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本文内容

  • 摘要
  • 摘要
  • 引言
  • 研究方案
  • 结果
  • 讨论
  • 披露声明
  • 致谢
  • 材料
  • 参考文献
  • 转载和许可

摘要

超极化氙 MRI 可以量化转化研究和临床护理中的区域肺微观结构(气腔尺寸)和生理学(通气和气体交换)。尽管具有挑战性,但它可以在临床前研究中提供类似的肺部见解。该协议描述了在小鼠中执行常规氙肺 MRI 所需的基础设施和程序。

摘要

超极化 (HP) 氙 129 (129Xe) 是一种吸入式磁共振成像 (MRI) 造影剂,具有独特的光谱和物理特性,可用于量化肺生理学,包括通气、限制扩散(肺泡空腔大小)和气体交换。在人类中,它已被用于评估各种肺部疾病的疾病严重程度和进展,并在美国和英国被批准用于临床。除了临床应用之外, 129Xe MRI 无创评估肺部病理生理学并提供空间分辨信息的能力对于临床前研究也很有价值。在动物模型中,由于转基因疾病模型的可及性,小鼠使用最广泛。在这里, 129Xe MRI 作为一种微创、无辐射且敏感的技术很有前途,可用于纵向监测肺部疾病进展和治疗反应(例如,在药物发现中)。该技术可以通过结合 MRI 触发的自由呼吸装置或机械呼吸机来输送气体,从而扩展到临床前应用。在这里,我们描述了步骤并提供清单,以确保可靠的数据收集和分析,包括创建用于质量控制的热极化氙气模型、优化极化、动物处理(镇静、插管、通气和小鼠护理)以及通气、限制扩散和气体交换数据的方案。虽然临床前 129Xe MRI 可以应用于各种动物模型(例如,大鼠、猪、羊),但由于小鼠的小解剖结构带来的挑战,该协议侧重于小鼠,这与它们的可负担性和许多疾病模型的可用性相平衡。

引言

虽然肺部疾病仍然是全球发病率和死亡率的主要原因1,但在过去十年中,患者的预后有了显著改善。这些改进部分是由两个因素推动的。首先,III 期临床试验现在将肺功能的变化作为终点而不是死亡率,从而加速了药物试验 2,3,4,5。其次,改进的动物模型的进步为疾病机制提供了见解,并有助于治疗的发展 6,7。小鼠模型通常受到转化研究的青睐,因为它们具有与人类的生理相似性、可负担性和疾病发展速度快。基因工程扩大了可用模型的范围和质量,国际小鼠品系资源现在拥有超过 32,000 种小鼠品系8,而只有 4,218 种大鼠品系(大鼠基因组数据库9)。这些模型为研究一系列肺部疾病的机制驱动因素和治疗反应开辟了新途径,包括慢性阻塞性肺病 (COPD) 10、囊性纤维化 (CF)11、....

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研究方案

此处描述的所有方法均已获得辛辛那提儿童医院医疗中心的机构动物护理和使用委员会 (IACUC) 的批准。

1. 初步场地准备

  1. 创建并测试热极化 129Xe 气体模型(图 3)。
    1. 获得一个硼硅酸盐玻璃容器 (~60 mL)、一个带前密封 O 形圈的柱塞阀和一个研磨的硼硅酸盐玻璃杆,所有容器的额定压力均高达 150 psig。确保没有磁性部件。将压缩接头连接到玻璃杆上。拧紧以产生气密密封。
    2. 根据 图 3A 将容器连接到真空泵和储氧罐。将容器真空至绝对压力小于 100 mTorr。
    3. 将氧气填充到容器中至 1.5 个大气压的压力,以将 129Xe T1 从 > 30 分钟降低到 ~2 s(在 7 T 磁场强度下;对于 9.4 T 扫描仪,请使用 1.6 atm 氧气)。海豹船。
      注意:对于更高的场强,需要稍高的氧分压才能达到 T1≤ 2 s84
    4. 用 400 mL 富含同位素的氙 (85% 129X....

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结果

通风图片

如果正确实施动物准备和通气程序,3D 径向成像可以在吸气或呼气时进行数据采集时成功捕获通气模式(图 7)。虽然这些图像是通过多次呼吸收集的,但此处描述的方法类似于人类使用的单次呼吸成像方法。这是因为 k 空间的所有线都是在呼吸周期的特定时间收集的(例如,都在吸气结束时),累积创建.......

