We thank Prof. Junhai Han&#39;s lab members for their discussion and comments. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 32170970 to Y.T and the &#34;Cyanine Blue Project&#34; of Jiangsu Province to Z.C.Z.

This protocol uses the 30-day-old w1118 flies from the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (BDSC_3605, see Table of Materials).
1. Preparation of the aged fruit flies
<ol>
	<li>Food preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare standard corn starch culture medium by mixing 50 g/L cornflakes, 110 g/L sugar, 5 g/L agar, and 25 g/L yeast. Heat the cornflakes and yeast with water to gelatinize, and then fully dissolve all the substances.</li>
		<l...

Advancing Sleep Disorder Treatments: A Drosophila-Based Screening Approach

<ol>
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Sleep disorders commonly found in older people.</a> Canadian Medical Association Journal. 176 (9), 1299-1304 (2007).</li><li>Suzuki, K., Miyamoto, M., Hirata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+disorders+in+the+elderly:+Diagnosis+and+management.">Sleep disorders in the elderly: Diagnosis and management.</a> Journal of General and Family Medicine. 18 (2), 61-71 (2017).</li><li>Foley, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+complaints+among+elderly+persons+-+an+epidemiologic-study+of+3+communities.">Sleep complaints among elderly persons - an epidemiologic-study of 3 communities.</a> Sleep. 18 (6), 425-432 (1995).</li><li>Yu, D. 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W., Clancy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+and+variability+of+sleep+and+activity+as+biomarkers+of+ageing+in+Drosophila.">Reliability and variability of sleep and activity as biomarkers of ageing in Drosophila.</a> Biogerontology. 13 (5), 489-499 (2012).</li><li>Nall, A. H., Sehgal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small-molecule+screen+in+adult+Drosophila+identifies+VMAT+as+a+regulator+of+sleep.">Small-molecule screen in adult Drosophila identifies VMAT as a regulator of sleep.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (19), 8534-8464 (2013).</li><li>Jin, X., Gu, P., Han, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocol+for+Drosophila+sleep+deprivation+using+single-chip+board.">Protocol for Drosophila sleep deprivation using single-chip board.</a> STAR Protocols. 2 (4), 100827 (2021).</li><li>Kashyap, A., Singh, P. K., Silakari, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Counting+on+fragment+based+drug+design+approach+for+drug+discovery.">Counting on fragment based drug design approach for drug discovery.</a> Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (27), 2284-2293 (2018).</li><li>Qi, W., Ding, D., Salvi, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytotoxic+effects+of+dimethyl+sulphoxide+(DMSO)+on+cochlear+organotypic+cultures.">Cytotoxic effects of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) on cochlear organotypic cultures.</a> Hearing Research. 236 (1-2), 52-60 (2008).</li><li>Nishimura, M., Ueda, N., Naito, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+dimethyl+sulfoxide+on+the+gene+induction+of+cytochrome+P450+isoforms,+UGT-dependent+glucuronosyl+transferase+isoforms,+and+ABCB1+in+primary+culture+of+human+hepatocytes.">Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on the gene induction of cytochrome P450 isoforms, UGT-dependent glucuronosyl transferase isoforms, and ABCB1 in primary culture of human hepatocytes.</a> Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 26 (7), 1052-1056 (2003).</li><li>Solovev, I. A., Shaposhnikov, M. V., Moskalev, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronobiotics+KL001+and+KS15+extend+lifespan+and+modify+circadian+rhythms+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Chronobiotics KL001 and KS15 extend lifespan and modify circadian rhythms of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Clocks Sleep. 3 (3), 429-441 (2021).</li><li>Cavas, M., Beltran, D., Navarro, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioural+effects+of+dimethyl+sulfoxide+(DMSO):+changes+in+sleep+architecture+in+rats.">Behavioural effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): changes in sleep architecture in rats.</a> Toxicology Letters. 157 (3), 221-232 (2005).</li><li>Pfeiffenberger, C., Lear, B. C., Keegan, K. 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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+ethomics+in+large+groups+of+Drosophila.">High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila.</a> Nature Methods. 6 (6), 451-457 (2009).</li><li>Kabra, M., Robie, A. A., Rivera-Alba, M., Branson, S., Branson, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=JAABA:+interactive+machine+learning+for+automatic+annotation+of+animal+behavior.">JAABA: interactive machine learning for automatic annotation of animal behavior.</a> Nature Methods. 10 (1), 64-67 (2013).</li><li>Donelson, N. 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The described method is suitable for rapidly screening small and medium-sized sleep drugs. Currently, most mainstream high-throughput drug screening methods are based on biochemical and cellular levels. For example, the structure and properties of the receptor are examined to search for specific ligands that can bind to it22. Another approach involves analyzing the binding mode and strength of molecular fragments of selected drugs using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) with mass spectrometry<sup c...

