<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>树木生态学研究中田间到实验室树木年轮数字化的协议

<ol>
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<table><tbody><tr><td>Core-microtome</td><td>WSL</td><td>https://www.wsl.ch/en/services-produkte/microtomes/</td><td>Microtome to cut micro sections from increment cores</td></tr><tr><td>Epson Expression 10000XL&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EPSON</td><td>https://epson.com/Support/Scanners/Expression-Series/Epson-Expression-10000XL---Graphic-Arts/s/SPT_E10000XL-GA</td><td>flatbed scanner</td></tr><tr><td>GSC holder</td><td>WSL</td><td>in-house</td><td>3D printed mount to fix cores for transport, preparation, analyses, and storage</td></tr><tr><td>Skippy image capturing system</td><td>WSL</td><td>https://www.wsl.ch/en/services-produkte/skippy/)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Image capturing system developed at WSL equiped with a 61 MP camera (Sony Alpha 7R IV and Sony FE 90mm f/2.8 Macro lens)</td></tr></tbody></table>

a new workflow for sampling and digitizing increment cores

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：用于推进树木生态学和木材解剖学研究的创新设备开发

用于对增量岩芯进行采样和数字化的新工作流程 

Here we present a new workflow from taking increment cores in the field, storing and transporting them to the lab, to digitizing their tree rings for ...

a-new-workflow-for-sampling-and-digitizing-increment-cores

Universidad San Sebastian

Without Section

Research

A New Workflow for Sampling and Digitizing Increment Cores

JoVE Journal

Environment

2.3K 次观看.  Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 通过开发新设备，我们打算突破树木年轮研究的界限。3D 建模软件和 3D 打印机的应用允许快速、廉价地开发新设备。其中之一是图像捕获系统 Skippy，它允许以高分辨率和短时间对增量航向的表面进行数字化。通常，在树木生态学、树木地貌学或树木气候学中取样时，我们会在偏远地区（如极高纬度地区）对树木进行取样，这些地区的条件、气?...

视频: 作者聚焦：用于推进树木生态学和木材解剖学研究的创新设备开发

A Technical Perspective in Modern Tree-ring Research - How to Overcome Dendroecological and Wood Anatomical Challenges

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to environmental changes and to finally reconstruct such changes. This is done by analyzing growth variations back in time and correlating various plant-specific parameters to (for example) temperature records. Integrating wood anatomical parameters in these analyses would strengthen reconstructions, even down to intra-annual resolution. We therefore present a protocol on how to sample, prepare, and analyze wooden specimen for common macroscopic analyses, but also for subsequent microscopic analyses. Furthermore we introduce a potential solution for analyzing digital images generated from common small and large specimens to support time-series analyses. The protocol presents the basic steps as they currently can be used. Beyond this, there is an ongoing need for the improvement of existing techniques, and development of new techniques, to record and quantify past and ongoing environmental processes. Traditional wood anatomical research needs to be expanded to include ecological information to this field of research. This would support dendro-scientists who intend to analyze new parameters and develop new methodologies to understand the short and long term effects of specific environmental factors on the anatomy of woody plants.

Here we present a protocol outlining how to sample wooden specimens for the overall assessment of their growth structures. Macro- and microscopic preparation and visualization techniques necessary to generate well-replicated and highly resolved wood anatomical and dendroecological dataset, are described are described.

现代树轮研究技术的角度 - 如何克服Dendroecological和木解剖挑战

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to ...

科研

环境科学

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Sediment Core Extrusion Method at Millimeter Resolution Using a Calibrated, Threaded-rod

Aquatic sediment core subsampling is commonly performed at cm or half-cm resolution. Depending on the sedimentation rate and depositional environment, this resolution provides records at the annual to decadal scale, at best. An extrusion method, using a calibrated, threaded-rod is presented here, which allows for millimeter-scale subsampling of aquatic sediment cores of varying diameters. Millimeter scale subsampling allows for sub-annual to monthly analysis of the sedimentary record, an order of magnitude higher than typical sampling schemes. The extruder consists of a 2 m aluminum frame and base, two core tube clamps, a threaded-rod, and a 1 m piston. The sediment core is placed above the piston and clamped to the frame. An acrylic sampling collar is affixed to the upper 5 cm of the core tube and provides a platform from which to extract sub-samples. The piston is rotated around the threaded-rod at calibrated intervals and gently pushes the sediment out the top of the core tube. The sediment is then isolated into the sampling collar and placed into an appropriate sampling vessel (e.g., jar or bag). This method also preserves the unconsolidated samples (i.e., high pore water content) at the surface, providing a consistent sampling volume. This mm scale extrusion method was applied to cores collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon submarine oil release. Evidence suggests that it is necessary to sample at the mm scale to fully characterize events that occur on the monthly time-scale for continental slope sediments.