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讨论

超极化 129Xe MRI 正在成为一种复杂而强大的技术,用于研究小动物模型中的肺微观结构和功能。该协议旨在指导初始站点准备,并描述使用 HP 129Xe 量化小鼠肺部通气、扩散和气体交换所需的实验程序。实验的关键先决条件包括建立 129Xe 气体模型并确保将高气体极化输送到动物。后者需要仔细规划极化参数,减轻气体运输过程中的极化损耗(例如?.......

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披露声明

Peter Niedbalski 是 Polarean Imaging, Plc 的顾问。

致谢

作者对 Jerry Dalke 成为呼吸机制造的指路明灯表示衷心的感谢。我们要感谢 Carter McMaster 酿造 HP 129Xe 气体。我们还要感谢 Matthew Willmering 博士和 Juan Parra-Robles 博士进行的发人深省的科学讨论。使用 BioRender.com 创建的图窗。这项工作由美国国立卫生研究院资助(资助号:NHLBI R01HL143011,R01HL151588)

....

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材料

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
1 mL syringefisher scientificCatalog No.14-955-464https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sterile-syringes-single-use-12/14955464
10 mL graduated cylinderCole-Parmer UX-34502-69https://www.coleparmer.com/i/cole-parmer-essentials-graduated-cylinder-glass-hexagonal-base-10-ml-2-pk/3450269?PubID=UX&persist=true&ip=no&
gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAi
A6KWvBhAREiwAFPZM7h3do
-ssjascARuVviKd7V7kC5ztdIB6
_70DnMr-K3qk9RKeJ7-IrhoCeT
0QAvD_BwE
18 G - veinous PFTE catheters (nonsterile)Terumo SurfloSROX1832CAhttps://www.shopmedvet.com/product/iv-catheter-18-x-1-25inch?r=GSS17&p=GSS17&utm_source=
google&utm_medium=google_
shopping&gad_source=1&gclid=
CjwKCAiA0bWvBhBjEiwAtEsoW
4oTvZkAgWQCda6ocVtQlulVrG
2536FNbu5soMVSFN8xK_g1Uh
pXIRoCGwoQAvD_BwE
20 G - veinous PFTE catheters (nonsterile)Terumo SurfloSROX2051CAhttps://www.shopmedvet.com/product/iv-catheter-20-x-2inch?r=GSS17&p=GSS17&utm_source
=google&utm_medium=google_
shopping&gad_source=1&gclid=
CjwKCAiA0bWvBhBjEiwAtEsoW
87ggCkgToD_XF_UgpQBTpmN
dgSNfCml6TkDKlW8k27Dq_daR
itPuhoCnBQQAvD_BwE
22 G - veinous PFTE catheters (nonsterile)Terumo SurfloSROX2225CAhttps://www.shopmedvet.com/product/iv-catheter-22-x-1inch?r=GSS17&p=GSS17&utm_source=
google&utm_medium=google_
shopping&gad_source=1&gclid
=CjwKCAiA0bWvBhBjEiwAtEso
W9IM6mpee6m7e-lBfR8dZhSN
KYbMUs7qgEU4gYCRTW_rJAs
W_lGkthoCm30QAvD_BwE
400 mL tedlar bagsJensen Inert ProductsGST-001S-3507TJCNA
60 mL syringefisher scientificCatalog No.14-955-461https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sterile-syringes-single-use-12/14955461
70% alcoholCole-ParmerUX-80024-34https://www.coleparmer.com/i/labchem-isopropyl-alcohol-70-v-v-500-ml/8002434?PubID=UX&persist=true&ip=
no&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKC
AiA6KWvBhAREiwAFPZM7gGh
p8g7MBHBBKadaRCAwfEMgV
gna5fhYRsuXIuqoqOiToCC4fem
nhoCGMEQAvD_BwE
Dewar for liquid nitrogenTerra Universal4LDBhttps://www.laboratory-equipment.com/tw-4ldb-liquid-nitrogen-dewar-ic-biomedical.html?srsltid=AfmBOooxwMtOA1Z2TweR
P8V5Iy5EvYT3alZuzoiY
3UF3Ib9RgFnDxVTfWP0
Eye lubricantRefresh REFRESH P.M.https://www.refreshbrand.com/Products/refresh-pm
Fiber optic lightAmScopeHL250-AYhttps://amscope.com/products/hl250-ay?tw_source=google
&tw_adid=&tw_campaign=
16705014684&gad_source=
1&gclid=CjwKCAiA6KWvBhA
REiwAFPZM7p-DpyvHJaGxR
pAD1385hzGf1oPdKHHLFDR
Sp8yrtxry11SNJeJnKxoCtAoQ
AvD_BwE
GaussmeterApex MagnetsGMHT201https://www.apexmagnets.com/magnets/accessories/ht-digital-gaussmeter-with-peak-hold-can-display-gauss-or-tesla
Glass vessel (phantom)Ace Glass8648-24https://aceglass.com/results.php?t=8648-24&t=8648-24
