1,4, VRL often presents with symptoms similar to posterior uveitis and other vitreoretinal diseases4,5. Consequently, patients exhibiting uveitis symptoms require a diagnosis to either confirm or rule out VRL.
Recently, consensus criteria for diagnosing VRL were published, which involve a combination of clinical examination and laboratory findings6. Specimens commonly used to diagnose VRL include vitreous humor and, more recently, aqueous humor7. Vitreous humor is obtained through a surgical procedure called pars plana vitrectomy, which allows access to the posterior segment of the eye8.
In the presented protocol, both aqueous humor and vitreous humor specimens were collected for cellular and cfDNA extraction. After anesthetizing the patients and placing trocars approximately 4 mm from the corneal limbus, an aqueous humor sample of approximately 100-200 &#181;L was obtained using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe at the corneal limbus. For pseudophakic patients, undiluted vitreous was obtained by introducing sterile air into the infusion, enabling the collection of a larger amount of undiluted vitreous (up to 3.5 mL). In phakic patients, approximately 500 to 1000 &#181;L of undiluted vitreous was removed before turning on an infusion of balanced salt solution. In some cases, secondarily diluted vitreous (500 to 2,000 &#181;L) was collected by switching the infusion to fluid and placing the vitrector within the vitreous skirt to obtain this sample. The most dilute vitreous fraction was collected by preserving the cassette bag (Supplemental Figure 1) at the end of the surgery. Once this bag reached the pathology department, dilute vitreous was obtained from draining fluid out of this bag into conical tubes for subsequent DNA extraction.
Cytopathology of vitreous fluid is often considered the gold standard9. However, several studies have demonstrated limited sensitivity due to processing and minimal cellularity10,11,12. Flow cytometry can aid in identifying clonal B-cells but can also be limited by low cellularity and the fragility of large lymphoma cells13,14,15. Both cytopathology and flow cytometry requires intact whole cells. Many of these cells are destroyed during collection, storage, and processing. When molecular testing is performed using DNA extracted from intact cells (cellular DNA), it suffers from this same limitation. In addition, dividing the limited vitreous specimen for all of these tests reduces the amount of material available for each test.
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) represents another source of DNA that does not require intact cells. cfDNA from vitreous specimens has been used for the detection of VRL16,17 as well as uveal melanoma18. In this protocol, cellular and cell-free DNA are extracted from vitreous and aqueous fluid to detect VRL.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Propanol (Isopropanol)</td>
			<td>Fischer</td>
			<td>A415-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Clean &#38; Concentrator-10</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>D4011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Clean &#38; Concentrator-5</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>D4003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentra Puregene Cell Lysis Solution</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>158906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentra Puregene DNA Hydration Solution</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>158916</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentra Puregene Protein Precipitation Solution</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>158912</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick-DNA Urine Kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>D3061</td>
			<td>Conditioning buffer; also includes clearing beads, Proteinase K and spin columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure Glycogen, 20 &#181;g/&#181;L (20 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher/Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10814010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cell-free dna extraction of vitreous and aqueous humor specimens for diagnosis and monitoring of vitreoretinal lymphoma

Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) represents an aggressive lymphoma, often categorized as primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. To diagnose VRL, specimens such as vitreous humor and, more recently, aqueous humor are collected. Diagnostic testing for VRL on these specimens includes cytology, flow cytometry, and molecular testing. However, both cytopathology and flow cytometry, along with molecular testing using cellular DNA, necessitate intact whole cells. The challenge lies in the fact that vitreous and aqueous humor typically have low cellularity, and many cells get destroyed during collection, storage, and processing. Moreover, these specimens pose additional difficulties for molecular testing due to the high viscosity of vitreous humor and the low volume of both vitreous and aqueous humor. This study proposes a method for extracting cell-free DNA from vitreous and aqueous specimens. This approach complements the extraction of cellular DNA or allows the cellular component of these specimens to be utilized for other diagnostic methods, including cytology and flow cytometry.

Author Spotlight: Advancing VRL Diagnosis Using Cell-Free DNA Extraction from Vitreous Humor 

Cell-Free DNA Extraction of Vitreous and Aqueous Humor Specimens for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Vitreoretinal Lymphoma

With this research, we are attempting to use molecular testing of vitreous humor collected from the eye by vitrectomy to diagnose vitreoretinal lymphoma or VRL, which is an aggressive disease whose symptoms overlap those of common inflammatory ocular conditions. Cytopathology flow cytometry and molecular testing are current methods used to diagnose VRL. Published sensitivities of non molecular methods are 44 to 90%for cytopathology and 50 to 60%for flow cytometry, cytopathology, flow cytometry and molecular testing with cellular DNA requires intact neoplastic cells.That poses a problem in vitreous humor specimens because the volume and cellularity of these specimens is low and cells can be degraded by apoptosis as well as specimen collection, processing and storage. We found that cell-free DNA extracted from vitreous fluid specimens provides another source of DNA from molecular testing that does not require intact cells, and that also shows evidence of VRL and can be used to diagnose this lymphoma. Cell-free DNA extraction offers molecular testing without intact neoplastic cells.This allows maximizing the utility of vitreous specimens as intact cells can be reserved for cytopathology and flow cytometry while utilizing the remaining supernatant fluid that would otherwise be discarded for molecular testing.

These extraction methods were performed on a limited number of cases to ensure adequate yield and amplifiability of cell-free DNA in comparison with cellular DNA from the vitreous (four) and aqueous (four) specimens. From these samples, DNA yields from the cell-free component of these fluids are similar to that of the cellular component (Table 1). Cellular and cfDNA from these samples were also evaluated using molecular testing, such as for the VRL-associated mutation MYD88 L265P. An allele-spec...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advancing VRL Diagnosis Using Cell-Free DNA Extraction from Vitreous Humor at JoVE.com

A procedure to extract cell-free DNA from vitreous and aqueous humor to perform molecular studies for diagnosing vitreoretinal lymphoma is established here. The method offers the ability to concurrently extract DNA from the cellular component of the sample or to reserve it for ancillary testing.

Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) represents an aggressive lymphoma, often categorized as primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. To ...

cell-free-dna-extraction-vitreous-aqueous-humor-specimens-for