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Method Article
结合单分散细胞和颗粒的惯性顺序降代,我们描述了一种方法封装在一个单一千赫率下降所需的细胞或颗粒数。我们证明效率两次超过无序封装的单粒子和双滴。
Microfluidic encapsulation methods have been previously utilized to capture cells in picoliter-scale aqueous, monodisperse drops, providing confinement from a bulk fluid environment with applications in high throughput screening, cytometry, and mass spectrometry. We describe a method to not only encapsulate single cells, but to repeatedly capture a set number of cells (here we demonstrate one- and two-cell encapsulation) to study both isolation and the interactions between cells in groups of controlled sizes. By combining drop generation techniques with cell and particle ordering, we demonstrate controlled encapsulation of cell-sized particles for efficient, continuous encapsulation. Using an aqueous particle suspension and immiscible fluorocarbon oil, we generate aqueous drops in oil with a flow focusing nozzle. The aqueous flow rate is sufficiently high to create ordering of particles which reach the nozzle at integer multiple frequencies of the drop generation frequency, encapsulating a controlled number of cells in each drop. For representative results, 9.9 μm polystyrene particles are used as cell surrogates. This study shows a single-particle encapsulation efficiency Pk=1 of 83.7% and a double-particle encapsulation efficiency Pk=2 of 79.5% as compared to their respective Poisson efficiencies of 39.3% and 33.3%, respectively. The effect of consistent cell and particle concentration is demonstrated to be of major importance for efficient encapsulation, and dripping to jetting transitions are also addressed.
Introduction
Continuous media aqueous cell suspensions share a common fluid environment which allows cells to interact in parallel and also homogenizes the effects of specific cells in measurements from the media. High-throughput encapsulation of cells into picoliter-scale drops confines the samples to protect drops from cross-contamination, enable a measure of cellular diversity within samples, prevent dilution of reagents and expressed biomarkers, and amplify signals from bioreactor products. Drops also provide the ability to re-merge drops into larger aqueous samples or with other drops for intercellular signaling studies.1,2 The reduction in dilution implies stronger detection signals for higher accuracy measurements as well as the ability to reduce potentially costly sample and reagent volumes.3 Encapsulation of cells in drops has been utilized to improve detection of protein expression,4 antibodies,5,6 enzymes,7 and metabolic activity8 for high throughput screening, and could be used to improve high throughput cytometry.9 Additional studies present applications in bio-electrospraying of cell containing drops for mass spectrometry10 and targeted surface cell coatings.11 Some applications, however, have been limited by the lack of ability to control the number of cells encapsulated in drops. Here we present a method of ordered encapsulation12 which increases the demonstrated encapsulation efficiencies for one and two cells and may be extrapolated for encapsulation of a larger number of cells.
To achieve monodisperse drop generation, microfluidic "flow focusing" enables the creation of controllable-size drops of one fluid (an aqueous cell mixture) within another (a continuous oil phase) by using a nozzle at which the streams converge.13 For a given nozzle geometry, the drop generation frequency f and drop size can be altered by adjusting oil and aqueous flow rates Qoil and Qaq. As the flow rates increase, the flows may transition from drop generation to unstable jetting of aqueous fluid from the nozzle.14
When the aqueous solution contains suspended particles, particles become encapsulated and isolated from one another at the nozzle. For drop generation using a randomly distributed aqueous cell suspension, the average fraction of drops Dk containing k cells is dictated by Poisson statistics, where Dk = λk exp(-λ)/(k!) and λ is the average number of cells per drop. The fraction of cells which end up in the "correctly" encapsulated drops is calculated using Pk = (k x Dk)/Σ(k' x Dk'). The subtle difference between the two metrics is that Dk relates to the utilization of aqueous fluid and the amount of drop sorting that must be completed following encapsulation, and Pk relates to the utilization of the cell sample. As an example, one could use a dilute cell suspension (low λ) to encapsulate drops where most drops containing cells would contain just one cell. While the efficiency metric Pk would be high, the majority of drops would be empty (low Dk), thus requiring a sorting mechanism to remove empty drops, also reducing throughput.15
Combining drop generation with inertial ordering provides the ability to encapsulate drops with more predictable numbers of cells per drop and higher throughputs than random encapsulation. Inertial focusing was first discovered by Segre and Silberberg16 and refers to the tendency of finite-sized particles to migrate to lateral equilibrium positions in channel flow. Inertial ordering refers to the tendency of the particles and cells to passively organize into equally spaced, staggered, constant velocity trains. Both focusing and ordering require sufficiently high flow rates (high Reynolds number) and particle sizes (high Particle Reynolds number).17,18 Here, the Reynolds number Re =uDh/ν and particle Reynolds number Rep =Re(a/Dh)2, where u is a characteristic flow velocity, Dh [=2wh/(w+h)] is the hydraulic diameter, ν is the kinematic viscosity, a is the particle diameter, w is the channel width, and h is the channel height. Empirically, the length required to achieve fully ordered trains decreases as Re and Rep increase. Note that the high Re and Rep requirements (for this study on the order of 5 and 0.5, respectively) may conflict with the need to keep aqueous flow rates low to avoid jetting at the drop generation nozzle. Additionally, high flow rates lead to higher shear stresses on cells, which are not addressed in this protocol. The previous ordered encapsulation study demonstrated that over 90% of singly encapsulated HL60 cells under similar flow conditions to those in this study maintained cell membrane integrity.12 However, the effect of the magnitude and time scales of shear stresses will need to be carefully considered when extrapolating to different cell types and flow parameters. The overlapping of the cell ordering, drop generation, and cell viability aqueous flow rate constraints provides an ideal operational regime for controlled encapsulation of single and multiple cells.