Heating padOffice Depot9206211    Pure Enrichment PureRelief Express Designer Series Heating Pad 12 x 15 Palm Aqua - Office Depot
HyperpolarizerPolarean9820https://polarean.com/xenon-mri-platform/
Intubation boardHallowell EMC000A3467https://hallowell.com/product/rodent-tilting-workstand/
Intubation suppliesParts list published elsewhereNAhttps://app.jove.com/t/50318/a-simple-method-of-mouse-lung-intubation
Isotopically enriched xenon cylinderLinde Isotopes XE-129(1%)N2(10%)HE CGMP 302SZNA
Liquid nitrogenLindeNI LC160-22https://www.lindedirect.com/store/product-detail/nitrogen_n2_nitrogen_liquid
_lc160_22_psi_ni_lc160_22
/ni-lc160-22?cat_id=shop&node=b89
Male slip luerCole-ParmerUX-21943-27https://www.coleparmer.com/i/diba-omnifit-t-series-solvent-waste-cap-adapter-polypropylene-male-luer-slip-x-1-16-id-hose-barb-5-pk/2194327
ManometerGrainger3T294https://www.grainger.com/product/3T294?gucid=N:N:PS:
Paid:GGL:CSM-2295:4P7A1P:
20501231&gad_source=1&gclid
=CjwKCAiAi6uvBhADEiwAWiyR
dltxrPJmmcm0bFiYLuPrB25HV
QFdEfKMBqvgJBNdQUs3DZ7b
TLr8CRoCanAQAvD_BwE&
gclsrc=aw.ds
Minivent ventilatorharvard apparatus73-0044https://www.harvardapparatus.com/minivent-ventilator-for-mice-single-animal-volume-controlled-ventilators.html
Mouse ear puncherfisher scientific13-812-201https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-animal-ear-tag-punch/13812201
Mouse tongue depressorMedical ToolsVRI-617https://medical-tools.com/shop/rodent-tongue-depressor.html
Mouse weight scaleCole-ParmerUX-11712-12https://www.coleparmer.com/i/adam-equipment-cqt2000-core-portable-balance-2000g-x-1g-220-v/1171212?PubID=UX&persist=true&ip=no&gad
_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA6K
WvBhAREiwAFPZM7iYnAG5Ilc
Z5DZWrdJ6wcLDZSCSfNJHOH
m2PQOpyyWe0TjFa75R3tBoCjB
sQAvD_BwE
MRI scanner Bruker7T Biospec horizontal systemhttps://www.bruker.com/de/products-and-solutions/preclinical-imaging/mri/biospec.html
MultimeterHome Depot1007898529https://www.homedepot.com/p/Klein-Tools-600-Volt-Digital-Multi-Meter-Manual-Ranging-MM325/320822947
Natural abundance xenonLinde Isotopes UN 2036NA
Needle  fisher scientific305194https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/bd-general-use-precisionglide-hypodermic-needles-20/148266C?keyword=true
Needle safe syringe holderfisher scientificNC2703873https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/ndlsafe-ii-syr-uncap-deca/NC2703873#?keyword=needlesafe
Nitrogen cylinderLindeNI M-Khttps://www.lindedirect.com/store/product-detail/nitrogen_n2_nitrogen_nf_k/ni-m-k?cat_id=shop&node=b89
Oxygen cylinderLindeOX M-Khttps://www.lindedirect.com/store/product-detail/oxygen_o2_oxygen_usp_k/ox-m-k?cat_id=shop&node=b90
Oxygen sensorApogee instrumentsMO-200https://www.apogeeinstruments.com/mo-200-oxygen-sensor-with-handheld-meter/
Oxygen sensor inline flowheadApogee instrumentsAO-002https://www.apogeeinstruments.com/ao-002-oxygen-meter-sensor-flow-through-head/
PEEP valveHallowell EMC000A6556Ahttps://hallowell.com/product/adjustable-peep-valve-with-exhaust-port-range-5-20cm-disposable/
Pipette tipsfisher scientificCatalog No.02-707-108Fisherbrand Stack-Rack Space-Saver Tips: 101-1000 L Standard; Blue; Volume: | Fisher Scientific