An extrusion method using a calibrated threaded-rod is presented, which allows for mm scale subsampling of aquatic sediment cores. Millimeter-scale sampling is necessary to fully characterize recent event stratigraphy in sediment records.

沉积物核心挤压法在毫米的分辨率用校准，螺纹杆

Aquatic sediment core subsampling is commonly performed at cm or half-cm resolution. Depending on the sedimentation rate and depositional environment, ...

化学

Advanced Workflow for Taking High-Quality Increment Cores - New Techniques and Devices

In dendroecological research, precise dating of each single growth ring is a basic requirement for all studies, focusing on ring-width variations only, chemical or isotope analyses, or wood anatomical studies. Independent of the sampling strategy for a certain study (e.g., climatology, geomorphology), the way samples are taken is crucial for their successful preparation and analyses.
Until recently, it was sufficient to use a (more or less) sharp increment corer to obtain core samples that could be sanded for further analyses. Since wood anatomical characteristics can be applied to long time series, the need to obtain high-quality increment cores has taken on a new meaning. Essentially, the corer needs to be sharp(ened) when used. When coring a tree by hand, there are some problems in handling the corer, resulting in the hidden occurrence of micro cracks along the entire core: When starting to drill by hand, the drill bit is strongly pressed against the bark and the outermost ring until the thread has fully entered the trunk. At the same time, the drill bit is moved up and down as well as sideward. Then, the corer is drilled all the way into the trunk; however, it is necessary to stop after each turn, change the grip, and turn again. All these movements, as well as the start/stop-coring, puts mechanical stress on the core. The resulting micro cracks make it impossible to create continuous micro sections, as they fall apart along all these cracks.
We present a protocol to overcome these obstacles by applying a new technique using a cordless drill to minimize these problems when coring a tree, as well as its effect on the preparation of long micro sections. This protocol includes the preparation of long micro sections, as well as a procedure to sharpen corers in the field.

Here, we present a protocol on how to avoid micro cracks in increment cores by applying a cordless drill with a torque multiplier to minimize problems when coring trees, as well as its effect on preparing long micro sections. This protocol also includes a procedure to sharpen corers in the field.

采用高质量增量核心的高级工作流程 - 新技术和设备

In dendroecological research, precise dating of each single growth ring is a basic requirement for all studies, focusing on ring-width variations only, ...

高通量树木年轮分析和密度估计

Tree Core Analysis with X-ray Computed Tomography

An X-ray computed tomography (CT) toolchain is presented to obtain tree-ring width (TRW), maximum latewood density (MXD), other density parameters, and quantitative wood anatomy (QWA) data without the need for labor-intensive surface treatment or any physical sample preparation. The focus here is on increment cores and scanning procedures at resolutions ranging from 60 &#181;m down to 4 &#181;m. Three scales are defined at which wood should be looked at: (i) inter-ring scale, (ii) ring scale, i.e., tree-ring analysis and densitometry scale, as well as (iii) anatomical scale, the latter approaching the conventional thin-section quality. Custom-designed sample holders for each of these scales enable high-throughput scanning of multiple increment cores. A series of software routines were specifically developed to efficiently treat three-dimensional X-ray CT images of the tree cores for TRW and densitometry. This work briefly explains the basic principles of CT, which are needed for a proper understanding of the protocol. The protocol is presented for some known species that are commonly used in dendrochronology. The combination of rough density estimates, TRW and MXD data, as well as quantitative anatomy data, allows us to broaden and deepen current analyses for climate reconstructions or tree response, as well as further develop the field of dendroecology/climatology and archeology.

作者聚焦：用于树芯分析的 X 射线 CT 工具链的进步

Here we show how to process tree cores with an X-ray computed tomography toolchain. Except for chemical extraction for some purposes, no further physical lab treatment is needed. The toolchain can be used for biomass estimations, for obtaining MXD/tree-ring width data as well as for obtaining quantitative wood anatomy data.

使用 X 射线计算机断层扫描进行树芯分析

An X-ray computed tomography (CT) toolchain is presented to obtain tree-ring width (TRW), maximum latewood density (MXD), other density parameters, and ...

