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Method Article
Rapid fluctuations in extracellular dopamine (DA) mediate both reward processing and motivated behavior in mammals. This manuscript describes the combined use of fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and intra-oral tastant administration to determine how tastants alter rapid dopamine release in awake, freely moving rats.
Rapid, phasic dopamine (DA) release in the mammalian brain plays a critical role in reward processing, reinforcement learning, and motivational control. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical technique with high spatial and temporal (sub-second) resolution that has been utilized to examine phasic DA release in several types of preparations. In vitro experiments in single-cells and brain slices and in vivo experiments in anesthetized rodents have been used to identify mechanisms that mediate dopamine release and uptake under normal conditions and in disease models. Over the last 20 years, in vivo FSCV experiments in awake, freely moving rodents have also provided insight of dopaminergic mechanisms in reward processing and reward learning. One major advantage of the awake, freely moving preparation is the ability to examine rapid DA fluctuations that are time-locked to specific behavioral events or to reward or cue presentation. However, one limitation of combined behavior and voltammetry experiments is the difficulty of dissociating DA effects that are specific to primary rewarding or aversive stimuli from co-occurring DA fluctuations that mediate reward-directed or other motor behaviors. Here, we describe a combined method using in vivo FSCV and intra-oral infusion in an awake rat to directly investigate DA responses to oral tastants. In these experiments, oral tastants are infused directly to the palate of the rat – bypassing reward-directed behavior and voluntary drinking behavior – allowing for direct examination of DA responses to tastant stimuli.
Phasic DA release plays an important role in mediating reward-directed behavior [1-3]. However, isolating and studying how a primary reward alters phasic DA release is often complicated by co-occurring behavioral or cognitive processes that are also capable of altering phasic DA release - such as decision making processes or reward-directed motor behavior to acquire the reward. In the current work, we isolate phasic DA responses to tastants through the use of in vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) combined with tastant delivery through intraoral cannulae. This technique bypasses choice and action and allows us to examine extracellular DA release during direct infusion of a tastant to the palate of a rat.
FSCV is an electrochemical technique with high temporal and spatial resolution, permitting measurements of DA release in a discrete local area (approximately 100 µm) on a sub-second scale (10 Hz resolution). The combination of intra-oral delivery and FSCV provides the advantage of observing rapid, 'real-time' DA responses to a tastant, which cannot be examined using conventional microdialysis methods. Furthermore, phasic DA release in response to either rewards or reward-associated cues occurs at concentrations between 20-100 nM, which is above the 10-20 nM detection threshold for FSCV [4]. The high spatial resolution of FSCV also permits recording from sub-regions of small brain areas, such as the nucleus accumbens core (NAc). Thus, FSCV combined with intraoral infusions of tastants is an ideal model for studying how tastants or other stimuli alter phasic DA release in an awake, behaving animals. Indeed, these techniques have permitted experiments investigating how rewarding and aversive tastants alter extracellular DA release [5].
Over the last decade, FSCV analyses have been successfully combined with intravenous drug delivery [6] and rat self-administration paradigms [7, 8] to identify the role of phasic DA mechanisms in drug addiction models. In addition, combined intraoral delivery with FSCV has been used to examine how tastant cues paired with cocaine availability modulate phasic DA release and behavioral responses that reflect emotional affect [3]. This combined intraoral and FSCV methodology can also be powerfully utilized to examine phasic DA responses to flavorants, such as menthol and oral sweeteners, that are added to cigarettes and dissolvable tobacco products [9-11]. Although many of the flavorants added to tobacco products are appetitive [9-11], it is unknown if these flavorants increase phasic DA release in a manner consistent with a rewarding hedonic valence. Indeed, flavorants added to cigarettes and to dissolvable tobacco products may have direct effects on the DA reward system and may act through dopaminergic mechanisms to influence the rewarding valence of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Thus, intraoral delivery combined with FSCV can provide new understanding on how flavorants modulate rapid DA release. The use of combined intra-oral and in vivo FSCV methodology, and the data obtained from such studies, can also facilitate future studies to determine how flavorants and nicotine interact to alter DA signaling and to potentially modulate nicotine reinforcement. Further, the data gained from such studies can be used to inform regulatory decisions about tobacco product flavorants.