Plunger valve Ace glass8648-20https://www.aceglass.com/results.php?t=8648
Preclinical coilDoty scientificcustom builthttps://dotynmr.com/products/bmax-xy-low-e/
Pressure regulatorsCole-ParmerUX-98202-11https://www.coleparmer.com/i/cole-parmer-single-stage-regulator-1500-scfh-capacity-346-cga-fitting/9820211?PubID=UX&persist=true&ip=no&
gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAi
A6KWvBhAREiwAFPZM7pruR
xCAiaj52nA_8Y1nveQZRsD6B
f0QO65o2DKFYqRoz0PopSkX
QxoCxqcQAvD_BwE
Pressure-drop ventilatorParts list published elsewhereNAhttps://sites.duke.edu/driehuyslab/resources/
PVC pipe for phantomHome Depot193682https://www.homedepot.com/p/IPEX-1-2-in-x-10-ft-White-PVC-SCH-40-Potable-Pressure-Water-Pipe-30-05010HD/319692959
SAI animal heating systemSAIIModel 1030https://i4sa.com/product/model-1030-monitoring-gating-system/
SalineFarris Laboratories Inc.0409488820-1https://www.farrislabs.com/products/bacteriostatic-sodium-chloride-0-9-30ml-bottle?variant=42807174824167&currency
=USD&utm_medium=product_
sync&utm_source=google&utm_
content=sag_organic&utm_
campaign=sag_organic&utm_
campaign=gs-2021-09-24&utm
_source=google&utm_medium
=smart_campaign&gad_source
=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA6KWvBh
AREiwAFPZM7oS3-hFDETO_2f6OWOoKyBMb
WuDuWqYxdWRYUWEkY
M2Py73VfGzVtRoC2FQQAvD_BwE
Sharps containerfisher scientific22-730-455https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sharps-container-47/p-7250579#?keyword=needle%20safe
Silicone epoxyGrainger3KMY7https://www.grainger.com/product/3KMY7?gucid=N:N:PS:Paid:GGL:CSM-
2295:4P7A1P:20501231&gad_
source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA6KW
vBhAREiwAFPZM7voahkm8tda
t1Euql1A8DFhC6AZVJ0wXzCE
PfE6iUzrIJXV-Hl8o4xoCQLYQA
vD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
Silicone mold release lubricantGrainger19MW95https://www.grainger.com/product/CRC-Mold-Release-Agent-16-oz-19MW95
SpirometerADInstrumentsFE141https://www.adinstruments.com/products/spirometer
Spirometer - mouse flowheadADInstrumentsMLT1Lhttps://www.adinstruments.com/products/respiratory-flow-heads
Tubing - 1/4 ODClippardURH1-0402-CLT-050https://www.clippard.com/part/URH1-0402-CLT-050
Tubing - 1/8 ODClippardURH1-0804-CLT-050https://www.clippard.com/part/URH1-0402-CLT-050
Vacuum pumpCole-Parmer UX-60062-11https://www.coleparmer.com/i/environmental-express-diaphragm-pump-high-volume-120v/6006211?PubID=UX&persist=true&ip=no&gad
_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA6K
WvBhAREiwAFPZM7uFGwmW
pRelHNFgZVvJJV09vDUVyfyG
HoKeZTiFNIiVTe-05IpJJPxoCO
PoQAvD_BwE
Wire - 18 gaugeDigikey2328-18H240-NDhttps://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/remington-industries/18H240/15202027?s=N4
IgjCBcoOwBxVAYygMwIYBsDOB
TANCAPZQDa4YATPAGwgC6h
ADgC5QgDKLATgJYB2AcxAB
fQmAAMAFkqIQKSBhwFiZEA
GZNATi0SGzNpE48BwsSErqw
6uQqV5CJSOQCsMF%2Bq11
GIVuy58QqLmss4gALbogvy4L
AAEAO683LgMIkA
Xenon polarization measurement stationPolareanNAhttps://polarean.com/xenon-mri-platform/

参考文献

  1. World Health Organization. Global health estimates 2020: Deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000-2019. World Health Organization. , Geneva. (2020).
  2. Middleton, P. G., et al. Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor for....

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