Because very few studies address inter-particle train spacing,19,20 determining the spacing is most easily done empirically and will depend on channel geometry, flow rate, particle size, and particle concentration. Nonetheless, the equal lateral spacing between trains implies that cells arrive at predictable, consistent time intervals. When drop generation occurs at the same rate at which ordered cells arrive at the nozzle, the cells become encapsulated within the drop in a controlled manner. This technique has been utilized to encapsulate single cells with throughputs on the order of 15 kHz,12 a significant improvement over previous studies reporting encapsulation rates on the order of 60-160 Hz.4,15 In the controlled encapsulation work, over 80% of drops contained one and only one cell, a significant efficiency improvement over Poisson (random) statistics, which predicts less than 40% efficiency on average.12
In previous controlled encapsulation work,12 the average number of particles per drop λ was tuned to provide single-cell encapsulation. We hypothesize that through tuning of flow rates, we can efficiently encapsulate any number of cells per drop when λ is equal or close to the number of desired cells per drop. While single-cell encapsulation is valuable in determining individual cell responses from stimuli, multiple-cell encapsulation provides information relating to the interaction of controlled numbers and types of cells. Here we present a protocol, representative results using polystyrene microspheres, and discussion for controlled encapsulation of multiple cells using a passive inertial ordering channel and drop generation nozzle.
本节中的协议描述了利用,特别是获得实验结果提出的材料和设备。需要注意的是可利用替代化学品和设备供应商。
1。设备制造和软光刻技术
标准软光刻技术,21日已在以前的朱庇特的文章特色的数字,22个用于创建聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)粘接到玻璃基板的微网络。除了从主副本SU-8光刻的模具制造,过程可能进行洁净室或洁净罩外;然而,尘埃和微粒仍然应该最小化,以达到一致的结果。
2。样品制备
3。实验装置
4。代表结果
结果,提出了实现同时控制单粒子和控制的双粒子封装( 图3)。通过削减FC-40在半油流率,单粒子封装成为两粒子封装。相反,我们可以增加水的流速,更迅速地提供颗粒的喷嘴,但我们也将增加喷射水流的风险。在图3的直方图提出该两宗案件的每一滴水颗粒小数,随着泊松统计的比较。零颗粒,偶尔滴,主要是由于“失踪”在有序的列车颗粒,而那里有从局部高颗粒浓度和颗粒有时朝两个垂直聚焦位置迁移的结果比预期的更封装颗粒的案件。请注意没有利用浮力匹配,如在第2节所述。相反,注射泵,身体倾斜,允许向注射器出口的粒子沉降,导致高浓度的运行过程中的颗粒。
说明需要适当的颗粒和细胞浓度的实验运行, 如图4所示。没有充分的顺序,颗粒秩序的本地化团体和封装,但很多滴,无颗粒。直方图显示所需的颗粒封装包封率下降。
