<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>树木生态学研究中田间到实验室树木年轮数字化的协议

<ol>
	<li>Wimmer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arthur+Freiherr+von+Seckendorff-Gudent+and+the+early+history+of+tree-ring+crossdating.">Arthur Freiherr von Seckendorff-Gudent and the early history of tree-ring crossdating.</a> Dendrochronologia. 19 (1), 153-158 (2001).</li><li>McGraw, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Andrew+Ellicott+Douglass+and+the+giant+sequoias+in+the+founding+of+dendrochronology.">Andrew Ellicott Douglass and the giant sequoias in the founding of dendrochronology.</a> Tree-Ring Res. 59 (1), 21-27 (2003).</li><li>Schweingruber, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tree Rings and Environment: Dendroecology. , (1996).</li><li>Amoroso, M. M., Daniels, L. D., Baker, P. J., Camarero, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Dendroecology: Tree-Ring Analyses Applied to Ecological Studies (Vol.231). 231, (2017).</li><li>Lopez-Saez, J., Corona, C., Von Arx, G., Fonti, P., Slamova, L., Stoffel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tree-ring+anatomy+of+Pinus+cembra+trees+opens+new+avenues+for+climate+reconstructions+in+the+European+Alps.">Tree-ring anatomy of Pinus cembra trees opens new avenues for climate reconstructions in the European Alps.</a> Sci Total Environ. 855, 158605 (2023).</li><li>Bj&#246;rklund, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fennoscandian+tree-ring+anatomy+shows+a+warmer+modern+than+medieval+climate.">Fennoscandian tree-ring anatomy shows a warmer modern than medieval climate.</a> Nature. 620 (7972), 97-103 (2023).</li><li>Camarero, J. J., Colangelo, M., Rodriguez-Gonzalez, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tree+growth,+wood+anatomy+and+carbon+and+oxygen+isotopes+responses+to+drought+in+Mediterranean+riparian+forests.">Tree growth, wood anatomy and carbon and oxygen isotopes responses to drought in Mediterranean riparian forests.</a> Forest Ecol Manag. 529, 120710 (2023).</li><li>Huang, R., Xu, C., Grie&#223;inger, J., Feng, X., Zhu, H., Br&#228;uning, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rising+utilization+of+stable+isotopes+in+tree+rings+for+climate+change+and+forest+ecology.">Rising utilization of stable isotopes in tree rings for climate change and forest ecology.</a> JForestry Res. 35, 13 (2024).</li><li>Schneider, L., G&#228;rtner, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Additive+manufacturing+for+lab+applications+in+environmental+sciences:+pushing+the+boundaries+of+rapid+prototyping.">Additive manufacturing for lab applications in environmental sciences: pushing the boundaries of rapid prototyping.</a> Dendrochronologia. 76, 126015 (2022).</li><li>Bj&#246;rklund, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scientific+merits+and+analytical+challenges+of+tree-ring+densitometry.">Scientific merits and analytical challenges of tree-ring densitometry.</a> Rev Geophys. 57, 1224-1264 (2019).</li><li>Katzenmaier, M., Garnot, V. S. F., Bj&#246;rklund, J., Schneider, L., Wegner, J. D., von Arx, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+ROXAS+AI:+Deep+learning+for+faster+and+more+accurate+conifer+cell+analysis.">Towards ROXAS AI: Deep learning for faster and more accurate conifer cell analysis.</a> Dendrochronologia. 81, 126126 (2023).</li><li>G&#228;rtner, H., Lucchinetti, S., Schweingruber, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+sledge+microtome+to+combine+wood+anatomy+and+tree-ring+ecology.">A new sledge microtome to combine wood anatomy and tree-ring ecology.</a> IAWA J. 36 (4), 452-459 (2015).</li><li>G&#228;rtner, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technical+perspective+in+modern+tree-ring+research+-+how+to+overcome+dendroecological+and+wood+anatomical+challenges.">A technical perspective in modern tree-ring research - how to overcome dendroecological and wood anatomical challenges.</a> J Vis Exp. 97 (e52337), (2015).</li><li>G&#228;rtner, H., Banzer, L., Schneider, L., Schweingruber, F. H., Bast, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparing+micro+sections+of+entire+(dry)+conifer+increment+cores+for+wood+anatomical+time-series+analyses.">Preparing micro sections of entire (dry) conifer increment cores for wood anatomical time-series analyses.</a> Dendrochronologia. 34, 19-23 (2015).</li><li>G&#228;rtner, H., Schneider, L., Lucchinetti, S., Cherubini, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+workflow+for+taking+high-quality+increment+cores+-+new+techniques+and+devices.">Advanced workflow for taking high-quality increment cores - new techniques and devices.</a> J Vis Exp. (193), e64747 (2023).</li><li>Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acoustic+measurements+on+trees+and+logs:+a+review+and+analysis.">Acoustic measurements on trees and logs: a review and analysis.</a> Wood Sci Technol. 47, 965-975 (2013).</li><li>Steenkamp, C. J., Van Rooyen, M. W., Van Rooyen, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-destructive+sampling+method+for+dendrochronology+in+hardwood+species.">A non-destructive sampling method for dendrochronology in hardwood species.</a> South Afr For J. 186, 5-7 (1999).</li><li>Toole, E. R., Gammage, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Damage+from+increment+borings+in+bottomland+hardwoods.">Damage from increment borings in bottomland hardwoods.</a> J For. 57, 909-911 (1959).</li><li>Grissino-Mayer, H. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+manual+and+tutorial+for+the+proper+use+of+an+increment+borer.">A manual and tutorial for the proper use of an increment borer.</a> Tree-Ring Res. 59 (2), 63-79 (2003).</li><li>Griffin, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gigapixel+macro+photography+of+tree+rings.">Gigapixel macro photography of tree rings.</a> Tree-Ring Res. 77, 86-94 (2021).