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In This Article

  • Summary
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Protocol
  • Representative Results
  • Discussion
  • Disclosures
  • Acknowledgements
  • Materials
  • References
  • Reprints and Permissions

Summary

本研究提出了进行性冠状动脉狭窄导致的慢性心肌缺血的外科猪模型,导致心脏功能受损而无梗死。缺血后,动物接受非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术,心外膜放置干细胞来源的富含外泌体的胶原蛋白贴片。这种辅助治疗可改善心肌功能和恢复。

Abstract

进行性冠状动脉狭窄导致的慢性心肌缺血导致冬眠心肌 (HIB),HIB 定义为通过降低代谢活动来适应氧气供应减少的心肌,从而防止不可逆的心肌细胞损伤和梗死。这与心肌梗死不同,因为 HIB 具有通过血运重建恢复的潜力。患有严重冠状动脉疾病 (CAD) 的患者会出现慢性缺血,这使他们面临心力衰竭和猝死的风险。重度冠状动脉旁路移植手术 (CABG) 是重度冠状动脉旁路移植手术 (CABG),但它已被证明是一种不完美的治疗方法,但尚无辅助疗法来恢复适应慢性缺血的肌细胞。 为了解决这一差距,使用适合 CABG 并模拟临床场景的猪 HIB 手术模型。该模型涉及两次手术。第一次手术涉及在左前降支 (LAD) 上植入 1.5 mm 的刚性收缩器。随着动物的生长,蟒蛇逐渐引起明显的狭窄,导致区域收缩功能下降。一旦狭窄达到 80%,心肌血流和功能就会受损,从而产生 HIB。然后使用左乳内动脉 (LIMA) 进行非体外循环 CABG,以使缺血区域血运重建。动物恢复一个月,以便在牺牲前获得最佳的心肌改善。这允许对不同的治疗组进行生理和组织研究。该动物模型表明,尽管进行了 CABG,但心脏功能仍然受损,这表明需要新的辅助干预。在这项研究中,开发了一种嵌入间充质干细胞 (MSC) 衍生外泌体的胶原贴片,该贴片可以通过手术应用于 LIMA 吻合口远端的心外膜表面。该材料符合心外膜,可吸收,并为信号因子的持续释放提供支架。这种再生疗法可以刺激心肌恢复,而仅对血运重建没有反应。该模型通过提供有关 HIB 恢复的生理和机制探索手段,转化为临床领域。

Introduction

在全球范围内,重症冠状动脉疾病影响超过一亿患者,尽管死亡率有所下降,但它仍然是导致死亡的主要原因之一1,2。冠状动脉疾病的临床范围很广,从心肌梗死 (MI) 到缺血,但仍能存活。大多数临床前研究都集中在心肌梗死上,其特征是存在梗死组织,因为可以在小型和大型动物模型中进行研究。然而,该模型并不能解决保留活力和适合血运重建的患者。大多数接受 CABG 的患者血液供应减少和功能受限,同时保持收缩储备和活力的可变性 3.如果不进行治疗,这些患者可能会进展为晚期心力衰竭和猝死,尤其是在工作量增加的情况下 4.在这些患者中,冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG) 是一种有效的治疗方法,但可能无法完全恢复功能5。重要的是,舒张功能障碍是较差临床结果的标志,在血运重建后无法恢复,这表明在 CABG 6,7 期间需要新的辅助治疗。目前,尚无临床上可用的辅助干预措施与 CABG 一起使用,以将心肌细胞恢复到全部功能能力。这是一个重大的治疗差距,因为尽管进行了适当的血运重建,但许多患者仍会发展为晚期心力衰竭8

Protocol

明尼阿波利斯退伍军人医疗中心和明尼苏达大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会(IACUC)已经批准了所有的动物研究。遵循了美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)关于使用和护理实验动物的现行指南。

1. 间充质干细胞的分离及外泌体的制备和表征

  1. 骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的分离
    1. 从 20 周龄雌性约克郡长白猪的胸骨或胫骨获取 30-50 mL 无菌骨髓。为此,将 25 mm 15G 骨间针插入胸骨或胫骨,并将样本吸入装有 10 mL 肝素的 60 mL 注射器中。
      注意:有关骨髓收集的更多详细信息,请参阅Pittenger等人和Hocum-Stone等人12,16
    2. 简而言之,将骨髓标本通过含有肝素的Vacutainer CPT管以1800×g的速度持续30分钟。
    3. 去除含有单核细胞的血沉棕黄层,并用Hank的平衡盐溶液洗涤。通过离心沉淀单核细胞并重悬于生长培养基(10%胎牛血清[FBS])中。
    4. 将单核细胞转移到细胞培养瓶中进行贴壁生长。通过其贴壁性将MSC从单核部分中分离出来。
    5. 在24小时内洗涤所有非MSC,在组织培养瓶中留下单层MSC。通过流式细胞术确认 MSC 表型,确保 CD45(造血标志物)呈阴....

