这项工作得到了美国国立卫生研究院 （NIH） 资助 R01 EY030998（J.F.M.、AB 和 SC）的支持。该方法基于 Coop 等人开发的方法（正在审查，2022 年; https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511827v2.abstract）。我们要感谢 Dina Graf 和 Mitchell 实验室的成员在狨猴护理和处理方面的帮助。

开发用于狨猴精确神经记录的 x-y 电极台

<ol>
	<li>Mansfield, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marmoset+models+commonly+used+in+biomedical+research.">Marmoset models commonly used in biomedical research.</a> Comparative Medicine. 53 (4), 383-392 (2003).</li><li>Solomon, S. G., Rosa, M. G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simpler+primate+brain:+the+visual+system+of+the+marmoset+monkey.">A simpler primate brain: the visual system of the marmoset monkey.</a> Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 8, 96 (2014).</li><li>Remington, E. D., Osmanski, M. S., Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+operant+conditioning+method+for+studying+auditory+behaviors+in+marmoset+monkeys.">An operant conditioning method for studying auditory behaviors in marmoset monkeys.</a> PLoS One. 7 (10), e47895 (2012).</li><li>Walker, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+wireless+neural+population+recordings+with+common+marmosets.">Chronic wireless neural population recordings with common marmosets.</a> Cell Reports. 36 (2), 109379 (2021).</li><li>Jendritza, P., Klein, F. J., Fries, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-area+recordings+and+optogenetics+in+the+awake,+behaving+marmoset.">Multi-area recordings and optogenetics in the awake, behaving marmoset.</a> Nature Communications. 14 (1), 577 (2023).</li><li>Pinotsis, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linking+canonical+microcircuits+and+neuronal+activity:+Dynamic+causal+modelling+of+laminar+recordings.">Linking canonical microcircuits and neuronal activity: Dynamic causal modelling of laminar recordings.</a> Neuroimage. 146, 355-366 (2017).</li><li>Ludwig, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly+(3,+4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT)+polymer+coatings+facilitate+smaller+neural+recording+electrodes.">Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT) polymer coatings facilitate smaller neural recording electrodes.</a> Journal of Neural Engineering. 8 (1), 014001 (2011).</li><li>Ludwig, K. A., Uram, J. D., Yang, J., Martin, D. C., Kipke, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+neural+recordings+using+silicon+microelectrode+arrays+electrochemically+deposited+with+a+poly+(3,+4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT)+film.">Chronic neural recordings using silicon microelectrode arrays electrochemically deposited with a poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT) film.</a> Journal of Neural Engineering. 3 (1), 59 (2006).</li><li>Lu, T., Liang, L., Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+representations+of+temporally+asymmetric+stimuli+in+the+auditory+cortex+of+awake+primates.">Neural representations of temporally asymmetric stimuli in the auditory cortex of awake primates.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 85 (6), 2364-2380 (2001).</li><li>Osmanski, M. S., Song, X., Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+harmonic+resolvability+in+pitch+perception+in+a+vocal+nonhuman+primate,+the+common+marmoset+(Callithrix+jacchus).">The role of harmonic resolvability in pitch perception in a vocal nonhuman primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (21), 9161-9168 (2013).</li><li>Nummela, S. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychophysical+measurement+of+marmoset+acuity+and+myopia.">Psychophysical measurement of marmoset acuity and myopia.</a> Developmental Neurobiology. 77 (3), 300-313 (2017).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Watson, C., Petrides, M., Rosa, M., Tokuno, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Marmoset Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. , (2012).</li><li>Mitchell, J. F., Reynolds, J. H., Miller, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Active+vision+in+marmosets:+A+model+system+for+visual+neuroscience.">Active vision in marmosets: A model system for visual neuroscience.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (4), 1183-1194 (2014).</li><li>Spitler, K. M., Gothard, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+removable+silicone+elastomer+seal+reduces+granulation+tissue+growth+and+maintains+the+sterility+of+recording+chambers+for+primate+neurophysiology.">A removable silicone elastomer seal reduces granulation tissue growth and maintains the sterility of recording chambers for primate neurophysiology.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 169 (1), 23-26 (2008).</li><li>Jun, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fully+integrated+silicon+probes+for+high-density+recording+of+neural+activity.">Fully integrated silicon probes for high-density recording of neural activity.</a> Nature. 551 (7679), 232-236 (2017).</li><li>Mitzdorf, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+source-density+method+and+application+in+cat+cerebral+cortex:+investigation+of+evoked+potentials+and+EEG+phenomena.">Current source-density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena.</a> Physiological Reviews. 65 (1), 37-100 (1985).</li><li>Coop, S. H., Yates, J. L., Mitchell, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-saccadic+neural+enhancements+in+marmoset+area+MT.">Pre-saccadic neural enhancements in marmoset area MT.</a> bioRxiv. , (2022).</li><li>Okun, M., Lak, A., Carandini, M., Harris, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long+term+recordings+with+immobile+silicon+probes+in+the+mouse+cortex.">Long term recordings with immobile silicon probes in the mouse cortex.</a> PloS One. 11 (3), e0151180 (2016).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

