This study was supported by the National Science Foundation (OIA-1655221, OCE-1655686) and Rhode Island Sea Grant (NA22-OAR4170123, RISG22-R/2223-95-5-U). We also would like to thank the Rhode Island School of Design for developing the Vis-A-Thon project and this visualization.

1. Applying the N-mass balance model
<ol>
	<li>Download the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) data from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for 166 stations in Narragansett Bay from 1990 to 2015. 
	NOTE: In this study, the sum of ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2-), and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations were considered as the DIN concentration.</li>
	<li>Split the Narragansett Bay into fifteen boxes along its axis modified from ...

Integrated Visualization of Biogeochemical Data for Nutrient Management

<ol>
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This study estimated the extent of nutrient impacts from riverine inputs in Narraganset Bay (NB) based on the N-mass balance model by defining the three theoretical zones. Historically, hypoxic zones appeared near the Providence River, the western side of Greenwich Bay, and Mount Hope Bay during the summer period18, which were defined as brown zones in this study. Moreover, the zonation of NB is comparable to the results of a previous study19, which examined nutrient concen...

Primary productivity, the production of organic compounds by phytoplankton, fuels ecosystem food webs, and is important for understanding the system&#39;s function in response to environmental changes1,2. Estuarine primary productivity is also closely linked to eutrophication which is defined as excessive nutrients in the ecosystem1, causing several harmful consequences in the coastal regions, such as an overgrowth of phytoplankton leading to large algal blooms and subsequent hypoxia3,4. Importantly, primary productivity in estuaries is highly dependent on the riverine nutrient loading, particularly nitrogen concentrations, which are the typical limiting nutrient in most temperate ocean ecosystems5,6. However, an estimation of the extent of riverine nitrogen impacts in coastal areas remains challenging.
To estimate the estuarine primary productivity, a nitrogen (N) mass balance model is a useful tool to calculate nitrogen fluxes2. The N-mass balance model also provides an understanding of biological mechanisms beyond data observations, revealing information at the edges of different primary productivity zones7. Three different zones8, defined as brown, green, and blue zones, are particularly useful for predicting the impact of nutrient loading in hypoxic regions. The brown zone, defined as the nearest region of a river mouth, represents a high physical process, the green zone has high biological productivity, and the blue zone represents low biological process. The boundary of each zone depends on river flow, nutrient concentrations, and mixing rates8.
Narragansett Bay (NB) is a coastal, temperate estuary in Rhode Island, USA, supporting economic and ecological services and goods9,10,11, in which hypoxia has been consistently occurring. These hypoxic events, defined as the period of low dissolved oxygen (i.e., less than 2-3 mg of oxygen per liter), are particularly prevalent in July and August and are heavily impacted by riverine nitrogen loading during these months12. With an increase in primary production and hypoxia due to anthropogenic emissions of nutrients13, understanding the nitrogen inputs into NB is critical to managing and addressing coastal issues such as eutrophication and hypoxia. Thus, in this study, the rate of primary production in NB is calculated from the N-mass balance model using historically observed nutrient data, especially dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). Based on the results of the N-mass balance model by converting to carbon units using the Redfield ratio, three different primary productivity zones were identified to visualize the extent of nitrogen influence from the river in NB. The model was then recreated into a 3D representation to better visualize the different zones. The products produced from this study can better inform nutrient management in NB in response to hypoxia and eutrophication. Further, results from this study are applicable to other coastal regions to visualize the effects of riverine transport on nutrients and primary productivity.

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visualization of productivity zones based on nitrogen mass balance model in narragansett bay, rhode island

Primary productivity in the coastal regions, linked to eutrophication and hypoxia, provides a critical understanding of ecosystem function. Although primary productivity largely depends on riverine nutrient inputs, estimation of the extent of riverine nutrient influences in the coastal regions is challenging. A nitrogen mass balance model is a practical tool to evaluate coastal ocean productivity to understand biological mechanisms beyond data observations. This study visualizes the biological production zones in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA, where hypoxia frequently occurs, by applying a nitrogen mass balance model. The Bay is divided into three zones - brown, green, and blue zones - based on primary productivity, which are defined by the mass balance model results. Brown, green, and blue zones represent a high physical process, a high biological process, and a low biological process zone, depending on river flow, nutrient concentrations, and mixing rates. The results of this study can better inform nutrient management in the coastal ocean in response to hypoxia and eutrophication.

Author Spotlight: Understanding Riverine Nitrogen Impacts and Primary Productivity for Effective Nutrient Management

Visualization of Productivity Zones Based on Nitrogen Mass Balance Model in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

This study estimate the extension of the riverine nitrogen impacts and the primary productivity for better nutrient management in Narragansett Bay, the coastal area in the Rhode Island, USA. With increased primary production and hypoxia due to anthropogenic emissions of nutrients, understanding the nitrogen inputs into the bay is critical to managing and addressing coastal issues such as eutrophication and hypoxia. However, estimating the extent of nutrient inputs in coastal areas remains challenging.In this study, three different primary productivity zones were identified to visualize the extent of nitrogen influence from the river in the bay using the N mass balance model. This study also produced the results into a 3D representation for better visualization and nutrient management in the bay. As explained in the manuscript, the three theoretical zone can change over time depending on the nutrient concentration of the freshwater, mixing rate, and the river flow.As a result, the future work are the required to quantify these factors attributed to the flexibility of these regions better.

Three theoretical zones of Narragansett Bay based on the N-mass balance model 
The three theoretical zones in Narragansett Bay (NB) were defined based on the N-mass balance model results, in which the DIN data were applied to fifteen boxes of NB, and then the mean DIN in each box was converted to the PPP rates for the summer period. As shown in Figure 2, based on the mean summer (June to September) PPP rates of each box, three (brown, green, and blue) zones in NB were i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Productivity Zones Based on Nitrogen Mass Balance Model in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island at JoVE.com

Here, we aim to visualize the zonation of biological productivity in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, based on the nitrogen mass balance model. The results will inform nutrient management in the coastal regions to reduce hypoxia and eutrophication.

Primary productivity in the coastal regions, linked to eutrophication and hypoxia, provides a critical understanding of ecosystem function. Although ...

visualization-productivity-zones-based-on-nitrogen-mass-balance-model