Representative Results

血运重建后,进行冠状动脉造影以评估LAD狭窄(大于80%)和LIMA-LAD移植物的通畅性(图1)。血运重建手术和放置富含外泌体的胶原蛋白贴片 4 周后,使用低剂量多巴酚丁胺输注以 5μg/kg/min 的速度进行心脏 MRI 以评估心脏在静息和压力下的收缩和舒张功能。通过测量壁厚百分比(收缩期末壁厚 - 舒张期末壁厚)来分析收缩功能。通过测量舒张末期容量的峰值充盈率(PFR/EDV;

Discussion

本研究提出了第一个慢性缺血性心肌的猪模型,其中表明,在手术血运重建期间,用 MSC 衍生的外泌体负载胶原蛋白贴片治疗可在正性肌力刺激下恢复舒张和收缩功能,可能通过靶向线粒体恢复。先前,研究表明,在HIB的大型动物模型中,通过心脏MRI测量的舒张和收缩功能仍然受损,并且仅随着血运重建而略有改善,而没有完全恢复6,19。尽管左心室射?.......

Disclosures

作者没有什么可透露的。

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了美国 (U.S.) 的 VA Merit Review #I01 BX000760 (RFK) 的支持。退伍军人事务部 BLR&D 和美国退伍军人事务部拨款 #I01 BX004146 (TAB)。我们也非常感谢明尼苏达大学利勒海心脏研究所的支持。本作品内容不代表美国政府退伍军人事务部的观点。

....