Sleep, one of the essential behaviors necessary for human survival, is characterized by two main states: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep1. NREM sleep comprises three stages: N1 (the transition between wakefulness and sleep), N2 (light sleep), and N3 (deep sleep, slow wave sleep), representing the progression from wakefulness to deep sleep1. Sleep plays a crucial role in both physical and mental health2. However, aging reduces total sleep duration, sleep efficiency, slow-wave sleep percentage, and REM sleep percentage in adults3. Older individuals tend to spend more time in light sleep compared to slow-wave sleep, making them more sensitive to nocturnal awakenings. As the number of awakenings increases, average sleep time decreases, resulting in a fragmented sleep pattern in the elderly, which may be associated with excessive excitation of Hcrt neurons in mice4. Additionally, age-related declines in circadian mechanisms contribute to an earlier shift in sleep duration5,6. In combination with physical illness, psychological stress, environmental factors, and medication use, these factors make older adults more susceptible to sleep disorders, such as insomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder, narcolepsy, periodic leg movements, restless legs syndrome, and sleep-disordered breathing7,8.
Epidemiological studies have shown that sleep disorders are closely linked to chronic diseases in the elderly9, including depression10, cardiovascular disease11, and dementia12. Addressing sleep disorders plays a crucial role in improving and treating chronic diseases and enhancing the quality of life for older adults. Currently, patients primarily rely on drugs such as benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepines, and melatonin receptor agonists to enhance sleep quality13. However, benzodiazepines can lead to downregulation of receptors and dependence after long-term use, causing severe withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation14,15. Non-benzodiazepine drugs also carry risks, including dementia16, fractures17, and cancer18. The commonly used melatonin receptor agonist, ramelteon, reduces sleep latency but does not increase sleep duration and has hepatic function-related concerns due to extensive first-pass elimination19. Agomelatine, a melatonin receptor agonist and serotonin receptor antagonist, improves depression-related insomnia but also poses a risk of liver damage20. Consequently, there is an urgent need for safer drugs to treat or alleviate sleep disorders. However, current drug screening strategies, based on molecular and cellular experiments combined with automated systems and computer analysis, are expensive and time-consuming21. Structure-based drug design strategies, relying on receptor structure and properties, require a clear understanding of receptor three-dimensional structure and lack predictive capabilities for drug effects22.
In 2000, based on the sleep criteria proposed by Campbell and Tobler in 198423, researchers established simple animal models to study sleep24, including Drosophila melanogaster, which exhibited sleep-like states25,26. Despite anatomical differences between Drosophila and humans, many neurochemical components and signaling pathways regulating sleep in Drosophila are conserved in mammalian sleep, facilitating the study of human neurological diseases27,28. Drosophila is also extensively used in circadian rhythm studies, despite differences in core oscillators between flies and mammals29,30,31. Therefore, Drosophila serves as a valuable model organism for studying sleep behavior and conducting sleep-related drug screening.
This study proposes a cost-effective and simple phenotype-based approach for screening small-molecule drugs to treat sleep disorders using aged flies. Sleep regulation in Drosophila is highly conserved25, and the decline in sleep observed with age may be reversible through drug administration. Thus, this sleep phenotype-based screening method can intuitively reflect drug efficacy. We feed the flies with a mixture of the drug under investigation and food, monitor and record sleep behavior using the Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM)32, and analyze the acquired data using the open-source SCAMP2020 data package in MATLAB (Figure1). Statistical analysis is performed using statistics and graphing software (see Table of Materials). As an example, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this protocol by presenting experimental data on Reserpine, a small-molecule inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter reported to increase sleep33. This protocol provides a valuable approach to identify drugs for treating age-related sleep problems.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ager</td>
			<td>BIOFROXX</td>
			<td>8211KG001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Artificial Climate Box</td>
			<td>PRANDT</td>
			<td>PRX-1000A</td>
			<td>official website:https://www.nbplt17.com/PLTXBS-Products-20643427/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAM2 Drosophila Activity Monitor</td>
			<td>TriKineics</td>
			<td>DAM2</td>
			<td>official website:https://www.trikinetics.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAM2system</td>
			<td>TriKineics</td>
			<td>version:v3.03</td>
			<td>official website:https://www.trikinetics.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAMFileScan</td>
			<td>TriKineics</td>
			<td>version:1.0.7.0</td>
			<td>official website:https://www.trikinetics.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>276855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila Activity Monitoring Incubator</td>
			<td>Tritech Research</td>
			<td>DT2-CIRC-TK</td>
			<td>official website:https://www.tritechresearch.com/DT2-CIRC-TK.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila Bottles</td>
			<td>Biologix</td>
			<td>51-17720</td>
			<td>official website:http://biologixgroup.com/goods.php?id=48</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila: w1118</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center&#160;</td>
			<td>BDSC_3605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>version:Excel 2016</td>
			<td>official website:https://www.microsoftstore.com.cn/software/office/excel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass tubes</td>
			<td>TriKinetics</td>
			<td>PPT5x65</td>
			<td>official website:https://www.trikinetics.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLABR2022b</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>version:9.13.0.2049777</td>
			<td>official website:https://ww2.mathworks.cn/products/matlab.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td>Version:Prism 8.0.1</td>
			<td>official website:https://www.graphpad.com/features</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reserpine</td>
			<td>MACKLIN</td>
			<td>R817202-1g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccharose</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>1245GR500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCAMP</td>
			<td>Vecsey Lab</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>official website:https://academics.skidmore.edu/blogs/cvecsey/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-throughput small molecule drug screening for age-related sleep disorders using drosophila melanogaster