目前有几种方法（例如慢性、半慢性、急性）可用于在非人灵长类动物中进行神经生理学实验。普通狨猴因其体型小且缺乏作为解剖标志的脑回，对神经生理学实验提出了独特的挑战。这要求研究人员使用神经生理学标志，如感兴趣区域的视网膜和调谐特性来识别记录目标。因此，在最初绘制皮质区域时，可能需要每天调整电极位置。目前狨猴神经生理学的制剂通常使用半慢性探针定位，这不允?...

近年来，普通狨猴（Callithrix jacchus）作为研究大脑功能的模型迅速流行起来。这种日益普及的原因是狨猴光滑皮层的可及性，与人类和其他灵长类动物的神经功能组织的相似性，以及体积小、繁殖速度快1。随着这种模式生物越来越受欢迎，适用于狨猴大脑的神经生理学技术得到了迅速发展。电生理学方法在神经科学中被广泛用于研究啮齿动物和灵长类动物皮层中单个神经元的活动，从而实现无与伦比的时间分辨率和位置访问。由于狨猴作为视觉神经科学模型的相对新颖性，清醒行为电生理学技术的优化仍在不断发展。先前的研究表明，在麻醉制剂中建立了稳健的电生理学方案2，早期觉醒行为神经生理学研究表明了单通道钨电极3 的可靠性。近年来，研究人员已经确定了硅基微电极阵列在清醒行为神经生理学中的应用4。然而，狨猴由于大脑体积小且缺乏解剖学标志，因此提出了独特的目标挑战。该协议概述了如何构建和使用适用于狨猴的微型驱动器记录系统，该系统允许使用硅线性阵列记录大量神经元，同时产生最小的组织损伤。
与狨猴一起工作是一个挑战，因为与较大的灵长类动物相比，视觉皮层中视网膜图的比例较小。电极稍偏移 1 mm 即可导致图谱发生重大变化。此外，研究人员经常需要在记录会话之间改变电极的位置，以获得视觉皮层中更广泛的视网膜位置。目前的半慢性制剂不允许每天调整电极位置，也无法以足够的精度以亚毫米级5瞄准特定位置。考虑到这一点，所提出的微驱动系统利用X-Y电极级，该电极级将轻量级微驱动安装到记录室中，并允许对皮质部位进行亚毫米级靶向。可移动的 X-Y 载物台组件允许线性阵列的垂直和水平移动，以便系统地遍历皮质区域，这是识别感兴趣区域（通过 视网膜位和调谐特性）所必需的。在录制过程中，研究人员还可以手动调整 X-Y 载物台以移动区域内的目标站点。与使用半慢性记录制剂的替代技术相比，这是一个关键优势，后者没有简单的电极靶向机制。
微型驱动器是一种多功能工具，可以安装各种硅阵列以降低到皮层中。在该协议中，使用具有两个间隔 200 μm 的 32 通道线性阵列的定制探针来研究跨越皮层深度的层流电路。大多数探测神经回路的方法通常对大脑皮层所有层的平均电位或单个单元进行采样。然而，最近的研究揭示了关于皮层层流微电路的有趣发现6.通过利用微型驱动器，研究人员可以使用层流探头并对记录深度进行微调，以确保在所有层中进行全面采样。
该系统可以使用市售组件构建，并且很容易针对不同的实验技术或探针进行修改。这种制备的主要优点是能够以亚毫米级精度改变X-Y记录位置，并控制皮层内记录的深度。该协议提供了构建X-Y阶段微驱动器和神经生理学记录技术的分步说明。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4 Hp burr drill bit</td>
			<td>McMaster &#38; Carr</td>
			<td>Cat# 43035A32</td>
			<td>Carbide Bur with 1/4&#34; Shank Diameter, Rounded Cylinder Head, trade Number SC-1, single Cut(https://www.mcmaster.com/products/bur-bits/burs-7/?s=1%2F4%22+bur+bits)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x1mm Crist Grid</td>
			<td>Crist Instruments</td>
			<td>1 mm x 1 mm Grid</td>
			<td>https://www.cristinstrument.com/products/implant-intro/grids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>91% isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>https://www.medline.com/product/Medline-Isopropyl-Rubbing-Alcohol/Bulk-Alcohol/Z05-PF03807?question=91%25%20isopropyl%20alcohol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acquisition Board</td>
			<td>Open-Ephys</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>https://open-ephys.org/acquisition-system/eux9baf6a5s8tid06hk1mw5aafjdz1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacitracin Ointment</td>
			<td>Medline: Cosette Pharmaceuticals Inc</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>https://www.medline.com/product/Bacitracin-Ointment/Antibiotics/Z05-PF86957?question=bacitr</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt straight Forceps</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>https://www.medline.com/category/Central-Sterile/Surgical-Instruments/Forceps/Z05-CA16_02_20/products</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone wax</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>ETHW31G</td>
			<td>https://www.medline.com/product/Ethicon-Bone-Wax/Bone-Wax/Z05-PF61528?question=bonewax</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C&#38;B Metabond Quick Adhesive Cement System</td>