Materials

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
5 EthibondEthiconMG46GSuture
# 40 clipper bladeOster078919-016-701Remove hair from surgery sites
0 VicrylEthiconJ208HSuture
1 mL SyringeMedtronic/Covidien1188100777Administer injectable agents
1" medical tapeMedlineMMM15271ZSecure wound dressing and IV catheters
1000mL 0.9% Sodium chlorideBaxter2B1324XIV replacement fluid
12 mL SyringeMedtronic/Covidien8881512878Administer injectable agents
18 ga needlesBD305185Administration of injectable agents
20 ga needlesBD305175Administration of injectable agents
20 mL SyringeMedtronic/Covidien8881520657Administer injectable agents
2-0 VicrylEthiconJ317HSuture
250 mL 0.9% salineBaxter UE1322DReplacement IV Fluid
3 mL SyingeMedtronic/Covidien1180300555Administer injectable agents
3-0 VicrylEthiconVCP824GSuture
36” Pressure monitoring tubingSmith’s MedicalMX563Connect art. Line  to transducer
4.0 mm ID endotracheal tubeMedlineDYND43040Establish airway for Hibernation
4-0 Tevdek II StrandsDeknatel7-922Suture to secure constrictor around LAD
48” Pressure monitoring tubingSmith’s MedicalMX564Connect art. Line  to transducer
500mL 0.9% Sodium chlorideBaxter2B1323QDrug delivery, Provide mist for Blower Mister
6  mL SyringeMedtronic/Covidien1180600777Administer injectable agents
6.0 mm ID endotracheal tubeMallinckrodt86049Establish airway for Revasc,MRI and Termination
6.5 mm ID endotracheal tubeMedlineDYND43065Establish airway for Revasc,MRI and Termination
6” pressure tubing lineSmith’s MedicalMX560Collect bone marrow
60 mL SyringeMedtronic/Covidien8881560125Administer injectable agents
7.0 mm ID endotracheal tubeMedlineDYND43070Establish airway for Revasc,MRI and Termination
7-0 ProleneEthiconM8702Suture
Advanced DMEM (1X)ThermoFisher Scientific12491023
Alcohol Prep padsMedSourceMS-17402Skin disinfectant
Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter UnitMillipore SigmaUFC910024
Anesthesia MachineDragerFabious Triomaintains general anesthesia
Anesthesia Machine + ventilatorDRE Drager- Fabius TiroDRE0603FTDeliver Oxygen and inhalant to patient
Anesthesia MonitorPhillips  IntellivueMP70Multiparameter for patient safety
Arterial Line KitArrowASK-04510-HFFemoral catheter for blood pressure monitoring
Artificial TearsRugby0536-1086-91Lubricate eyes to prevent corneal drying
Bair Hugger3MModel 505Patient Warming system
Basic packMedlineDYNJP1000Sterile drapes and table cover
Blood Collection Tubes- green topFisher Scientific02-689-7Collect microsphere blood samples
Blower Mister KitMedtronic/Covidien22120Clears surgical field for vessel anastomosis
BODIPY TR CeramideThermoFisher ScientificD7540
Bone marrow needle- 25mm 15 ga IO needleVidacare9001-VC-005Collect bone marrow
Bone WaxMedlineETHW31GHemostasis of cut bone
Bovie Cautery hand pieceCovidienE2516Hemostasis
BupivicainePfizer00409-1161-01Local Anesthetic
Buprenorphine 0.3 mg/mLSigma AldrichB9275Pre operative Analgesic for survivial procedures
Cell ScrapersCorning353085
Cephazolin 1 grPfizer00409-0805-01Antibiotic
Chest TubeCovidien8888561043Evacuates air from chest cavity
CloroprepBecton Dickenson260815Surgical skin prep
Corning bottle-top vacuum Filter System (500mL)Millipore Sigma430758
CPT tubeBD362753MSC isolation from bone marrow
Delrin ConstrictorU of MNCustom madeCreates stenosis of LAD
DermabondEthiconDNX12Skin adhesive
DMEM (1X) Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, HEPESThermoFisher Scientific12430062
Dobutamine 12.5 mg/mLPfizer00409-2344-01Increases blood pressure and heart rate during the second microsphere blood collection
ECG PadsDRE1496Monitor heart rhythm
Exosome-Depleted FBSThermoFisher ScientificA2720801
Falcon Disposable Polystyrene Serological Pipets, Sterile, 10mLFisher Scientific13-675-20
Femoral and carotid introducerCordis- J&J504606Pfemoral and carotis cannulas
Fetal Bovine Serum, Heat Inactivated, Gibco FBSThermoFisher Scientific16140089
Flo-thru 1.0BaxterFT-12100used to anastomos LIMA to L
Flo-thru 1.25BaxterFT-12125FT-12125
Flo-thru 1.5BaxterFT-12150FT-12150
Flo-thru 2.0BaxterFT-12200FT-12200
GlutaMAX SupplementThermoFisher Scientific35050061
Hair ClipperOster078566-011-002Remove hair from surgery sites
Helistat collagen spongeMcKesson570973 1690ZZSponge for embedding exosomes
HeparinPfizer 0409-2720-03anticoaggulant
Histology JarsFisher Scientific316-154Formalin for tissue samples
HyClone Characterized Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)CytivaSH30071.03
HypafixBSN Medical4210Secure wound dressing and IV catheters
IsofluraneSigma AldrichCDS019936General Anesthestic- Inhalant
IV Tubing for Blower MisterCarefusion42493EAdapts to IV Fluids for Blower/Mister
Jelco 18 ga IV catheterSmiths medical4054IV access in Revasc, MRI and Term
Lidocaine 2%Pfizer00409-4277-01Local Anesthetic/ antiarrthymic
LigaclipsEthiconMSC20Surgical Staples for LIMA takedown
Long blade for laryngoscopeDRE12521Allows for visualization of trachea for intubation
Meloxicam 5 mg/mLBoehringer Ingelheim141-219Post operative Analgesic
Microsphere pumpCollect blood samples from femoral introducer
Monopolar CauteryCovidienValleylab™ FT10Hemostasis
Nanosight NS 300Malvern PanalyticalMAN0541-03-EN
NTA 3.1.54 softwareMalvern PanalyticalMAN0520-01-EN-00
OPVAC Synergy IITerumo Cardiovascular System401-230Heart positioner and Stabilizer
Oxygen Tank E cylindervariousvariousUsed for Blower Mister if anesthesia machine doesn't have auxiliary flow meter
PBS, pH 7.2ThermoFisher Scientific20012050
Penicillin-Streptomycin-Neomycin (PSN) Antibiotic MixtureThermoFisher Scientific15640055
Pigtail 145 catheter 6 FrenchBoston Scientific08641-41Measure LV pressures
Pressure TransducervariousMust adapt to anesthesia monitorMonitor direct arterial pressures
PropofolDiprivan269-29Induction agent
RoncuroniumMylan67457-228-05Neuromuscular blocking agent
SR Buprenorphine 10 mg/mLAbbott LabsNADA 141-434Post operative Analgesic
Sterile Saline 20 mLFisher Scientific20T700220Flush for IV catheters
Sternal Saw/ Necropsy SawThermo Fisher812822Used to open chest cavity
Stop CocksSmith MedicalMX5311L2 to connect to pig tail
Succinylcholine 20 mg/mLPfizer00409-6629-02Neuromuscular blocking agent
Suction  tubingMedlineDYND50223
Suction ContainerMedlineDYNDCL03000
Surgery pack with chest retractorvariousSee pack listFemoral cut down and median sternotomy
Surgical InstrumentsvariousSee pack listFemoral and carotid cutdowns and sternotomy
Surgical Spring ClipApplied MedicalA1801Clamp end of LIMA after takedown
Syringe pumpHarvardDelivers IV Dobutamine infusion
SYTO RNASelect Green Fluorescent cell Stain - 5 mM Solution in DMSOMillipore SigmaS32703
Telazol 100 mg/mLFort Dodge01L60030Pre operative Sedative
Telpha padCovidien2132Sterile wound dressing
TimerTime collection of blood samples
Total Exosome Isolation Reagent (from cell culture media)ThermoFisher Scientific4478359
TPP Tissue Culture Flask, T75, Filter Cap w/ 0.22uM PTFEThermoFisher ScientificTP90076
Triple Antibiotic OintmentJohnson & Johnson23734Topical over wound
Vicryl meshEthiconVKMLPatch for epicardial cell application
VortexMix microspheres
Xylazine 100 mg/mLVedco468RXPre operative Sedative/ analgesic

References

  1. Dai, H., et al. Global, regional, and burden of ischaemic heart disease and its attributable risk factors, 1990-2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. European heart journal. Quality of care & clinical outcomes. 8 (1), 50-60 (2022).
  2. Tsao, C. W., et al.

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