我们想感谢黎明埃德蒙兹关键读了这篇稿子。 Stagljar实验室是由从加拿大创新（CFI），加拿大卫生研究所（CIHR），心脏及中风基金会，加拿大癌症协会，和诺华基金会的资金支持。

<ol>
	<li>Stagljar, I., Fields, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+membrane+protein+interactions+using+yeast-based+technologies.">Analysis of membrane protein interactions using yeast-based technologies.</a> Trends Biochem Sci. 27 (11), 559-563 (2002).</li><li>Iyer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilizing+the+split-ubiquitin+membrane+yeast+two-hybrid+system+to+identify+protein-protein+interactions+of+integral+membrane+proteins.">Utilizing the split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid system to identify protein-protein interactions of integral membrane proteins.</a> Sci STKE. 275, pl3-pl3 (2005).</li><li>Paumi, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+protein-protein+interactions+for+the+yeast+ABC+transporter+Ycf1p+by+integrated+split-ubiquitin+membrane+yeast+two-hybrid+analysis.">Mapping protein-protein interactions for the yeast ABC transporter Ycf1p by integrated split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid analysis.</a> Mol Cell. 26 (1), 15-25 (2007).</li><li>Stagljar, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetic+system+based+on+split-ubiquitin+for+the+analysis+of+interactions+between+membrane+proteins+in+vivo.">A genetic system based on split-ubiquitin for the analysis of interactions between membrane proteins in vivo.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (9), 5187-5192 (1998).</li><li>Gisler, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+protein-protein+interactions+between+the+mammalian+integral+membrane+transporters+and+PDZ-interacting+partners+using+a+modified+split-ubiquitin+membrane+yeast+two-hybrid+system.">Monitoring protein-protein interactions between the mammalian integral membrane transporters and PDZ-interacting partners using a modified split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid system.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 7 (7), 1362-1377 (2008).</li><li>Scheper, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordination+of+N-glycosylation+and+protein+translocation+across+the+endoplasmic+reticulum+membrane+by+Sss1+protein.">Coordination of N-glycosylation and protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by Sss1 protein.</a> J Biol Chem. 278 (39), 37998-38003 (2003).</li><li>Thaminy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+novel+ErbB3-interacting+factors+using+the+split-ubiquitin+membrane+yeast+two-hybrid+system.">Identification of novel ErbB3-interacting factors using the split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid system.</a> Genome Res. 13 (7), 1744-1753 (2003).</li><li>Johnsson, N., Varshavsky, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Split+ubiquitin+as+a+sensor+of+protein+interactions+in+vivo.">Split ubiquitin as a sensor of protein interactions in vivo.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91 (22), 10340-10344 (1994).</li><li>Kelleher, D. J., Gilmore, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+oligosaccharyltransferase+is+a+protein+complex+composed+of+Wbp1p,+Swp1p,+and+four+additional+polypeptides.">The Saccharomyces cerevisiae oligosaccharyltransferase is a protein complex composed of Wbp1p, Swp1p, and four additional polypeptides.</a> J Biol Chem. 269 (17), 12908-12917 (1994).</li><li>Chevallier, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+and+transcriptional+control+of+a+eucaryotic+permease+gene.">Cloning and transcriptional control of a eucaryotic permease gene.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 2 (8), 977-984 (1982).</li></ol>

伊戈尔Stagljar是DualSystems生​​物技术，瑞士的创始人之一。

神话是第一个高通量确定全长膜蛋白和胞浆或膜结合的合作伙伴之间的的相互作用的系统，使。它已被用于研究膜蛋白的生物体[3-7]。有，但是，具体的细节，可能需要经过严格审核的程序，以确保蛋白质的利益服从研究神话。 许多膜结合蛋白裂解产生的成熟蛋白的信号序列，随后通过质膜。这个序列是生物体的特定的和有可能，这个原始信号序列在酵母中表达时，会导致定...