			<td>Parkell, Inc.</td>
			<td>SKU: S380</td>
			<td>https://www.parkell.com/C-B-Metabond-Quick-Adhesive-Cement-System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clavamox</td>
			<td>MWI Animal Health</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Contact lens solution</td>
			<td>Bausch and lomb</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Various sources available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom Printed 3D printed parts</td>
			<td>ProtoLab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://marmolab.bcs.rochester.edu/resources.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DB25-G2 25 Pin Male Plug Port Signal Connector</td>
			<td>Various Sources</td>
			<td>DB25-G2 25</td>
			<td>DB25-G2 25 Pin Male Plug Port Signal 2 Row Terminal Breakout Board Screw Nut Connector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>diamond saw attachement for dremmel</td>
			<td>Dremmel</td>
			<td>545 Diamond Wheel</td>
			<td>https://www.dremel.com/us/en/p/545-26150545ab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digitizing Head-stages</td>
			<td>Intan</td>
			<td>RHD 32channel (Part #C3314)</td>
			<td>https://intantech.com/RHD_headstages.html?tabSelect=RHD32ch&#38;yPos=120.80 
			000305175781</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDOT</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Product # 483028</td>
			<td>https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/483028</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helping Hands</td>
			<td>Harbor Freight</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>https://www.harborfreight.com/helping-hands-60501.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hook Electrical Clips</td>
			<td>Various Sources</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Hook test Cable wires</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Interface Cables (RHD 3-ft (0.9 m) ultra thin SPI cable)</td>
			<td>Intan</td>
			<td>&#160;Part #C3213</td>
			<td>https://intantech.com/RHD_SPI_cables.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab jack</td>
			<td>Various Sources</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Stainless-Steel-Scissor-Stand-Platform/dp/B07T8FM85H/ref=asc_df_B07T8FM85H/?tag=&#38;linkCode=df0&#38;hvadid=366343 
			827267&#38;hvpos=&#38;hvnetw=g&#38;hvrand 
			=2036619536500717246&#38;hvpone 
			=&#38;hvptwo=&#38;hvqmt=&#38;hvdev=c&#38;hv 
			dvcmdl=&#38;hvlocint=&#38;hvlocphy=900 
			5674&#38;hvtargid=pla-795933567991&#38; 
			ref=&#38;adgrpid=71496544770&#38;th=1</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Meloxicam</td>
			<td>MWI Animal Health</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-drive</td>
			<td>Crist Instrument</td>
			<td>3-NRMD</td>
			<td>https://www.cristinstrument.com/products/microdrives/miniature-microdrive-3-nrmd</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel linear silicon arrays with 64 channel connector</td>
			<td>NeuroNexus</td>
			<td>A1x32-5mm-25-177</td>