</li><li>. LINTAB-Precision ring by ring Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://rinntech.info/products/lintab/">https://rinntech.info/products/lintab/</a> (2003)</li><li>. Regent Instruments Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://regentinstruments.com">https://regentinstruments.com</a> (2024)</li><li>De Micco, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-annual+density+fluctuations+in+tree+rings:+How,+when,+where,+and+why.">Intra-annual density fluctuations in tree rings: How, when, where, and why.</a> IAWA J. 37, 232-259 (2016).</li><li>Edwards, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-annual+climate+anomalies+in+northwestern+North+America+following+the+1783-1784+CE+Laki+eruption.">Intra-annual climate anomalies in northwestern North America following the 1783-1784 CE Laki eruption.</a> J Geophys Res Atmos. 126, e2020JD033544 (2020).</li><li>Levani&#269;, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATRICS-A+new+system+for+image+acquisition+in+dendrochronology.">ATRICS-A new system for image acquisition in dendrochronology.</a> Tree-Ring Res. 63 (2), 117-122 (2007).</li><li>Garc&#237;a-Hidalgo, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CaptuRING:+A+do-it-yourself+tool+for+wood+sample+digitization.">CaptuRING: A do-it-yourself tool for wood sample digitization.</a> Methods Ecol Evol. 13 (6), 1185-1191 (2022).</li><li>Rodriguez, D. R. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+wood+anatomy,+density+and+chemistry+profiles+to+understand+the+tree-ring+formation+in+Amazonian+tree+species.">Exploring wood anatomy, density and chemistry profiles to understand the tree-ring formation in Amazonian tree species.</a> Dendrochronologia. 71, 125915 (2022).</li><li>G&#228;rtner, H., Farahat, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cambial+activity+of+Moringa+peregrina+(Forssk.)+Fiori+in+arid+environments.">Cambial activity of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori in arid environments.</a> Front Plant Sci. 12, 760002 (2021).</li><li>G&#228;rtner, H., Lucchinetti, S., Schweingruber, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+perspectives+for+wood+anatomical+analysis+in+dendrosciences:+the+GSL1-microtome.">New perspectives for wood anatomical analysis in dendrosciences: the GSL1-microtome.</a> Dendrochronologia. 32, 47-51 (2014).</li><li>Maeglin, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Increment Cores: How to Collect, Handle, and Use Them (Vol. 25). , (1979).</li><li>Agee, J. K., Huff, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Care and Feeding of Increment Borers. , (1986).</li><li> Phipps, R. L., , . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Collecting, Preparing, Crossdating, and Measuring Tree Increment Cores (No. 85-4148). , (1985).</li><li>Cole, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Protection and Storing Increment Cores in Plastic Straws. 216, (1977).</li><li>Rossi, S., Anfodillo, T., Menardi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trephor:+a+new+tool+for+sampling+microcores+from+tree+stems.">Trephor: a new tool for sampling microcores from tree stems.</a> IAWA J. 27 (1), 89-97 (2006).</li><li>Schneider, L., G&#228;rtner, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+advantage+of+using+a+starch+based+non-Newtonian+fluid+to+prepare+micro+sections.">The advantage of using a starch based non-Newtonian fluid to prepare micro sections.</a> Dendrochronologia. 31, 175-178 (2013).</li><li>G&#228;rtner, H., Nievergelt, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+core-microtome:+A+new+tool+for+surface+preparation+on+corse+and+time+series+analysis+of+varying+cell+parameters.">The core-microtome: A new tool for surface preparation on corse and time series analysis of varying cell parameters.</a> Dendrochronologia. 28 (2), 85-92 (2010).</li><li>McCarroll, D., Pettigrew, E., Luckman, A., Guibal, F., Edouard, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue+reflectance+provides+a+surrogate+for+latewood+density+of+high-latitude+pine+tree+rings.">Blue reflectance provides a surrogate for latewood density of high-latitude pine tree rings.</a> Arct Antarct Alp Res. 34 (4), 450-453 (2002).</li><li>Bj&#246;rklund, J., Seftigen, K., Kaczka, R. J., Rydval, M., Wilson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+standard+definition+and+terminology+for+Blue+Intensity+from+conifers.">A standard definition and terminology for Blue Intensity from conifers.</a> Dendrochronologia. 85, 126200 (2024).</li><li>Van den Bulcke, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+X-ray+CT+scanning+can+boost+tree+ring+research+for+earth+system+sciences.">Advanced X-ray CT scanning can boost tree ring research for earth system sciences.</a> Ann Bot. 124 (5), 837-847 (2019).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Core-microtome</td>
			<td>WSL</td>
			<td>https://www.wsl.ch/en/services-produkte/microtomes/</td>
			<td>Microtome to cut micro sections from increment cores</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epson Expression 10000XL&#160;</td>
			<td>EPSON</td>
			<td>https://epson.com/Support/Scanners/Expression-Series/Epson-Expression-10000XL---Graphic-Arts/s/SPT_E10000XL-GA</td>
			<td>flatbed scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GSC holder</td>
			<td>WSL</td>
			<td>in-house</td>
			<td>3D printed mount to fix cores for transport, preparation, analyses, and storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skippy image capturing system</td>
			<td>WSL</td>
			<td>https://www.wsl.ch/en/services-produkte/skippy/)&#160;</td>
			<td>Image capturing system developed at WSL equiped with a 61 MP camera (Sony Alpha 7R IV and Sony FE 90mm f/2.8 Macro lens)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a new workflow for sampling and digitizing increment cores