A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT

Bone is a dynamic and mechanically active tissue that changes in structure over the human lifespan. The products of the bone remodeling process have been studied substantially using traditional two-dimensional techniques. Recent advancements in X-ray imaging technology via desktop micro-computed tomography (&#181;CT) and synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SR&#181;CT) have allowed for the acquisition of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) scans of a larger field of view (FOV) than other 3D imaging techniques (e.g., SEM) providing a more complete picture of microscopic structures within human cortical bone. The specimen should be accurately centered within the FOV, however, to limit the appearance of streak artifacts known to impact data analysis. Previous studies have reported procurement of irregularly shaped rectilinear bone blocks that result in imaging artifacts due to uneven edges or image truncation. We have applied a geological sampling protocol (coring) to procure consistently sized cortical bone core specimens for SR&#181;CT experiments from the anterior aspect of human femora. This coring method is efficient and minimally destructive to tissue. It creates uniform cylindrical samples that decrease imaging artifacts by nature of being isometric during rotation and providing a uniform path length for X-ray beams throughout scanning. Image processing of X-ray tomographic data of cored and irregularly shaped samples confirms the potential of the technique to improve visualization and analysis of cortical bone microarchitecture. A goal of this protocol is to deliver a reliable and repeatable method for the extraction of cortical bone cores that is adaptable for various types of high-resolution bone imaging experiments. An overarching goal of the work is to create a standardized cortical bone procurement for SR&#181;CT that is affordable, consistent, and straightforward. This procedure may further be adapted by researchers in related fields who commonly evaluate hard composite materials such as in biological anthropology, geosciences, or material sciences.

We employed a geological (coring) sampling protocol to procure cortical bone specimens of uniform size for SR&#181;CT experiments from the anterior aspect of human femora. This method is minimally destructive, efficient, results in cylindrical specimens that minimize imaging artifacts from irregular sample shapes and improves microarchitectural visualization and analysis.

同步加速器微CT高通量皮质骨样品采购和分析的剖面、科林和图像处理指南

Bone is a dynamic and mechanically active tissue that changes in structure over the human lifespan. The products of the bone remodeling process have been ...

生物学

Sampling Continuous Time Signal

In signal processing, a continuous-time signal can be sampled using an impulse-train sampling technique, followed by the zero-order hold method. Impulse-train sampling involves the use of a periodic impulse train, which consists of a series of delta functions spaced at regular intervals determined by the sampling period. When a continuous-time signal is multiplied by this impulse train, it generates impulses with amplitudes corresponding to the signal&#39;s values at the sampling points.
In the frequency domain, sampling is represented by the convolution of the original signal&#39;s spectrum with the spectrum of the impulse train. The impulse train&#39;s spectrum consists of shifted replicas of the original signal&#39;s spectrum, spaced at intervals equal to the sampling frequency. This convolution produces a periodic function, resulting in the sampled signal&#39;s spectrum being composed of these shifted replicas, scaled by the inverse of the sampling period.
The zero-order hold method is used to reconstruct the signal after sampling. It retains each sampled value constant until the next sampling period, creating a piecewise constant signal. This method approximates the original continuous-time signal by holding the amplitude of each sample until the arrival of the next sample, effectively creating a staircase-like waveform.
This piecewise constant signal is then processed through a system characterized by a rectangular impulse response. This system smooths out the transitions between the held values, resulting in a steady output that approximates the original signal. The zero-order hold method is particularly useful in digital-to-analog conversion, where it provides a simple and effective way to generate a continuous-time signal from discrete samples.
In essence, impulse-train sampling and the zero-order hold method together form a fundamental process in digital signal processing, enabling the conversion of continuous-time signals into discrete-time signals and their subsequent reconstruction. This process is crucial in various applications, including digital audio, telecommunications, and data acquisition systems, ensuring accurate representation and recovery of analog signals in the digital domain.

连续时间信号采样

A continuous-time signal is sampled using impulse-train sampling followed by the zero-order hold method.
Impulse-train sampling uses a periodic impulse ...

用于对增量岩芯进行采样和数字化的新工作流程

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使用 X 射线计算机断层扫描进行树芯分析

使用 X 射线计算机断层扫描进行树芯分析

使用 X 射线计算机断层扫描进行树芯分析

同步加速器微CT高通量皮质骨样品采购和分析的剖面、科林和图像处理指南

连续时间信号采样

连续时间信号采样