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		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Polyethenlene Glycol (PEG3350)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>PEG335</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Lithium Acetate Bihydrate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>LIA001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>X-Gal (5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indolyl-b-D-galactopyranoside)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>XGA001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>N`,N-dimethyl formamide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>DMF 451</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>ATT124</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>SPD307</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FisherBiotech</td>
<td>BP329-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Salmon Sperm DNA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>CA80601-120</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>D-Glucose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>GLU501</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>LB Broth LENOX</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>LBL405</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Yeast Nitrogen Base</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>YNB406</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Yeast Extract</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>YEX401</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Peptone</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Beckton Dickinson</td>
<td>211677</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bio-Tryptone</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>TRP402</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Adenine Sulphate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>ADS201</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Uracil</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>URA241</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Threonine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>THR002</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Histidine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>HIS200</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Methionine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>MET222</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Valine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>VAL201</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Phenylalanine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>PHA302</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Isoleucine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>ISO910</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Tyrosine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>TYR333</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Leucine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>LEU222</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Arginine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>ARG006</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Tryptophane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FisherBiotech</td>
<td>BP395-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Lysine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>LYS101</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Alanine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FisherBiotech</td>
<td>BP369-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Agar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>AGR001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Soda Lime Galss Beads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSpec Product</td>
<td>11079105</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioshop</td>
<td>SLD002</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
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split-ubiquitin based membrane yeast two-hybrid (myth) system: a powerful tool for identifying protein-protein interactions

基本的生物和临床不可或缺的膜蛋白的重要性，提示为全长跨膜蛋白的蛋白质相互作用（PPI）的高通量鉴定酵母为基础的系统的发展。为此，我们的实验室开发的分裂泛基于膜酵母双杂交系统（神话）。这种技术允许的瞬时和稳定的蛋白质相互作用的敏感检测<em&gt;酿酒酵母</em作为东道主的有机体。神话的泛素可分隔成两个稳定的基团的观察优势：酵母C -末端的一半的泛素（彗星<sub&gt; UB</sub&gt;）和泛素基的N -末端的一半（N<sub&gt; UB</sub&gt;）。在神话中，这一原则适用于使用，作为一种“传感器”蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用。简言之，积分膜诱饵蛋白融合到C<sub&gt; UB</sub&gt;这是与人工转录因子。猎物的蛋白质，无论是在个人或库格式，融合到N<sub&gt; UB</sub&gt;基团。诱饵和猎物之间的蛋白质相互作用导致泛基团的重组，形成一个完整长度的“伪泛”分子。这种分子是由胞质deubiquitinating酶的认可，产生的转录因子，随后诱导报告基因的表达裂解。该系统适应性强，特别适合于高通量筛选。它已成功地调查使用从酵母和其他微生物的整合膜蛋白的相互作用。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid MYTH System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions at JoVE.com

Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid MYTH System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

神话允许的瞬时和稳定的互动模式生物酵母中表达的蛋白质之间的灵敏的检测。它已成功地应用于研究外源​​性和酵母的完整的膜蛋白，以确定其在高通量的方式相互作用的合作伙伴。

基于分体式泛素膜酵母双杂交（神话）系统：一个强大的工具用于识别蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用

The fundamental biological and clinical importance of integral membrane proteins prompted the development of a yeast-based system for the high-throughput ...

split-ubiquitin-based-membrane-yeast-two-hybrid-myth-system-powerful

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid (MYTH) System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

30.9K 次观看.  University of Toronto. 神话允许的瞬时和稳定的互动模式生物酵母中表达的蛋白质之间的灵敏的检测。它已成功地应用于研究外源​​性和酵母的完整的膜蛋白，以确定其在高通量的方式相互作用的合作伙伴。

视频: Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid MYTH System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, preventing their identification and analysis through traditional biochemical methods such as co-immunoprecipitation. In this regard, the genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (GFP, RFP, etc.) and their associated overlapping fluorescence spectrum have revolutionized our ability to monitor weak interactions in vivo using F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)1-3. Here, we detail our use of a FRET-based proximity assay for monitoring receptor-receptor interactions on the endothelial cell surface.

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

This protocol describes how to image protein-protein interactions using a FRET-based proximity assay.

成像蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用在体内</em

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, ...

科研

生物学

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

Genetic information encoded by DNA is organized in a complex and highly regulated chromatin structure. Each chromosome occupies a specific territory, that may change according to stage of development or cell cycle. Gene expression can occur in specialized transcriptional factories where chromatin segments may loop out from various chromosome territories, leading to co-localization of DNA segments which may exist on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. The Associated Chromosome Trap (ACT) assay provides an effective methodology to identify these long-range DNA associations in an unbiased fashion by extending and modifying the chromosome conformation capture technique. The ACT assay makes it possible for us to investigate mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in trans, and can help explain the relationship of nuclear architecture to gene expression in normal physiology and during disease states.

The associated chromosome trap (ACT) assay is a novel unbiased method for identifying long-range DNA interactions. The characterization of long range DNA interactions will allow us to determine the relationship of nuclear architecture to gene expression in both normal physiology and in diseased states.

