<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>在斑马鱼心脏中使用磁珠的体内机械转导研究

<ol>
	<li>Streisinger, G., Walker, C., Dower, N., Knauber, D., Singer, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+clones+of+homozygous+diploid+zebra+fish+(Brachydanio+rerio).">Production of clones of homozygous diploid zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio).</a> Nature. 291 (5813), 293-296 (1981).</li><li>Tu, S., Chi, N. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+models+in+cardiac+development+and+congenital+heart+birth+defects.">Zebrafish models in cardiac development and congenital heart birth defects.</a> Differentiation. 84 (1), 4-16 (2012).</li><li>Stainier, D. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+genetics+and+vertebrate+heart+formation.">Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 2 (1), 39-48 (2001).</li><li>Brown, D. R., Samsa, L. A., Qian, L., Liu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+study+of+heart+development+and+disease+using+zebrafish.">Advances in the study of heart development and disease using zebrafish.</a> J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 3 (2), 13 (2016).</li><li>Hoo, J. Y., Kumari, Y., Shaikh, M. F., Hue, S. M., Goh, B. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish:+A+versatile+animal+model+for+fertility+research.">Zebrafish: A versatile animal model for fertility research.</a> Biomed Res Int. 2016 (2016), 9732780 (2016).</li><li>Bakkers, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+as+a+model+to+study+cardiac+development+and+human+cardiac+disease.">Zebrafish as a model to study cardiac development and human cardiac disease.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 91 (2), 279-288 (2011).</li><li>Briggs, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+zebrafish:+a+new+model+organism+for+integrative+physiology.">The zebrafish: a new model organism for integrative physiology.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 282 (1), R3-R9 (2002).</li><li>Veldman, M. B., Lin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+as+a+developmental+model+organism+for+pediatric+research.">Zebrafish as a developmental model organism for pediatric research.</a> Pediatr Res. 64 (5), 470-476 (2008).</li><li>Duchemin, A. L., Vignes, H., Vermot, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanically+activated+piezo+channels+modulate+outflow+tract+valve+development+through+the+Yap1+and+Klf2-Notch+signaling+axis.">Mechanically activated piezo channels modulate outflow tract valve development through the Yap1 and Klf2-Notch signaling axis.</a> Elife. 8, e44706 (2019).</li><li>Vignes, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+mechanical+forces+drive+endocardial+cell+volume+decrease+during+zebrafish+cardiac+valve+morphogenesis.">Extracellular mechanical forces drive endocardial cell volume decrease during zebrafish cardiac valve morphogenesis.</a> Dev Cell. 57 (5), 598-609.e595 (2022).</li><li>Steed, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=klf2a+couples+mechanotransduction+and+zebrafish+valve+morphogenesis+through+fibronectin+synthesis.">klf2a couples mechanotransduction and zebrafish valve morphogenesis through fibronectin synthesis.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 11646 (2016).</li><li>Chow, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+forces+regulate+zebrafish+heart+valve+delamination+by+modulating+Nfat+signaling.">Cardiac forces regulate zebrafish heart valve delamination by modulating Nfat signaling.</a> PLoS Biol. 20 (1), e3001505 (2022).</li><li>Fukui, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioelectric+signaling+and+the+control+of+cardiac+cell+identity+in+response+to+mechanical+forces.">Bioelectric signaling and the control of cardiac cell identity in response to mechanical forces.</a> Science. 374 (6565), 351-354 (2021).</li><li>Vignes, H., Vagena-Pantoula, C., Vermot, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+control+of+tissue+shape:+Cell-extrinsic+and+-intrinsic+mechanisms+join+forces+to+regulate+morphogenesis.">Mechanical control of tissue shape: Cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic mechanisms join forces to regulate morphogenesis.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 130, 45-55 (2022).</li><li>Juan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+pkd+and+piezo+gene+family+members+are+required+for+atrioventricular+valve+formation.">Multiple pkd and piezo gene family members are required for atrioventricular valve formation.</a> Nat Commun. 14 (1), 214 (2023).</li><li>Juan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+cardiac+contractions+using+Cre-lox+and+degron+strategies+in+zebrafish.">Control of cardiac contractions using Cre-lox and degron strategies in zebrafish.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 121 (3), e2309842121 (2024).</li><li>Duchemin, A. L., Vignes, H., Vermot, J., Chow, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanotransduction+in+cardiovascular+morphogenesis+and+tissue+engineering.">Mechanotransduction in cardiovascular morphogenesis and tissue engineering.</a> Curr Opin Genet Dev. 57, 106-116 (2019).</li><li>Kalogirou, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracardiac+flow+dynamics+regulate+atrioventricular+valve+morphogenesis.">Intracardiac flow dynamics regulate atrioventricular valve morphogenesis.