Sleep, an essential component of health and overall well-being, often presents challenges for older individuals who frequently experience sleep disorders characterized by shortened sleep duration and fragmented patterns. These sleep disruptions also correlate with an increased risk of various illnesses in the elderly, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and psychological disorders. Unfortunately, existing drugs for sleep disorders are associated with significant side effects such as cognitive impairment and addiction. Consequently, the development of new, safer, and more effective sleep disorder medications is urgently needed. However, the high cost and lengthy experimental duration of current drug screening methods remain limiting factors.
This protocol describes a cost-effective and high-throughput screening method that utilizes Drosophila melanogaster, a species with a highly conserved sleep regulation mechanism compared to mammals, making it an ideal model for studying sleep disorders in the elderly. By administering various small compounds to aged flies, we can assess their effects on sleep disorders. The sleep behaviors of these flies are recorded using an infrared monitoring device and analyzed with the open-source data package Sleep and Circadian Analysis MATLAB Program 2020 (SCAMP2020). This protocol offers a low-cost, reproducible, and efficient screening approach for sleep regulation. Fruit flies, due to their short life cycle, low husbandry cost, and ease of handling, serve as excellent subjects for this method. As an illustration, Reserpine, one of the tested drugs, demonstrated the ability to promote sleep duration in elderly flies, highlighting the effectiveness of this protocol.

Author Spotlight: Overcoming Challenges in Drosophila Sleep Measurement Using DAM System 

High-Throughput Small Molecule Drug Screening For Age-Related Sleep Disorders Using Drosophila melanogaster

Drug screening techniques include high-throughput screening, which uses automation for drug discovery, structure-based designs, and find receptor binding molecules based on the structure, and a fragment-based design, which uses nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry to optimize molecular fragments and identify the compounds. The DAM system measures fly sleep by detecting infrared beam bricks. However, this method can overestimate sleep if the flies remain static at one end of the tube, or if the fly is not highly mobile.Furthermore, the order of any tested drug may impact the fly fruit intake, potentially skewing experimental results. Therefore, our experiment will incorporate various stretches to mitigate these factors and enhance accuracy. Compared with video analysis based methods, our method offers high-throughput capabilities, reduce the cost, and simplify operation.So process of experimental data is also relatively straightforward, where the resulting graph visually represents the drug's effects.

Reserpine is a small-molecule inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which inhibits the reuptake of monoamines into presynaptic vesicles, leading to increased sleep33. The sleep-promoting effects of Reserpine were examined in 30-day-old flies, with the control group being fed solely with the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In the Reserpine group, older flies exhibited significantly increased sleep during both the day and night compared to the DMSO group. F...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Overcoming Challenges in Drosophila Sleep Measurement Using DAM System at JoVE.com

Presented is a protocol for high-throughput drug screening to improve sleep by monitoring the sleep behavior of fruit flies in an elderly Drosophila model.

Sleep, an essential component of health and overall well-being, often presents challenges for older individuals who frequently experience sleep disorders ...

high-throughput-small-molecule-drug-screening-for-age-related-sleep