确定远距离的DNA相互作用的相关染色体陷阱

Genetic information encoded by DNA is organized in a complex and highly regulated chromatin structure.  Each chromosome occupies a specific territory, ...

Modified Yeast-Two-Hybrid System to Identify Proteins Interacting with the Growth Factor Progranulin

Progranulin (PGRN), also known as granulin epithelin precursor (GEP), is a 593-amino-acid autocrine growth factor. PGRN is known to play a critical role in a variety of physiologic and disease processes, including early embryogenesis, wound healing 1, inflammation 2, 3, and host defense 4. PGRN also functions as a neurotrophic factor 5, and mutations in the PGRN gene resulting in partial loss of the PGRN protein cause frontotemporal dementia 6, 7. Our recent studies have led to the isolation of PGRN as an important regulator of cartilage development and degradation 8-11. Although PGRN, discovered nearly two decades ago, plays crucial roles in multiple physiological and pathological conditions, efforts to exploit the actions of PGRN and understand the mechanisms involved have been significantly hampered by our inability to identify its binding receptor(s). To address this issue, we developed a modified yeast two-hybrid (MY2H) approach based on the most commonly used GAL4 based 2-hybrid system. Compared with the conventional yeast two-hybrid screen, MY2H dramatically shortens the screen process and reduces the number of false positive clones. In addition, this approach is reproducible and reliable, and we have successfully employed this system in isolating the binding proteins of various baits, including ion channel 12, extracellular matrix protein 10, 13, and growth factor14. In this paper, we describe this MY2H experimental procedure in detail using PGRN as an example that led to the identification of TNFR2 as the first known PGRN-associated receptor 14, 15.

We have modified the conventional yeast two-hybrid screening, an effective genetic tool in identifying protein interaction. This modification markedly shortens the process, reduces the workload, and most importantly, reduces the number of false positives. In addition, this approach is reproducible and reliable.

改良酵母双杂交系统，以确定蛋白与生长因子Progranulin的相互作用

Progranulin (PGRN), also known as granulin epithelin precursor (GEP), is a 593-amino-acid autocrine growth factor. PGRN is known to play a critical role ...

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in current research and a plethora of methods for their investigation is available1. Protein-protein interactions often are highly dynamic and may depend on subcellular localization, post-translational modifications and the local protein environment2. Therefore, they should be investigated in their natural environment, for which co-immunoprecipitation approaches are the method of choice3. Co-precipitated interaction partners are identified either by immunoblotting in a targeted approach, or by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in an untargeted way. The latter strategy often is adversely affected by a large number of false positive discoveries, mainly derived from the high sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers that confidently detect traces of unspecifically precipitating proteins. A recent approach to overcome this problem is based on the idea that reduced amounts of specific interaction partners will co-precipitate with a given target protein whose cellular concentration is reduced by RNAi, while the amounts of unspecifically precipitating proteins should be unaffected. This approach, termed QUICK for QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown4, employs Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)5 and MS to quantify the amounts of proteins immunoprecipitated from wild-type and knock-down strains. Proteins found in a 1:1 ratio can be considered as contaminants, those enriched in precipitates from the wild type as specific interaction partners of the target protein. Although innovative, QUICK bears some limitations: first, SILAC is cost-intensive and limited to organisms that ideally are auxotrophic for arginine and/or lysine. Moreover, when heavy arginine is fed, arginine-to-proline interconversion results in additional mass shifts for each proline in a peptide and slightly dilutes heavy with light arginine, which makes quantification more tedious and less accurate5,6. Second, QUICK requires that antibodies are titrated such that they do not become saturated with target protein in extracts from knock-down mutants.
Here we introduce a modified QUICK protocol which overcomes the abovementioned limitations of QUICK by replacing SILAC for 15N metabolic labeling and by replacing RNAi-mediated knock-down for affinity modulation of protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of this protocol using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as model organism and the chloroplast HSP70B chaperone as target protein7 (Figure 1). HSP70s are known to interact with specific co-chaperones and substrates only in the ADP state8. We exploit this property as a means to verify the specific interaction of HSP70B with its nucleotide exchange factor CGE19.

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

We present a variation of the QUICK (QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown) approach that was introduced previously to distinguish between true and false protein-protein interactions. Our approach is based on 15N metabolic labeling, the modulation of affinities of protein-protein interactions by the presence/absence of ATP, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative mass spectrometry.