			<td>https://www.neuronexus.com/products/electrode-arrays/up-to-10-mm-depth/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoZ Omentics Adapter- 32 Channel</td>
			<td>NeuraLynx</td>
			<td>ADPT-NZ-N2T-32</td>
			<td>https://neuralynx.com/hardware/adpt-nz-n2t-32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoZ System</td>
			<td>Plexon</td>
			<td>NanoZ Impedence Tester</td>
			<td>https://plexon.com/products/nanoz-impedance-tester/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Narishige Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>Stereotaxic Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>https://usa.narishige-group.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Open-Ephys GUI</td>
			<td>Open-Ephys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://open-ephys.org/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyimide Tubing (OD(in): 0.021 / ID(in) 0.018 )</td>
			<td>Various Sources (Chamfr)</td>
			<td>Chamfr Cat#HPC01895</td>
			<td>https://chamfr.com/sellers/teleflex-medical-oem-llc/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primate Chair</td>
			<td>Custom made by University of Rochester Machine Shop</td>
			<td>Designs online</td>
			<td>https://marmolab.bcs.rochester.edu/resources.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Product # 243051</td>
			<td>https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/243051</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RHD USB Interface board</td>
			<td>Intan</td>
			<td>RHD2000 Evaluation Board Version 1.0</td>
			<td>https://intantech.com/RHD_USB_interface_board.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silastic gel</td>
			<td>World Precision Instuments</td>
			<td># KWIK-SIL</td>
			<td>Low Toxicity Silicone Adhesive ((https://www.wpiinc.com/kwik-sil-low-toxicity-silicone-adhesive)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slow release buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Compounding Pharmacy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel wire 36 gauge</td>
			<td>McMaster &#38; Carr</td>
			<td>Cat# 6517K11</td>
			<td>Round Bend-and-Stay Multipurpose 304 Stainless Steel Wire, Matte Finish, 1-Foot Long, 0.008&#34; Diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stanley 6-Piece Precision Screwdriver Set</td>
			<td>Stanley</td>
			<td>1.4mm flathead screwdriver</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Stanley-Tools-6-Piece-Precision-Screwdriver/dp/B076621ZGC/ref=sr_1_3?crid=237VSK5FNFP9N&#38;keywords= 
			stanley+66-052&#38;qid=1672764369&#38;sprefix= 
			stanley+66-052%2Caps%2C90&#38;sr=8-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel Screws</td>
			<td>McMaster &#38; Carr</td>
			<td>type 00 stainless steel hex screws and 1/8&#8221; in length</td>
			<td>https://www.mcmaster.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel Tube</td>
			<td>McMaster &#38; Carr</td>
			<td>28 gauge stainless steel tubing</td>
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electrophysiology of laminar cortical activity in the common marmoset

