analysis of immune cell diversity using histo-flow cytometry

Immunofluorescent Microscopy and Analysis for High-Parameter Tissue Imaging

Inflammation driven by cells of the immune system and glial cells can contribute to chronic disorders of the CNS where each population can promote the activity of the other1,2,3. Understanding how the immune system interacts with these elements of the CNS to promote CNS inflammation is currently a major topic of interest and has been greatly facilitated by high-parameter techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing. Through single-cell RNA sequencing, we have discovered that there is extensive communication occurring between glial cells and the immune system in several CNS disorders4,5,6. Understanding how these interactions are affecting these disorders will be crucial to elucidating the biology of these diseases.
One issue with single-cell sequencing analyses is that these techniques require that the tissue be disrupted to obtain single cells or nuclei, resulting in a complete loss of spatial information. Knowing where a cell exists in a tissue is critical for understanding the cell&#39;s role in driving inflammation. For example, immune cells such as B cells can concentrate in the CNS during neuroinflammation; however, they rarely enter the CNS parenchyma and instead concentrate in CNS barriers7. Given their localization, it is unlikely that these cells contribute to CNS inflammation by physically interacting with glial cells in the CNS parenchyma, suggesting any interactions they may be having with glial cells would occur through secreted factors. Additionally, the pathology occurring in CNS disorders often has structure8,9 such that a cell&#39;s localization in the tissue could critically determine whether it is actively contributing to the disorder or is a bystander. Thus, the usage of spatial orientation to evaluate a cell&#39;s role in pathology is essential.
Studying cells in tissue has typically been accomplished by using immunohistochemistry or immune fluorescence microscopy. An issue with these techniques is that they typically can only image up to four parameters simultaneously. This is a major limitation to these techniques, as we know from flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses that many cell populations require two or more parameters for their identification; also, the number of parameters required typically increases when looking for specific subsets of a cell type10. Thus, it is impractical to use standard imaging techniques for studying how subsets of cells may be interacting within a tissue.
This issue has been partially overcome through newer high-parameter methods that can retain spatial information, such as spatial RNA sequencing11 and imaging mass cytometry12. While these techniques are valuable, they do have several issues, such as not being widely available, reducing three-dimensional data into two dimensions, and requiring considerable expertise to execute. Another technique known as sequential staining, wherein tissues are stained with one set of antibodies followed by inactivation of the previous set of antibodies before staining with another set of antibodies, can achieve high-parameter histology without the need for specialized equipment or expertise13,14,15. However, sequential staining can be extremely labor intensive and requires a large amount of microscopy time, which may be impractical for laboratories that do not own a personal microscope. Thus, there is a need for techniques that can expand the number of fluorescent parameters that can be imaged at one time on microscopes that are widely available and in a timely fashion.
Once the high-parameter data has been acquired, another issue arises: conventional image analysis methods are unlikely to successfully analyze the data. Techniques such as manual counting or thresholding are only viable if the analysis consists of a single parameter or if multiple markers have the same localization where only overlapping signals are counted. This limitation makes traditional analysis inadequate to work with high-parameter datasets. Successful analysis of these datasets has been achieved by segmenting single cells from histology images and then conducting flow cytometry-like gating strategies to identify cell types16,17. However, another issue that affects these analyses is that they only work for datasets wherein all the cells of interest are physically separated from one another, as these techniques do not employ methods that can accurately separate cells that are in physical contact. Thus, a newer method is required that can conduct single-cell analyses on histology sections even if the cells are in physical contact.
In this article, a simple protocol called histoflow cytometry is described that has previously been introduced18 that expands the number of fluorescent parameters that can be imaged simultaneously using widely available microscopes. This protocol works by staining tissues with spectrally overlapping dyes and then using spectral compensation to remove bleed-through from overlapping channels to obtain clear single stains. To facilitate the analysis of high-parameter histology images, a detailed analysis pipeline is described that extracts single cells from tissue sections for the purpose of sorting cells into distinct populations using flow cytometry-like gating strategies. This protocol works in tissues where cells are diffusely present and in tissues where cells are closely compacted together, making this technique versatile for the study of tissues like the CNS in both homeostasis and neuroinflammation. Histoflow cytometry is, therefore, a useful technique for studying interactions between complex cell types that require multiple cell markers to define cells while maintaining spatial information.

Author Spotlight: Enhanced Multiplex Immunofluorescent Microscopy Protocol for Neuroscience Research

Generating and Analyzing High-Parameter Histology Images with Histoflow Cytometry

Our overarching goal is to study how cells of the immune system and glial cells within the central nervous system contribute to the development and progression of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Immunofluorescent microscopy is a standard and widely used technique across biological disciplines and is essential to neuroscience and immunology research. One of the main issues that plague researchers is that immunofluorescent microscopy is typically limited in the number of probes that can be imaged at a single time due to the limitations of conventional microscopes.In this protocol, we describe a method to expand the number of probes that many microscopes can image at a single time, and provide an analysis pipeline to process information-dense images. The advantage of this protocol is that it can be adapted to many widely available microscopes and is easy to execute, which would make multiplex histology analysis available to a greater number of labs.

Analysis of Immune Cell Diversity Using Histo-Flow Cytometry

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

The usage of histology to investigate immune cell diversity in tissue sections such as those derived from the central nervous system (CNS) is critically ...