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：用于推进树木生态学和木材解剖学研究的创新设备开发

用于对增量岩芯进行采样和数字化的新工作流程 

Here we present a new workflow from taking increment cores in the field, storing and transporting them to the lab, to digitizing their tree rings for ...

a-new-workflow-for-sampling-and-digitizing-increment-cores

Without Section

Research

A New Workflow for Sampling and Digitizing Increment Cores

JoVE Journal

Environment

2.2K 次观看.  Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 通过开发新设备，我们打算突破树木年轮研究的界限。3D 建模软件和 3D 打印机的应用允许快速、廉价地开发新设备。其中之一是图像捕获系统 Skippy，它允许以高分辨率和短时间对增量航向的表面进行数字化。通常，在树木生态学、树木地貌学或树木气候学中取样时，我们会在偏远地区（如极高纬度地区）对树木进行取样，这些地区的条件、气?...

视频: 作者聚焦：用于推进树木生态学和木材解剖学研究的创新设备开发

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail millet. Recently, the 510 Mb genome of foxtail millet, S. italica, has been sequenced 1,2 and a 25x coverage genome sequence of the weedy relative S. viridis is in progress. S. viridis has a number of characteristics that make it a potentially excellent model genetic system including a rapid generation time, small stature, simple growth requirements, prolific seed production 3 and developed systems for both transient and stable transformation 4. However, the genetics of S. viridis is largely unexplored, in part, due to the lack of detailed methods for performing crosses. To date, no standard protocol has been adopted that will permit rapid production of seeds from controlled crosses.
The protocol presented here is optimized for performing genetic crosses in S. viridis, accession A10.1. We have employed a simple heat treatment with warm water for emasculation after pruning the panicle to retain 20-30 florets and labeling of flowers to eliminate seeds resulting from newly developed flowers after emasculation. After testing a series of heat treatments at permissive temperatures and varying the duration of dipping, we have established an optimum temperature and time range of 48 &deg;C for 3-6 min. By using this method, a minimum of 15 crosses can be performed by a single worker per day and an average of 3-5 outcross progeny per panicle can be recovered. Therefore, an average of 45-75 outcross progeny can be produced by one person in a single day. Broad implementation of this technique will facilitate the development of recombinant inbred line populations of S. viridis X S. viridis or S. viridis X S. italica, mapping mutations through bulk segregant analysis and creating higher order mutants for genetic analysis.

