surgical protocol for the selective photoconversion of lung metastases

Examining Tumor Cell Dissemination from Lung Metastases

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths1.&#160;Metastatic cancer arises when cells from the primary tumor disseminate throughout the body and proliferate into clinically detectable tumors in distant organs2,3.
Although metastasis is commonly thought of as a unidirectional process wherein tumor cells disseminate from the primary tumor and colonize distant organs4, increasing clinical and experimental evidence suggests that a more complex, multi-directional process is at play. It has been shown that circulating tumor cells can reseed the primary tumor (if still in place)5,6,7,8,9, and tumor cells from existing metastatic foci can travel to tertiary sites and give rise to new lesions10,11,12,13. Indeed, evidence from recent genomic analyses suggests that some metastatic lesions arise not from the primary tumor, but from other metastases-a phenomenon known as &#34;metastasis-from-metastases&#34; or &#34;metastasis-to-metastasis seeding&#34;14,15,16. Metastasis-to-metastasis seeding can perpetuate the disease process even after removal of the primary tumor, increasing metastatic burden, and decreasing patient quality of life and survival. Therefore, understanding the processes behind metastasis-to-metastasis seeding is crucial to refining treatment strategies for patients with metastatic disease.
Despite the potentially severe clinical implications, little is known about metastasis-to-metastasis seeding, due in part to logistical and technological limitations. Human studies are limited by a paucity of clinical samples. Clinical resection and biopsy of metastatic lesions are uncommon, as is the biopsy of seemingly healthy organs, where single disseminated tumor cells may lurk. This means that human studies are typically only possible using autopsy samples from individuals whose primary tumors are either still in place or were previously resected but are still available to researchers. When such samples are available, lineage analyses of cancer progression must be performed using sequencing methods14. However, bulk sequencing of matched primary tumors and metastases does not have the sensitivity needed for comprehensive lineage tracing. For instance, bulk sequencing of one lesion may reveal a subclone that is undetectable in any of its matched lesions. In this case, one would be unable to determine the origin of this subclone. It may have been present in the primary tumor or another metastasis at a frequency below the limit of detection, or it may have arisen after the initial colonization of the metastatic lesion it was found in. Single-cell sequencing provides increased sensitivity, but its high cost limits the large-scale application of this technique. The retrospective nature of these studies also means that they provide limited insight into transient metastatic events and the disease landscape at different time points.
In animal models, recent technological advances now allow for prospective phylogenetic mapping with high spatial and temporal resolution17,18,19,20. These techniques utilize CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to engineer cells with an evolving barcode - heritable mutations that accumulate over time. Upon sequencing, the lineage of each cell can be traced based on the mutational profile of its barcode17,18,19,20. Indeed, such technology is already being used to map metastasis-to-metastasis seeding. In a recent paper, Zhang et al. demonstrated that breast and prostate cancer cells in bone metastases redisseminate from the bone to seed secondary metastases in multiple organs21.
While these novel methods have great potential to generate detailed, high-resolution phylogenetic maps of cancer progression, they are highly impractical for those studying the exact timing of metastasis-to-metastasis seeding events and what promotes or prevents them. Filling these knowledge gaps is crucial to refining our understanding and treatment of metastatic cancer, but there is a noticeable lack of technologies to facilitate such studies. To address this need, we recently developed - and present herein - a novel technique that allows us to specifically mark tumor cells via photoconversion in a metastatic site (the lung) and subsequently reidentify them in tertiary organs. Using this technique, we recently showed that breast cancer cells do redisseminate from lung metastases and seed tertiary organs13. This technique may also be used to determine the timing of redissemination events within a narrow window and quantify redisseminated tumor cells, facilitating the study of organotropism of redisseminated cells and what promotes/prevents redissemination.
While photoconversion and locally inducible cre/lox systems that permanently replace one fluorescent protein with another have been previously used to mark and track tumor cells11,22,23, to our knowledge, no approach for spatiotemporal marking of tumor cells has been optimized to target the lung - one of the most common sites of metastasis among men and women diagnosed with any of the 14 most common cancers24. Any cancer cell type and any protocol for lung metastasis generation may be used with our procedure, making it broadly useful for metastasis researchers. All cancer cells used to generate lung metastases should express a photoconvertible or photo-switchable protein, and researchers may choose which protein to use based on their specific needs and resources. In this study, we used 6DT1 breast cancer cells that stably expressed the photoconvertible green-to-red fluorescent protein Dendra2 (6DT1-Dendra2 cells)25 tagged to the histone H2B. We injected 5.0 &#215; 104 6DT1-Dendra2 cells into the fourth mammary fat pad of female Rag2-/- mice. Primary tumors were palpable between 12 and 16 days after injection and were not resected for the duration of the experiment. Spontaneous lung metastases developed between 19 and 26 days after tumor cell injection. Photoconversion surgeries were performed between 26 and 29 days after tumor cell injection. Mice were sacrificed by 72 h post surgery due to lung metastasis burden.