狨猴因其光滑的皮质表面，为检查层流皮层回路提供了理想的模型，便于使用线性阵列进行记录。狨猴最近越来越受欢迎，因为它的神经功能组织与其他灵长类动物相似，而且在记录和成像方面具有技术优势。然而，由于体积小且缺乏作为解剖标志的脑回，该模型中的神经生理学带来了一些独特的挑战。使用定制的微型驱动器，研究人员可以将线性阵列放置控制到亚毫米级精度，并在记录日内在相同的视网膜定位位置可靠地记录。该协议描述了微驱动定位系统的分步构建和硅线性电极阵列的神经生理记录技术。通过精确控制整个记录会话中的电极位置，研究人员可以轻松地遍历皮层，根据其视网膜组织和记录神经元的调谐特性来识别感兴趣的区域。此外，使用这种层流阵列电极系统，可以应用电流源密度分析（CSD）来确定单个神经元的记录深度。该协议还演示了层流记录的示例，包括在 Kilosort 中分离的尖峰波形，这些波形跨越阵列上的多个通道。

该协议描述了如何构建X-Y电极级（图1），该电极级允许对位点进行亚毫米级定位，并在单独的记录会话中保持可靠的定位。X-Y定位的可靠性如 图6所示，该图表明，相隔一周进行的两次记录会话显示其平均射频位置重叠70.8%（图6A）。此外，对微型驱动器定位的微小调整可以支持视网膜空间的精确运动。通过参考每个阶段中相距 2 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiology of Laminar Cortical Activity in the Common Marmoset at JoVE.com

作者聚焦：优化 Micro-Drive Systems 以实现 Marmoset 中的精确电极定位

定制的微型驱动器能够通过线性硅阵列实现皮质记录位点的亚毫米级靶向。

普通狨猴层流皮层活动的电生理学

The marmoset monkey provides an ideal model for examining laminar cortical circuits due to its smooth cortical surface, which facilitates recordings with ...

普通狨猴因其体型小且缺乏作为解剖学标志的环流，对神经生理学提出了独特的挑战。电极的轻微移动仅一毫米就可能导致视网膜图谱发生重大变化。所提出的微型驱动系统利用XY电极平台，允许在亚毫米级上垂直和水平移动。由于狨猴作为视觉神经元符号模型的相对新颖性，清醒行为电生理学技术仍在不断发展。目前的制剂通常使用不允许进入定位机构的半慢性探头。该协议展示了一种用于有用的线性阵列记录的轻量级微型驱动器，它允许在会话之间灵活定位，以绘制腔室内的视网膜。当正确使用安全驱动、缓慢穿透组织和避免主要血管时，可以避免制剂中的长期皮质损伤。此外，该技术优化了在开颅手术中使用硅橡胶以避免感染的方法。

electrophysiology-of-laminar-cortical-activity-in-the-common-marmoset

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Electrophysiology of Laminar Cortical Activity in the Common Marmoset

701 次观看.  University of Rochester. 普通狨猴因其体型小且缺乏作为解剖学标志的环流，对神经生理学提出了独特的挑战。电极的轻微移动仅一毫米就可能导致视网膜图谱发生重大变化。所提出的微型驱动系统利用XY电极平台，允许在亚毫米级上垂直和水平移动。由于狨猴作为视觉神经元符号模型的相对新颖性，清醒行为电生理学技术仍在不断发展。目前的制剂通常使用不允许进入定位机构的半慢性探头?...

视频: 作者聚焦：优化 Micro-Drive Systems 以实现 Marmoset 中的精确电极定位

Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in which functional MRI data and in vivo intracortical recording can be performed simultaneously. The combination of MRI and electrical recording is technically challenging because the electrodes used for recording distort the MRI images and the MRI acquisition induces noise in the electrical recording. To minimize the mutual interference of the two modalities, glass microelectrodes were used rather than metal and a noise removal algorithm was implemented for the electrophysiology data. In our studies, two microelectrodes were separately implanted in bilateral primary somatosensory cortices (SI) of the rat and fixed in place. One coronal slice covering the electrode tips was selected for functional MRI. Electrode shafts and fixation positions were not included in the image slice to avoid imaging artifacts. The removed scalp was replaced with toothpaste to reduce susceptibility mismatch and prevent Gibbs ringing artifacts in the images. The artifact structure induced in the electrical recordings by the rapidly-switching magnetic fields during image acquisition was characterized by averaging all cycles of scans for each run. The noise structure during imaging was then subtracted from original recordings. The denoised time courses were then used for further analysis in combination with the fMRI data. As an example, the simultaneous acquisition was used to determine the relationship between spontaneous fMRI BOLD signals and band-limited intracortical electrical activity. Simultaneous fMRI and electrophysiological recording in the rodent will provide a platform for many exciting applications in neuroscience in addition to elucidating the relationship between the fMRI BOLD signal and neuronal activity.