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 104 (1), 49-60 (2014).</li><li>da Silva, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=egr3+is+a+mechanosensitive+transcription+factor+gene+required+for+cardiac+valve+morphogenesis.">egr3 is a mechanosensitive transcription factor gene required for cardiac valve morphogenesis.</a> Sci Adv. 10 (20), eadl0633 (2024).</li><li>Bartman, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+myocardial+function+affects+endocardial+cushion+development+in+zebrafish.">Early myocardial function affects endocardial cushion development in zebrafish.</a> PLoS Biol. 2 (5), E129 (2004).</li><li>Steed, E., Boselli, F., Vermot, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemodynamics+driven+cardiac+valve+morphogenesis.">Hemodynamics driven cardiac valve morphogenesis.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1863 (7 Pt B), 1760-1766 (2016).</li><li>Vermot, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversing+blood+flows+act+through+klf2a+to+ensure+normal+valvulogenesis+in+the+developing+heart.">Reversing blood flows act through klf2a to ensure normal valvulogenesis in the developing heart.</a> PLoS Biol. 7 (11), e1000246 (2009).</li><li>B&#228;ck, M., Gasser, T. C., Michel, J. B., Caligiuri, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+factors+in+the+biology+of+aortic+wall+and+aortic+valve+diseases.">Biomechanical factors in the biology of aortic wall and aortic valve diseases.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 99 (2), 232-241 (2013).</li><li>Hahn, C., Schwartz, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanotransduction+in+vascular+physiology+and+atherogenesis.">Mechanotransduction in vascular physiology and atherogenesis.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 10 (1), 53-62 (2009).</li><li>Boselli, F., Steed, E., Freund, J. B., Vermot, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anisotropic+shear+stress+patterns+predict+the+orientation+of+convergent+tissue+movements+in+the+embryonic+heart.">Anisotropic shear stress patterns predict the orientation of convergent tissue movements in the embryonic heart.</a> Development. 144 (23), 4322-4327 (2017).</li><li>Hove, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracardiac+fluid+forces+are+an+essential+epigenetic+factor+for+embryonic+cardiogenesis.">Intracardiac fluid forces are an essential epigenetic factor for embryonic cardiogenesis.</a> Nature. 421 (6919), 172-177 (2003).</li><li>JoVE Science Education database. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+II:+Mouse,+zebrafish,+and+chick.+Zebrafish+breeding+and+embryo+handling.">Biology II: Mouse, zebrafish, and chick. Zebrafish breeding and embryo handling.</a> JoVE. , (2023).</li><li>Arrenberg, A. B., Stainier, D. Y., Baier, H., Huisken, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+control+of+cardiac+function.">Optogenetic control of cardiac function.</a> Science. 330 (6006), 971-974 (2010).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential equipment for zebrafish raising, breeding, and embryo collection</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass-bottom dish (35 mm x 15&#160;mm)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>734-2905</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat block</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>EP5382000031</td>
			<td>Eppendorf ThermoMixer C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jewelers forceps</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F6521-1EA</td>
			<td>Dumont No. 5, L 4 1/4 in., Inox alloy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tubes 2 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30120094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 mg/mL tricaine stock solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Danieau&#39;s medium (60x stock solution)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PureCube Glutathione MagBeads</td>
			<td>Cube Biotech</td>
			<td>32201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTU (1-phenyl-2-thiourea)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure low melting point agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16520-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Danieau&#39;s medium (60x stock solution)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>34.8 g NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.6 g KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5.8 g CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9.78 g MgCl2&#183;6H2O&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>442611-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissolve the ingredients in H2O to a final volume of 2 L. Adjust the pH to 7.2 using NaOH, then autoclave.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 mg/mL tricaine stock solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>400 mg of tricaine powder (Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>97.9 mL double-distilled H2O</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.1 mL 1 M Tris (pH 9)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjust the pH to 7, then aliquot and store at -20 &#176;C.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