一个协议，用于基于蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用的鉴定<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N代谢标记，免疫沉淀法，的定量质谱法和亲和调制

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction in Drosophila Adult Heads by Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP)

Genetic screens conducted using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) have made numerous milestone discoveries in the advance of biological sciences. However, the use of biochemical screens aimed at extending the knowledge gained from genetic analysis was explored only recently. Here we describe a method to purify the protein complex that associates with any protein of interest from adult fly heads. This method takes advantage of the Drosophila GAL4/UAS system to express a bait protein fused with a Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) tag in fly neurons in vivo, and then implements two rounds of purification using a TAP procedure similar to the one originally established in yeast1 to purify the interacting protein complex. At the end of this procedure, a mixture of multiple protein complexes is obtained whose molecular identities can be determined by mass spectrometry. Validation of the candidate proteins will benefit from the resource and ease of performing loss-of-function studies in flies. Similar approaches can be applied to other fly tissues. We believe that the combination of genetic manipulations and this proteomic approach in the fly model system holds tremendous potential for tackling fundamental problems in the field of neurobiology and beyond.

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction in Drosophila Adult Heads by Tandem Affinity Purification TAP

Drosophila is famous for its powerful genetic manipulation, but not for its suitability of in-depth biochemical analysis. Here we present a TAP-based procedure to identify interacting partners of any protein of interest from the fly brain. This procedure can potentially lead to new avenues of research.

鉴定蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用的<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;成人头由串联亲和纯化（TAP）

Genetic screens conducted using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) have made numerous milestone discoveries in the advance of biological sciences. ...

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

As a critical regulator of drug metabolism and inflammation, Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), plays an important role in disease pathophysiology linking metabolism and inflammation (e.g.&#160;hepatic steatosis)1,2. There has been much progress in the identification of agonist ligands for PXR, however, there are limited descriptions of drug-like antagonists and their binding sites on PXR3,4,5. A critical barrier has been the inability to efficiently purify full-length protein for structural studies with antagonists despite the fact that PXR was cloned and characterized in 1998. Our laboratory developed a novel high throughput yeast based two-hybrid assay to define an antagonist, ketoconazole&#39;s, binding residues on PXR6. Our method involves creating mutational libraries that would rescue the effect of single mutations on the AF-2 surface of PXR expected to interact with ketoconazole. Rescue or &#34;gain-of-function&#34; second mutations can be made such that conclusions regarding the genetic interaction of ketoconazole and the surface residue(s) on PXR are feasible. Thus, we developed a high throughput two-hybrid yeast screen of PXR mutants interacting with its coactivator, SRC-1. Using this approach, in which the yeast was modified to accommodate the study of the antifungal drug, ketoconazole, we could demonstrate specific mutations on PXR enriched in clones unable to bind to ketoconazole. By reverse logic, we conclude that the original residues are direct interaction residues with ketoconazole. This assay represents a novel, tractable genetic assay to screen for antagonist binding sites on nuclear receptor surfaces. This assay could be applied to any drug regardless of its cytotoxic potential to yeast as well as to cellular protein(s) that cannot be studied using standard structural biology or proteomic based methods. Potential pitfalls include interpretation of data (complementary methods useful), reliance on single Y2H method, expertise in handling yeast or performing yeast two-hybrid assays, and assay optimization.

Ketoconazole binds to and antagonizes Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) activation. Yeast high throughput screens of PXR mutants define a unique region for ketoconazole binding. This yeast-based genetic method discovers novel nuclear receptor interactions with ligands that associate with surface binding sites.

反向酵母双杂交系统，以确定哺乳动物核受体残留的互动与配体和/或拮抗剂

As a critical regulator of drug metabolism and inflammation, Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), plays an important role in disease pathophysiology linking ...

Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry - A Powerful Tool to Identify Novel c-di-GMP Effector Proteins

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis (diguanylate cyclases) and degradation (phosphodiesterases) of the second messenger c-di-GMP. In contrast, little information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms and cellular components through which this signaling molecule regulates a diverse range of cellular processes. Most of the known effector proteins belong to the PilZ family or are degenerated diguanylate cyclases or phosphodiesterases that have given up on catalysis and have adopted effector function. Thus, to better define the cellular c-di-GMP network in a wide range of bacteria experimental methods are required to identify and validate novel effectors for which reliable in silico predictions fail.
We have recently developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS) based technology as a powerful tool to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins. This technique has previously been reported to be applicable to a wide range of organisms1. Here we give a detailed description of the protocol that we utilize to probe such signaling components. As an example, we use Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in which c-di-GMP plays a critical role in virulence and biofilm control. CCMS identified 74% (38/51) of the known or predicted components of the c-di-GMP network. This study explains the CCMS procedure in detail, and establishes it as a powerful and versatile tool to identify novel components involved in small molecule signaling.

The ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP controls growth and behavior of many bacteria. We have developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry based technology to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins in virtually any bacterial species.

捕获复合质谱 - 一个强大的工具来确定新型C-二GMP效应蛋白

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis ...

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live cells. BRET is the non-radiative transfer of energy from a 'donor' luciferase enzyme to an 'acceptor' fluorescent protein. In the most common configuration of this assay, the donor is Renilla reniformis luciferase and the acceptor is Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Because the efficiency of energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent, observation of the BRET phenomenon requires that the donor and acceptor be in close proximity. To test for an interaction between two proteins of interest in cultured mammalian cells, one protein is expressed as a fusion with luciferase and the second as a fusion with YFP. An interaction between the two proteins of interest may bring the donor and acceptor sufficiently close for energy transfer to occur. Compared to other techniques for investigating protein-protein interactions, the BRET assay is sensitive, requires little hands-on time and few reagents, and is able to detect interactions which are weak, transient, or dependent on the biochemical environment found within a live cell. It is therefore an ideal approach for confirming putative interactions suggested by yeast two-hybrid or mass spectrometry proteomics studies, and in addition it is well-suited for mapping interacting regions, assessing the effect of post-translational modifications on protein-protein interactions, and evaluating the impact of mutations identified in patient DNA.

Interactions between proteins are fundamental to all cellular processes. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, the interaction between a pair of proteins can be monitored in live cells and in real time. Furthermore, the effects of potentially pathogenic mutations can be assessed.

研究蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用活细胞使用生物发光共振能量转移

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live ...

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an affinity purified yeast kinase fusion protein containing a V5-epitope tag for read-out. Purified kinase is obtained through culture of a yeast strain optimized for high copy protein production harboring a plasmid containing a Kinase-V5 fusion construct under a GAL inducible promoter. The yeast is grown in restrictive media with a neutral carbon source for 6 hr followed by induction with 2% galactose. Next, the culture is harvested and kinase is purified using standard affinity chromatographic techniques to obtain a highly purified protein kinase for use in the assay. The purified kinase is diluted with kinase buffer to an appropriate range for the assay and the protein microarrays are blocked prior to hybridization with the protein microarray. After the hybridization, the arrays are probed with monoclonal V5 antibody to identify proteins bound by the kinase-V5 protein. Finally, the arrays are scanned using a standard microarray scanner, and data is extracted for downstream informatics analysis1,2 to determine a high confidence set of protein interactions for downstream validation in vivo.

Using protein microarrays containing nearly the entire S. cerevisiae proteome is probed for rapid unbiased interrogation of thousands of protein-protein interactions in parallel. This method can be utilized for protein-small molecule, posttranslational modification, and other assays in high-throughput.

探讨高密度功能蛋白微阵列来检测蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction Sites Using Peptide Arrays

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may result in disease, making protein interactions important drug targets. It is thus highly important to understand these interactions at the molecular level. Protein interactions are studied using a variety of techniques ranging from cellular and biochemical assays to quantitative biophysical assays, and these may be performed either with full-length proteins, with protein domains or with peptides. Peptides serve as excellent tools to study protein interactions since peptides can be easily synthesized and allow the focusing on specific interaction sites. Peptide arrays enable the identification of the interaction sites between two proteins as well as screening for peptides that bind the target protein for therapeutic purposes. They also allow high throughput SAR studies. For identification of binding sites, a typical peptide array usually contains partly overlapping 10-20 residues peptides derived from the full sequences of one or more partner proteins of the desired target protein. Screening the array for binding the target protein reveals the binding peptides, corresponding to the binding sites in the partner proteins, in an easy and fast method using only small amount of protein.
In this article we describe a protocol for screening peptide arrays for mapping the interaction sites between a target protein and its partners. The peptide array is designed based on the sequences of the partner proteins taking into account their secondary structures. The arrays used in this protocol were Celluspots arrays prepared by INTAVIS Bioanalytical Instruments. The array is blocked to prevent unspecific binding and then incubated with the studied protein. Detection using an antibody reveals the binding peptides corresponding to the specific interaction sites between the proteins.

Peptide array screening is a high throughput assay for identifying protein-protein interaction sites. This allows mapping multiple interactions of a target protein and can serve as a method for identifying sites for inhibitors that target a protein. Here we describe a protocol for screening and analyzing peptide arrays.

鉴定蛋白质相互作用的网站使用多肽阵列

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may ...