图1。封装设备。 a)整体设备入口,出口和长期订购通道。设备高度为52μm和订购的通道宽度为27微米。 B)水和油入口有大的杂物过滤器订购通道宽度放大的进油口秩序的差距。三)扩大喷嘴视图显示等通道宽度由22微米的喷嘴,突然扩展到更宽的61微米通道收缩水和油的渠道,其次为27微米。请注意,这里显示设备的尺寸已经验证,使用后微细1轮廓,从面具的标称尺寸略有不同。订购通道和喷嘴的真实形象可在网上作为参考图1 。 AutoCAD的掩码文件也被列入网上这个手稿的补充。
图2。一个滴水喷射过渡使用更广泛的设备(高80μm宽×22微米)的迟滞。一)常数的FC-40流量(问油 = 45μL/分钟),采用水溶液流量 Q AQ = 8μL/ min的稳步下降的形成发生在10 kHz。由于水的流速缓慢上升到10Μ升/分钟,水流体流喷射触发。 b)当流量返回到8μL/ min的喷射持续。注意稳步下降形成简要暂停水流量泵(1秒的停顿是典型的),可以重新建立。
图3。单粒子和双封装。掉落的形成与每下降一个细胞()Q 油 = 60μL/分钟,问AQ = 9μL/分钟)下降了6.1 kHz的生成率,平均降幅大小24.4 PL,和ðK = 79.5%,P K = n个样本大小为83.7%(λ= 0.95)D = 517滴和N P = 491颗粒。 二)与两个细胞下降形成一种单细胞的采集效率每一滴水,实现简单的FC-40 流量 Q 石油减少30μ升/分钟。较大(39.8 PL)下降3.8千赫的速度形成两个细胞的采集效率ðķ= 71.5%,P K = 79.5%(λ= 1.80)为n 的样本大小= 383滴和 n P = 689粒子。CD)两个直方图比较下降封装颗粒效率D的定购单和双粒子与泊松统计(随机封装)封装ķ。请注意,这两种情况下,完全有序,交替颗粒在流动方向的粒子间距约17-18微米。补充视频显示单粒子和双封装可在网上点击这里查看补充电影3A 点击这里查看补充电影3B 。
图4。浓度的包封率有很大影响。A)随着浓度的降低,充分顺序不会发生,因此,“洞”在列车的出现,留下一些下降少于预期颗粒。 二)直方图显示的效率下降( ðķ= 55.9%,P K = 70.9%,为两粒子的封装,由于较低的λ值= 1.57那里有几乎同样多的单粒子下降,因为有双粒子滴)。这个数字结果从 Q 油 = 30μL/ min的和 Q AQ = 9μL/ min的相同流量条件下, 图3b。一位代表补充视频可在网上点击这里查看补充电影4 。
尽管订货度比较高,并非所有滴将包含适当数量的粒子或细胞。包封可以封装成为在滴除以他们的总人数所需占用的细胞或颗粒的数量计算。无论是从一个自动化的高速视频算法或从成像收集乳液样品,可以得到这些原始数据。这可以相比下降封装在一个包含k粒子和分数,将包含ķ颗粒含滴ðK粒子的P K的分数。从图3中 ,单和双颗粒封装效率优于随机包?...
乙脑是在这个手稿中使用的技术为基础的待批专利的发明者。
我们感谢飞雨技术,聚醚,聚乙二醇表面活性剂在这项研究中使用的样品,我们感谢微机电资源中心(穆罕默德·碳粉,主任),用于创建的PDMS通道副本硅片模具。
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
试剂名称 | 公司 | 目录编号 | 评论 |
AutoCAD的 | 欧特克 | ||
透明面具 | fineline成像公司 | ||
SU-8胶 | MicroChem | 2050 | |
dektak轮廓 | Veeco公司 | ||
培养皿 | 屋宇署猎鹰 | 351058 | |
硅橡胶硅橡胶套件 | 道康宁公司 | sylgard 184,材料编号(240)4019862 | |
真空干燥器 | jencons | 250-030 | |
真空泵 | 阿尔卡特高真空技术 | 2010的C2 | |
真空调节器 | 科尔 - 帕默 | EW-00910-10 | |
烤箱 | Thermo Scientific的 | 林德伯格蓝M,OV800F | |
活检冲床,0.75毫米 | 哈里斯 | 统一的核心15072 | |
实验室电晕处理机 | 电,工艺制品有限公司 | BD-20AC,12051A的SKU | |
载玻片 | 金印 | 3010 | |
aquapel | PPG工业公司 | 替代战略 | |
聚苯乙烯微球,9.9微米 | 热 | G1000的 | |
OptiPrep | Sigma-Aldrich公司 | D1556 | 没有表现出 |
鲁尔 - 乐注射器 | 屋宇署 | 1毫升:309628 3毫升:309585 | |
FC-40氟碳油 | 3M公司 | Sigma Aldrich公司,F9755 | |
聚醚 - 聚乙二醇含氟表面活性剂 | 飞雨技术 | ||
轻质矿物油 | 公共交通交汇处过程化学品 | 08042-47-5 | 替代战略 |
矿物油表面活性剂 | 赢创高施米特公司 | ABIL的EM 90 | 替代战略 |
聚乙烯聚氯乙烯管 | SmallParts | TGY-010 | |
30计鲁尔乐注射器针头,1/2“ | SmallParts | ñ-301PL-C的 | |
倒置显微镜 | 卡尔蔡司影像 | AXIO Observer.Z1 | |
高速摄影机 | 视觉研究 | 幻影V310 | |
注射泵(2) | chemyx公司 | NEXUS 3000 | |
硅油 | 道康宁 | 200液,10 CST | 乳化存储可选 |
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