We have developed a method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological recording in the rodent brain, providing a platform for the investigation of the relationship between neural activity and the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signal.

同时在啮齿动物脑功能磁共振成像和电

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in ...

科研

神经科学

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate a method to fabricate suction electrodes that are used to examine CPG activity, or fictive locomotion, in dissected rodent spinal cords. The rodent spinal cords are placed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the ventral roots are drawn into the suction electrode. The electrode is constructed by modifying a commercially available suction electrode. A heavier silver wire is used instead of the standard wire given by the commercially available electrode. The glass tip on the commercial electrode is replaced with a plastic tip for increased durability. We prepare hand drawn electrodes and electrodes made from specific sizes of tubing, allowing consistency and reproducibility. Data is collected using an amplifier and neurogram acquisition software. Recordings are performed on an air table within a Faraday cage to prevent mechanical and electrical interference, respectively.

A demonstration of the fabrication and use of an extracellular suction electrode used to measure electrophysiological recordings of neonatal rodent spinal cords in vitro

脊髓电二：外吸电极的制作

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

Cortical layers are ubiquitous structures throughout neocortex1-4 that consist of highly recurrent local networks. In recent years, significant progress has been made in our understanding of differences in response properties of neurons in different cortical layers5-8, yet there is still a great deal left to learn about whether and how neuronal populations encode information in a laminar-specific manner.
Existing multi-electrode array techniques, although informative for measuring responses across many millimeters of cortical space along the cortical surface, are unsuitable to approach the issue of laminar cortical circuits. Here, we present our method for setting up and recording individual neurons and local field potentials (LFPs) across cortical layers of primary visual cortex (V1) utilizing multi-contact laminar electrodes (Figure 1; Plextrode U-Probe, Plexon Inc).
The methods included are recording device construction, identification of cortical layers, and identification of receptive fields of individual neurons. To identify cortical layers, we measure the evoked response potentials (ERPs) of the LFP time-series using full-field flashed stimuli. We then perform current-source density (CSD) analysis to identify the polarity inversion accompanied by the sink-source configuration at the base of layer 4 (the sink is inside layer 4, subsequently referred to as granular layer9-12). Current-source density is useful because it provides an index of the location, direction, and density of transmembrane current flow, allowing us to accurately position electrodes to record from all layers in a single penetration6, 11, 12.

A fundamental issue in our understanding of cortical circuitry is how networks in different cortical layers encode sensory information. Here we describe electrophysiological techniques utilizing multi-contact laminar electrodes to record single-units and local field potentials and present analyses to identify cortical layers.

检查本地网络处理采用多接触层电极记录

Cortical layers are ubiquitous structures throughout neocortex1-4 that consist of highly recurrent local networks. In recent years, significant progress ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