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

We have developed a methodology for performing crosses in Setaria viridis (S. viridis). The method involves pruning the panicle prior to a hot water treatment to kill viable pollen. Crosses are performed following a well-controlled growth regime and typically result in the recovery of 1 to 7 cross-pollinated seed/s per panicle.

方法中进行杂交<em&gt;狗尾草</em&gt;，新模型体系的草

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail ...

科研

环境科学

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to two families: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Until now, more than 70 species have been described in the Steinernematidae and there are about 20 species in the Heterorhabditidae. The nematodes have a mutualistic partnership with Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and together they act as a potent insecticidal complex that kills a wide range of insect species.
Herein, we focus on the most common techniques considered for collecting EPN from soil. The second part of this presentation focuses on the insect-baiting technique, a widely used approach for the isolation of EPN from soil samples, and the modified White trap technique which is used for the recovery of these nematodes from infected insects. These methods and techniques are key steps for the successful establishment of EPN cultures in the laboratory and also form the basis for other bioassays that consider these nematodes as model organisms for research in other biological disciplines. The techniques shown in this presentation correspond to those performed and/or designed by members of S. P. Stock laboratory as well as those described by various authors.

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae

Entomopathogenic nematodes are soil-inhabiting roundworms that parasitize a wide range of insects. We demonstrate sampling methods used for the isolation of these nematodes from the soil using two techniques: the insect baiting and the modified White trap, for the recovery of nematodes from soil samples and infected insect cadavers, respectively.

土壤采样及昆虫病原线虫的分离（Steine​​rnematidae，异小）

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and metabolism. Although powerful, metagenomics alone can only elucidate functional potential. On the other hand, metaproteomics enables the description of the expressed in situ metabolism and function of a community. Here we describe a protocol for cell lysis, protein and DNA isolation, as well as peptide digestion and extraction from marine microbial cells collected on a cartridge filter unit (such as the Sterivex filter unit) and preserved in an RNA stabilization solution (like RNAlater). In mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, the identification of peptides and proteins is performed by comparing peptide tandem mass spectra to a database of translated nucleotide sequences. Including the metagenome of a sample in the search database increases the number of peptides and proteins that can be identified from the mass spectra. Hence, in this protocol DNA is isolated from the same filter, which can be used subsequently for metagenomic analysis.

This protocol is for the extraction and concentration of protein and DNA from microbial biomass collected from seawater, followed by the generation of tryptic peptides suitable for tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.

水生微生物Metaproteomics工作流程:从细胞对胰蛋白酶肽适合串联质谱为基础的分析

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

清洁取样和痕量金属研究河和河口水域分析

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropod populations in rice. When used in combination with an enclosure, application of this sampling device provides absolute estimates of the populations of arthropods as numbers per standardized sampling area. The sampling efficiency depends critically on the sampling duration. In a mature rice crop, a two-minute sampling in an enclosure of 0.13 m2 yields more than 90% of the arthropod population. The device also allows sampling of arthropods dwelling on the water surface or the soil in rice paddies, but it is not suitable for sampling fast flying insects, such as predatory Odonata or larger hymenopterous parasitoids. The modified blower-vac is simple to construct, and cheaper and easier to handle than traditional suction sampling devices, such as D-vac. The low cost makes the modified blower-vac also accessible to researchers in developing countries.

Assessment of arthropod abundance in crops is critical for investigating population dynamics and species interactions. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropods in rice.

