Establishing a Physiologic Human Vascularized Micro-Tumor Model for Cancer Research

Summary

This protocol presents a physiologically relevant tumor-on-a-chip model to perform high-throughput basic and translational human cancer research, advancing drug screening, disease modeling, and personalized medicine approaches with a description of loading, maintenance, and evaluation procedures.

Abstract

A lack of validated cancer models that recapitulate the tumor microenvironment of solid cancers in vitro remains a significant bottleneck for preclinical cancer research and therapeutic development. To overcome this problem, we have developed the vascularized microtumor (VMT), or tumor chip, a microphysiological system that realistically models the complex human tumor microenvironment. The VMT forms de novo within a microfluidic platform by co-culture of multiple human cell types under dynamic, physiological flow conditions. This tissue-engineered micro-tumor construct incorporates a living perfused vascular network that supports the growing tumor mass just as newly formed vessels do in vivo. Importantly, drugs and immune cells must cross the endothelial layer to reach the tumor, modeling in vivo physiological barriers to therapeutic delivery and efficacy. Since the VMT platform is optically transparent, high-resolution imaging of dynamic processes such as immune cell extravasation and metastasis can be achieved with direct visualization of fluorescently labeled cells within the tissue. Further, the VMT retains in vivo tumor heterogeneity, gene expression signatures, and drug responses. Virtually any tumor type can be adapted to the platform, and primary cells from fresh surgical tissues grow and respond to drug treatment in the VMT, paving the way toward truly personalized medicine. Here, the methods for establishing the VMT and utilizing it for oncology research are outlined. This innovative approach opens new possibilities for studying tumors and drug responses, providing researchers with a powerful tool to advance cancer research.

Introduction

Cancer remains a major health concern worldwide and is the second leading cause of death in the United States. For the year 2023 alone, the National Center for Health Statistics anticipates more than 1.9 million new cancer cases and over 600,000 cancer deaths occurring in the US¹, highlighting the urgent need for effective treatment approaches. However, currently, only 5.1% of anti-cancer therapeutics entering clinical trials ultimately gain FDA approval. Failure of promising candidates to successfully progress through clinical trials can be partially attributed to the use of non-physiological model systems, such as 2D and spheroid cultures, du....

Protocol

1. Design and fabrication

1. Device design
   1. For microfluidic device fabrication, create an SU-8 mold using a 200 µm layer of SU-8 spin-coated onto a Si-wafer (RCA-1 cleaned and 2% hydrogen fluoride (HF) treated), followed by a single mask photolithography step as described previously^8,9.
   2. Cast a 4 mm thick polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replica from the SU-8 mold to generate a durable polyurethane mold for downstre.......

Discussion

Nearly every tissue in the body receives nutrients and oxygen through the vasculature, making it a critical component for realistic disease modeling and drug screening in vitro. Moreover, several malignancies and disease states are defined by vascular endothelial dysfunction and hyperpermeability³. Notably, in cancer, tumor-associated vasculature is often ill-perfused, disrupted, and leaky, thus acting as a barrier to therapeutic and immune cell delivery to the tumor. Furthermore, vascula.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Fabrication
(3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane, 95%	Sigma-Aldrich	175617-100G
Greiner Bio-One μClear Bottom 96-well Polystyrene Microplates	Greiner Bio-One	655096
Methanol ≥99.8% ACS	VWR Chemicals BDH	BDH1135-1LP
MILTEX Sterile Disposable Biopsy Punch with Plunger, 1mm diameter,	Integra Miltex	33-31AA-P/25
PDMS membrane	PAX Industries	HT-6240
Plasma Cleaner PDC-001	Harrick Plasma	N/A
Smooth-Cast 385	Smooth-On	N/A
SP Bel-Art Lab Companion Clear Polycarbonate Cabinet Style Vacuum Desiccator	Bel-Art	F42400-4031
Standard Lids with Condensation Rings, 96-well plate	VWR	82050-827
SYLGARD 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit (PDMS)	Dow	4019862
Cell culture/Loading
BioTek Lionheart FX Automated Microscope	Agilent	CYT5MFAW
CELLvo Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells	StemBioSys	N/A
Collagen I, rat tail	Enzo Life Sciences
Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum (type 4)	Sigma-Aldrich	C5138
Corning Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution, 1X without calcium and magnesium	Corning	21-021-CV
Corning DMEM with L-Glutamine, 4.5g/L Glucose and Sodium Pyruvate	Corning	10013CV
DAPI	Sigma-Aldrich	D9542
DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium	Gibco	14190144
EGM-2 Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 BulletKit	Lonza	CC-3162
Fibrinogen from bovine plasma	Neta Scientific	SIAL-341573
Fibronectin human plasma	Sigma-Aldrich	F0895
Fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran (70kDa)	Sigma-Aldrich	FD70S-1G
Gelatin from porcine skin	Sigma-Aldrich	G1890
Hyaluronidase from sheep testes (type 4)	Sigma-Aldrich	H6254
Laminin Mouse Protein	Gibco	23017015
Leica TCS SP8	Leica	N/A
MDA-MB-231	ATCC	HTB-26
NHLF – Normal Human Lung Fibroblasts	Lonza	CC-2512
Nikon Eclipse Ti	Nikon	N/A
Paraformaldehyde 4% in 0.1M Phosphate BufferSaline, pH 7.4	Electron Microscopy Sciences	15735-90-1L
PBMCs - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells	Lonza	CC-2702
PBS, pH 7.4	Gibco	10010049
Premium Grade Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Heat Inactivated	Avantor Seradigm	97068-091
ProLong Gold Antifade Mountant	Invitrogen	P10144
Quick-RNA Microprep Kit	Zymo Research	R1051
Thrombin from bovine plasma	Sigma-Aldrich	T4648
Triton X-100 (Electrophoresis),	Fisher BioReagents	BP151-100
TrypLE Express Enzyme (1X), phenol red	Gibco	12605028
Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red	Gibco	25300062
Vasculife	Lifeline Cell Technology	LL-0003