多单位记录方法来描述蝗虫的神经活动（<em&gt; Schistocerca美洲</em&gt;）嗅觉电路

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety of brain disorders1,2. To better understand the mechanisms by which brain circuits react to an animal's experience requires the ability to monitor the experience-dependent molecular changes in a given set of neurons, over a prolonged period of time, in the live animal. While experience and associated neural activity is known to trigger gene expression changes in neurons1,2, most of the methods to detect such changes do not allow repeated observation of the same neurons over multiple days or do not have sufficient resolution to observe individual neurons3,4. Here, we describe a method that combines in vivo two-photon microscopy with a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter to track experience-dependent gene expression changes in individual cortical neurons over the course of day-to-day experience. 
One of the well-established experience-dependent genes is Activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein (Arc)5,6. The transcription of Arc is rapidly and highly induced by intensified neuronal activity3, and its protein product regulates the endocytosis of glutamate receptors and long-term synaptic plasticity7. The expression of Arc has been widely used as a molecular marker to map neuronal circuits involved in specific behaviors3. In most of those studies, Arc expression was detected by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry in fixed brain sections. Although those methods revealed that the expression of Arc was localized to a subset of excitatory neurons after behavioral experience, how the cellular patterns of Arc expression might change with multiple episodes of repeated or distinctive experiences over days was not investigated. 
In vivo two-photon microscopy offers a powerful way to examine experience-dependent cellular changes in the living brain8,9. To enable the examination of Arc expression in live neurons by two-photon microscopy, we previously generated a knock-in mouse line in which a GFP reporter is placed under the control of the endogenous Arc promoter10. This protocol describes the surgical preparations and imaging procedures for tracking experience-dependent Arc-GFP expression patterns in neuronal ensembles in the live animal. In this method, chronic cranial windows were first implanted in Arc-GFP mice over the cortical regions of interest. Those animals were then repeatedly imaged by two-photon microscopy after desired behavioral paradigms over the course of several days. This method may be generally applicable to animals carrying other fluorescent reporters of experience-dependent molecular changes4.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

Experience-dependent molecular changes in neurons are essential for the brain's ability to adapt in response to behavioral challenges. An in vivo two-photon imaging method is described here that allows the tracking of such molecular changes in individual cortical neurons through genetically encoded reporters.

在体内双光子成像的经验依赖的分子在大脑皮质神经元的变化

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety ...

Quantification of Filamentous Actin (F-actin) Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin protein (F-actin) plays a major role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Changes in dendritic F-actin rich structures suggest alterations in synaptic integrity and connectivity. Here we provide a detailed protocol for culturing primary rat cortical neurons, Phalloidin staining for F-actin puncta, and subsequent quantification techniques. First, the frontal cortex of E18 rat embryos are dissociated into low-density cell culture, then the neurons grown in vitro for at least 12-14 days. Following experimental treatment, the cortical neurons are stained with AlexaFluor 488 Phalloidin (to label the dendritic F-actin puncta) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2; to validate the neuronal cells and dendritic integrity). Finally, specialized software is used to analyze and quantify randomly selected neuronal dendrites. F-actin rich structures are identified on second order dendritic branches (length range 25-75 &#181;m) with continuous MAP2 immunofluorescence. The protocol presented here will be a useful method for investigating changes in dendritic synapse structures subsequent to experimental treatments.

Quantification of Filamentous Actin F-actin Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin (F-actin) plays an important role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Quantification of F-actin puncta is therefore a useful tool to study the integrity of synaptic structures. This protocol describes the procedures of quantifying F-actin puncta labeled with Phalloidin in low-density primary cortical neuronal cultures.

大鼠皮层神经元丝状肌动蛋白（F-肌动蛋白）泪点的量化

Filamentous actin protein (F-actin) plays a major role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Changes in dendritic F-actin rich ...

Prolonged Incubation of Acute Neuronal Tissue for Electrophysiology and Calcium-imaging

Acute neuronal tissue preparations, brain slices and retinal wholemount, can usually only be maintained for 6 - 8 h following dissection. This limits the experimental time, and increases the number of animals that are utilized per study. This limitation specifically impacts protocols such as calcium imaging that require prolonged pre-incubation with bath-applied dyes. Exponential bacterial growth within 3 - 4 h after slicing is tightly correlated with a decrease in tissue health. This study describes a method for&#160;limiting the proliferation of bacteria in acute preparations to maintain viable neuronal tissue for prolonged periods of time (&#62;24 h) without the need for antibiotics, sterile procedures, or tissue culture media containing growth factors. By cycling the extracellular fluid through UV irradiation and keeping the tissue in a custom holding chamber at 15 - 16 &#176;C, the tissue shows no difference in electrophysiological properties, or calcium signaling through intracellular calcium dyes at &#62;24 h postdissection. These methods will not only extend experimental time for those using acute neuronal tissue, but will reduce the number of animals required to complete experimental goals, and will set a gold standard for acute neuronal tissue incubation.

Once removed from the body, neuronal tissue is greatly affected by environmental conditions, leading to eventual degradation of the tissue after 6 - 8 h. Using a unique incubation method, which closely monitors and regulates the extracellular environment of the tissue, tissue viability can be significantly extended for &#62;24 h.