所有的实验都是根据健康(NIH)指南实验动物的护理和使用全国学院进行,并批准了耶鲁大学机构动物护理和使用委员会(IACUC)。
1)预手术的准备
2)联合口内手术和颅内手术插管(约75分钟)
3)伏安录音清醒,自由移动鼠
4)电极校准
5)数据分析
FSCV结合口内导管植入用于研究如何蔗糖,食欲一个呈味物质,调节阶段性多巴胺释放在伏隔核。前促味剂输注,电刺激(150微安,60赫兹,24个脉冲;由红色条表示)VTA中的产生健壮增加相位DA释放在伏隔核( 图1)图1示出一个彩色图上的潜力。 y轴,时间上的x轴,和电流(表示为伪色)上的z轴。下面的颜色情节DA浓度随时间变化的痕迹。浓度随时间的变化,使用的电流随时间跟踪在?...
口腔内促味剂递送结合FSCV允许"实时"DA响应口服食用香料分析。但是也有一些需要成功的DA测量在协议三个关键步骤。首先,在口服导管的适当的注入是用于递送香味剂是至关重要的。确保导管插入第一磨牙后面和楔入就位防止导管从失去通畅,并防止意外删除由动物。在恢复后最初几天冲洗导管也很重要,因为在第一2或3天给予动物软食手术后会阻塞导管。第二,电极的质量提高信噪比以可自由?...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Research reported in this publication was supported by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (RJW) and by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health and FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) under Award Number P50DA036151(EJN and NAA). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of the National Institutes of Health.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Stimulating electrode | PlasticsOne | MS303/2-A/SPC | when ordering, request a 22 mm cut below pedestal |
Cannula for electrode | BioAnalytical Systems | MD-2251 | |
Glass capillary | A-M systems | 624503 | |
Carbon fiber | Thornel | T650 | |
Electrode puller | Narishige International | PE-22 | |
Neurolog stimulus isolator | ![]() | DS4 | |
Heat shrink | 3M | FP-301 | |
Insulated wires for electrodes | Squires electronics | Custom | L 3.000 x 1.000s x 1.000s UL1423 30/1 BLU |
Micromanipulator | Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, Engineering Machine Shop | ||
Epoxy | ITW Devcon | 14250 | "5 minute epoxy" |
Copolymer of perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7octene-sulfonic acid and tetrafluoroethylene | Ion Power | LQ-1105 | i.e., Nafion |
Silver paint | GC Electronics | 22-023 | |
Power supply | BK Precision | 9110 | |
Tubing for intra-oral catheters | Intramedic | 427426 | PE 100, I.D. = 0.86 mm; O.D. = 1.52 mm |
Tubing for intra-oral infusion | Fischer Scientific | 02-587-1A | I.D. 1/32"; O.D. 3/32" |
Syringe pump for flow cell | Pump Systems Inc. | NE 1000 | |
Surgical cement | Dentsply Caulk | 675571 and 675572 | |
Air actuator | VICI | A60 | 6 position digital valve interface |
Digital valve interface | VICI | DVI | 230 VAC |
Quad headstage | Univ. of N. Carolina, Electronics Facility | ||
UEI power supply | Univ. of N. Carolina, Electronics Facility | ||
UEI breakout box | Univ. of N. Carolina, Electronics Facility | ||
Power supply for tastant syringe pump | Med Associates | SG-504 | |
Tastant syringe pump | Med Associates | PHM-107 | |
Tungsten microelectrode | MicroProbes | WE30030.5A3 | |
Silver wire reference with AgCl | InVivo Metric | E255A | |
Sucrose | Sigma | 80497 | |
Magnesium chloride | Sigma | M8266 | |
Sodium chlroide | Sigma | S7653 | |
Perchloric acid | Sigma | 244252 | |
Hydrochloric acid (4 M) | Sigma | 54435 | |
Soidum hydroxide | Sigma | 306576 | |
Hydrogen peroxide | Sigma | H1009 | |
Dopamine hydrochloride | Sigma | H8502 | |
TarHeel HDCV Software | University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill | Must request software: click here for link to software request page |
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