修改和叶鼓风机-VAC的节肢动物领域采样中的应用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

协议塑料微粒采样的海面和样品分析

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only recently have microplastics in freshwater systems, such as rivers and lakes, been quantified. Microplastic sampling at the surface usually consists of deploying drift nets behind either a stationary or moving boat, which limits the sampling to environments with low levels of suspended sediments and floating or submerged debris. Previous studies that employed drift nets to collect microplastic debris typically used nets with &#8805;300 &#181;m mesh size, allowing plastic debris (particles and fibers) below this size to pass through the net and elude quantification. The protocol detailed here enables: 1) sample collection in environments with high suspended loads and floating or submerged debris and 2) the capture and quantification of microplastic particles and fibers &lt;300 &#181;m. Water samples were collected using a peristaltic pump in low-density polyethylene (PE) containers to be stored before filtering and analysis in the lab. Filtration was done with a custom-made microplastic filtration device containing detachable union joints that housed nylon mesh sieves and mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. Mesh sieves and membrane filters were examined with a stereomicroscope to quantify and separate microplastic particulates and fibers. These materials were then examined using a micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro ATR-FTIR) to determine microplastic polymer type. Recovery was measured by spiking samples using blue PE particulates and green nylon fibers; percent recovery was determined to be 100% for particulates and 92% for fibers. This protocol will guide similar studies on microplastics in high velocity rivers with high concentrations of sediment. With simple modifications to the peristaltic pump and filtration device, users can collect and analyze various sample volumes and particulate sizes.

Most microplastic research to date has occurred in marine systems where suspended solid levels are relatively low. Focus is now shifting to freshwater systems, which may feature high sediment loads and floating debris. This protocol addresses collecting and analyzing microplastic samples from aquatic environments that contain high suspended solid loads.

高悬浮泥沙荷载和大型漂浮碎屑水生环境中 Microplastics 的取样、分类和表征

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only ...

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot

Soils are highly heterogeneous. In general, the number of soil samples required for soil research has always been determined arbitrarily and the associated accuracy is unknown. Here, we present a detailed protocol for efficient and clustered soil sampling in a research plot and, relying on a pilot sampling using this design, for demonstrating soil spatial heterogeneity and informing reasonable sample sizes and associated accuracy for future study. The protocol mainly comprises four steps: sampling design, field collection, soil analysis, and geostatistical analysis. The step-by-step procedure is modified according to former publications. Two examples will be presented to demonstrate contrasting spatial distributions of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under different management practices. In addition, we present a strategy to determine the sample size requirement (SSR) given a certain level of accuracy based on the plot-level coefficient of variation (CV). The field sampling protocol and the quantitative determination of the sample size will assist researchers in seeking feasible sampling strategies to meet research needs and resources' availability.

The traditional soil-sampling procedure determines the number of soil samples arbitrarily. Here, we provide a simple yet efficient clustered soil-sampling design to demonstrate soil spatial heterogeneity and quantitatively determine the number of soil samples required and the associated sampling accuracy.

在异构研究图中取样土壤

Soils are highly heterogeneous. In general, the number of soil samples required for soil research has always been determined arbitrarily and the ...

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

Denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process removing reactive nitrogen from the biosphere. The quantitative evaluation of this process has become particularly relevant for assessing the anthropogenic-altered global nitrogen cycle and the emission of greenhouse gases (i.e., N2O). Several methods are available for measuring denitrification, but none of them are completely satisfactory. Problems with existing methods include their insufficient sensitivity, and the need to modify the substrate levels or alter the physical configuration of the process using disturbed samples.This work describes a method for estimating sediment denitrification rates that combines coring, acetylene inhibition, and microsensor measurements of the accumulated N2O. The main advantages of this method are a low disturbance of the sediment structure and the collection of a continuous record of N2O accumulation; these enable estimates of reliable denitrification rates with minimum values up to 0.4-1 &#181;mol N2O m-2 h-1. The ability to manipulate key factors is an additional advantage for obtaining experimental insights. The protocol describes procedures for collecting the cores, calibrating the sensors, performing the acetylene inhibition, measuring the N2O accumulation, and calculating the denitrification rate. The method is appropriate for estimating denitrification rates in any aquatic system with retrievable sediment cores. If the N2O concentration is above the detection limit of the sensor, the acetylene inhibition step can be omitted to estimate the N2O emission instead of denitrification. We show how to estimate both actual and potential denitrification rates by increasing nitrate availability as well as the temperature dependence of the process. We illustrate the procedure using mountain lake sediments and discuss the advantages and weaknesses of the technique compared to other methods. This method can be modified for particular purposes; for instance, it can be combined with 15N tracers to assess nitrification and denitrification or field in situ measurements of denitrification rates.

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

This method estimates sediment denitrification rates in sediment cores using the acetylene inhibition technique and microsensor measurements of the accumulated N2O. The protocol describes procedures for collecting the cores, calibrating the sensors, performing the acetylene inhibition, measuring the N2O accumulation, and calculating the denitrification rate.

利用岩体和 n 2o 微传感器估计沉积物脱氮率

Denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process removing reactive nitrogen from the biosphere. The quantitative evaluation of this process has ...