对于电生理和钙成像急性神经组织的长时间培养

Acute neuronal tissue preparations, brain slices and retinal wholemount, can usually only be maintained for 6 - 8 h following dissection. This limits the ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging methods exist for examining the brain tissue of live newborn mammals. Herein we summarize a protocol for imaging individual cortical neurons in living neonatal mice. This protocol includes the following two methodologies: (1) the Supernova system for sparse and bright labeling of cortical neurons in the developing brain, and (2) a surgical procedure for the fragile neonatal skull. This protocol allows the observation of temporal changes of individual cortical neurites during neonatal stages with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Labeled cell-specific gene silencing and knockout can also be achieved by combining the Supernova with RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems. This protocol can, thus, be used for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

We present an in vivo two-photon imaging protocol for imaging the cerebral cortex of neonatal mice. This method is suitable for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, the molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and the changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

体内新生小鼠皮层神经元的双光子成像

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging ...

Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent development of thin, flexible ECoG electrodes has enabled conduction of stable recordings of large-scale cortical activity. We have developed a whole-cortical ECoG array for the common marmoset. The array continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortical hemisphere, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles, and it captures whole-cortical neural activity in one shot. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain. Marmosets have two advantages regarding ECoG recordings, one being the homologous organization of anatomical structures in humans and macaques, including frontal, parietal, and temporal complexes. The other advantage is that the marmoset brain is lissencephalic and contains a large number of complexes, which are more difficult to access in macaques with ECoG, that are exposed to the brain surface.These features allow direct access to most cortical areas beneath the surface of the brain. This system provides an opportunity to investigate global cortical information processing with high resolutions at a sub-millisecond order in time and millimeter order in space.

We have developed a whole-cortical electrocorticographic array for the common marmoset that continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain.

常见马莫塞的全皮质电皮质阵列的慢性植入

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent ...

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

This paper presents a methodology for the recording and analysis of cortical visual evoked potentials (CVEPs) in response to various visual stimuli using 128-channel high-density electroencephalography (EEG). The specific aim of the described stimuli and analyses is to examine whether it is feasible to replicate previously reported CVEP morphological patterns elicited by an apparent motion stimulus, designed to simultaneously stimulate both ventral and dorsal central visual networks, using object and motion stimuli designed to separately stimulate ventral and dorsal visual cortical networks.&#160; Four visual paradigms are presented: 1. Randomized visual objects with consistent temporal presentation. 2. Randomized visual objects with inconsistent temporal presentation (or jitter).&#160; 3. Visual motion via a radial field of coherent central dot motion without jitter.&#160; 4. Visual motion via a radial field of coherent central dot motion with jitter.&#160; These four paradigms are presented in a pseudo-randomized order for each participant.&#160; Jitter is introduced in order to view how possible anticipatory-related effects may affect the morphology of the object-onset and motion-onset CVEP response.&#160; EEG data analyses are described in detail, including steps of data exportation from and importation to signal processing platforms, bad channel identification&#160;and removal, artifact rejection, averaging, and categorization of average CVEP morphological pattern type based upon latency ranges of component peaks. Representative data show that the methodological approach is indeed sensitive in eliciting differential object-onset and motion-onset CVEP morphological patterns and may, therefore, be useful in addressing the larger research aim. Given the high temporal resolution of EEG and the possible application of high-density EEG in source localization analyses, this protocol is ideal for the investigation of distinct CVEP morphological patterns and the underlying neural mechanisms which generate these differential responses.&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;

In this paper, we present a protocol to investigate differential cortical visual evoked potential morphological patterns through stimulation of ventral and dorsal networks using high-density EEG. Visual object and motion stimulus paradigms, with and without temporal jitter, are described. Visual evoked potential morphological analyses are also outlined.&#160;&#160;

刺激特定的皮质视觉引发潜在形态模式

This paper presents a methodology for the recording and analysis of cortical visual evoked potentials (CVEPs) in response to various visual stimuli using ...