Author Spotlight: Decoding Metastasis-to-Metastasis Seeding Using a New In Vivo Technique for Tracking Breast Cancer Spread 

Tracking Tumor Cell Dissemination from Lung Metastases Using Photoconversion

Recent evidence suggests that existing metastatic lesions can act as a source of disseminating tumor cells that give rise to new lesions. This process is called metastasis to metastasis seeding and can increase tumor burden and decrease the quality of life and survival of cancer patients. Our method was developed to study metastasis to metastasis seeding and the factors that influence it.This technique has helped our lab establish that breast cancer cells can spread from lung metastases and enabled us to investigate factors that promote or prevent metastasis. These findings may guide future research on slowing the progression of metastatic cancer. The lungs are a common site of metastasis, but very few techniques allow for the study of tumor cell dynamics in vivo.This technique enables the tracking of tumor cells in live mice facilitating the study of lung metastasis specific dissemination pathways and therapies. Metastatic cancer is often an incurable and fatal disease. This technique can be used to study ways to reduce its spread leading to therapies that extend the lives of patients.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Protocol for the Selective Photoconversion of Lung Metastases at JoVE.com

Surgical Protocol for the Selective Photoconversion of Lung Metastases  

After preparing the mouse for surgery, identify the target area, seven millimeters to the left of the sternum and about seven millimeters above the subcostal margin. Lift the skin over the identified area using forceps and make a 10 millimeter circular incision using sharp micro dissecting scissors to cut only the skin. Then remove the soft tissue over the rib cage and cauterize any major blood vessels at both ends using a cautery pen.Elevate the sixth or seventh rib with forceps and use a single blade of the blunt micro dissecting scissors to pierce the intercostal muscle. Now gently rotate the scissors and make an approximately 10 millimeter incision in the intercostal space while avoiding contact with the lung tissue and the ribs. Release compressed air at the wrist or hand delicately to determine the suitable flow strength and clear the nozzle of debris.Then apply short bursts of air at the incision to avoid causing lung injury. With the forceps, lift the sixth or seventh rib and insert the retractor into the intercostal incision with blades parallel to the chest wall. Then release the handle carefully to let the retractor open and reveal the lung gradually.Now apply two to three drops of sterile PBS warmed to 37 degrees onto the exposed lung tissue to prevent it from drying. Overlay a piece of aluminum foil with a small cutout over the mouse, positioning it directly over the exposed lung tissue. Ensure the cutout only shows the open thorax and the nearby tissue for targeted lung photo conversion.Next position a box with a cutout over the mouse and aluminum foil, ensuring the cutout aligns with the exposed lung. And set the photo conversion lamp directly above the cutout on the box. Then activate the photo conversion lamp to illuminate the exposed lung tissue for a continuous span of six minutes.After the photo conversion, deactivate the lamp and clear the lamp box and aluminum foil mask away from the mouse. Separate the lung from the chest wall by discharging air at the wrist, and then discharge air at the chest incision. Firmly grasp the retractor handle and squeeze it to close the blades.Carefully maneuver the closed retractor out of the intercostal space, ensuring not to contact the lung tissue. Then use the 5-0 silk suture to close the intercostal incision with a simple continuous suture pattern, ensuring that the rib on both sides of the incision is incorporated. Pull the suture firmly to ensure the wound edges align, re-establishing the chest wall's integrity.Secure the suture by knotting the end four times. Trim the suture tails as close to the knot as possible, and close the skin using surgical staples. To remove excess air from the thoracic cavity, insert a one milliliter syringe with a 28 gauge needle below the xiphoid process.Draw the syringe back to approximately one milliliter. Remove the syringe from the mouse and discharge the air. Images of exposed Dendra2 expressing lung metastases prior to blue light exposure are shown.Exposing Dendra2 expressing lung metastases to blue light showed that six minute exposure produced the brightest signal in the photo converted channel in both ex vivo and in vivo samples. Photo converted and non-photo converted cells were identified in all three tissue types from mice that underwent surgery with blue light exposure. Only non-photo converted tumor cells were found in the tissues of mice that underwent surgery without blue light exposure.

surgical-protocol-for-the-selective-photoconversion-of-lung-metastases

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JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

67 次观看.  Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center. 在准备手术的小鼠后，确定目标区域，胸骨左侧7毫米，肋下缘上方约7毫米。使用镊子将皮肤提升到确定的区域，并使用锋利的显微解剖剪刀做一个 10 毫米的圆形切口，仅切割皮肤。然后取出肋骨上的软组织，并用烧灼笔烧灼两端的任何主要血管。用镊子抬高第六或第七肋骨，并使用钝显微解剖剪刀的单个刀片刺穿肋间肌。现在轻轻旋转剪刀，在肋间隙做一个大约 10 毫...