manipulating mechanical forces in the developing zebrafish heart using magnetic beads

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：了解塑造斑马鱼心脏所涉及的机械力

使用磁珠操纵发育中的斑马鱼心脏中的机械力

Mechanical forces continuously provide feedback to heart valve morphogenetic programs. In zebrafish, cardiac valve development relies on heart contraction ...

manipulating-mechanical-forces-developing-zebrafish-heart-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Manipulating Mechanical Forces in the Developing Zebrafish Heart Using Magnetic Beads

2.4K 次观看.  Imperial College London. 我们专注于使用先进的成像技术了解机械力如何塑造斑马鱼心脏。通过结合我们的生物学、物理学、显微镜和计算知识，我们开发了光学成像和图像分析工具，以研究机械刺激如何影响心血管系统的发育方式。跳动的心脏会产生多种类型的力，例如剪切力和收缩力的压力。尽管这些力中的每一种在体外培养系统中都有其功能，但很难在体内心脏...

视频: 作者聚焦：了解塑造斑马鱼心脏所涉及的机械力

Large-scale Zebrafish Embryonic Heart Dissection for Transcriptional Analysis

The zebrafish embryonic heart is composed of only a few hundred cells, representing only a small fraction of the entire embryo. Therefore, to prevent the cardiac transcriptome from being masked by the global embryonic transcriptome, it is necessary to collect sufficient numbers of hearts for further analyses. Furthermore, as zebrafish cardiac development proceeds rapidly, heart collection and RNA extraction methods need to be quick in order to ensure homogeneity of the samples. Here, we present a rapid manual dissection protocol for collecting functional/beating hearts from zebrafish embryos. This is an essential prerequisite for subsequent cardiac-specific RNA extraction to determine cardiac-specific gene expression levels by transcriptome analyses, such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The method is based on differential adhesive properties of the zebrafish embryonic heart compared with other tissues; this allows for the rapid physical separation of cardiac from extracardiac tissue by a combination of fluidic shear force disruption, stepwise filtration and manual collection of transgenic fluorescently labeled hearts.

To analyse cardiac gene expression profiles during zebrafish heart development, total RNA has to be extracted from isolated hearts. Here, we present a protocol for collecting functional/beating hearts by rapid manual dissection from zebrafish embryos to obtain cardiac-specific mRNA.

大规模的斑马鱼胚胎的心脏解剖的转录分析

The zebrafish embryonic heart is composed of only a few hundred cells, representing only a small fraction of the entire embryo. Therefore, to prevent the ...

科研

发育生物学

Mechanical Vessel Injury in Zebrafish Embryos

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos have proven to be a powerful model for studying a variety of developmental and disease processes. External development and optical transparency make these embryos especially amenable to microscopy, and numerous transgenic lines that label specific cell types with fluorescent proteins are available, making the zebrafish embryo an ideal system for visualizing the interaction of vascular, hematopoietic, and other cell types during injury and repair in vivo. Forward and reverse genetics in zebrafish are well developed, and pharmacological manipulation is possible. We describe a mechanical vascular injury model using micromanipulation techniques that exploits several of these features to study responses to vascular injury including hemostasis and blood vessel repair. Using a combination of video and timelapse microscopy, we demonstrate that this method of vascular injury results in measurable and reproducible responses during hemostasis and wound repair. This method provides a system for studying vascular injury and repair in detail in a whole animal model.

This article describes a method for creating a mechanical vessel injury in zebrafish embryos. This injury model provides a platform for studying hemostasis, injury-related inflammation, and wound healing in an organism ideally suited for real-time microscopy.

在斑马鱼胚胎的机械血管损伤

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos have proven to be a powerful model for studying a variety of developmental and disease processes.  External development ...

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders. In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle membrane is a critical disease determinant. To date, numerous neuromuscular conditions display degenerating muscle fibers with abnormal membrane integrity; this is most commonly observed in muscular dystrophies. Evans Blue Dye (EBD) is a vital, cell permeable dye that is rapidly taken into degenerating, damaged, or apoptotic cells; in contrast, it is not taken up by cells with an intact membrane. EBD injection is commonly employed to ascertain muscle integrity in mouse models of neuromuscular diseases. However, such EBD experiments require muscle dissection and/or sectioning prior to analysis. In contrast, EBD uptake in zebrafish is visualized in live, intact preparations. Here, we demonstrate a simple and straightforward methodology for performing EBD injections and analysis in live zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrate a co-injection strategy to increase efficacy of EBD analysis. Overall, this video article provides an outline to perform EBD injection and characterization in zebrafish models of neuromuscular disease.

In this study, we describe a straightforward method to perform Evans Blue Dye (EBD) analysis on zebrafish larvae. This technique is a powerful tool for the characterization of skeletal muscle integrity and delineation of zebrafish models of muscular dystrophy, and is a valuable method for the development of novel therapeutics.

斑马鱼幼虫骨骼肌诚信与伊文思蓝分析

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

Using chicken embryos it is possible to test directly the effects of either growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways on gene expression and activation of signal transduction pathways. This technique allows the delivery of signaling molecules at precisely defined developmental stages for specific times. After this embryos can be harvested and gene expression examined, for example by in situ hybridization, or activation of signal transduction pathways observed with immunostaining.
In this video heparin beads soaked in FGF18 or AG 1-X2 beads soaked in U0126, a MEK inhibitor, are grafted into the limb bud in ovo. This shows that FGF18 induces expression of MyoD and ERK phosphorylation and both endogenous and FGF18 induced MyoD expression is inhibited by U0126. Beads soaked in a retinoic acid antagonist can potentiate premature MyoD induction by FGF18.
This approach can be used with a wide range of different growth factors and inhibitors and is easily adapted to other tissues in the developing embryo.

By grafting beads soaked in growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways into developing embryos it is possible to directly test their effects in vivo. In this protocol beads are grafted into the limb bud to determine the effects of these molecules on gene expression and signal transduction.

珠嫁接到发展鸡胚四肢识别信号转导途径影响基因表达

Using chicken embryos it is possible to test directly the effects of either growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways on gene expression ...

Tracking Cells in GFP-transgenic Zebrafish Using the Photoconvertible PSmOrange System

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing developmental processes as they happen in the living animal. Cells of interest can be labeled by using a tissue specific promoter to drive the expression of a fluorescent protein (FP) for the generation of transgenic lines. Using fluorescent photoconvertible proteins for this purpose additionally allows to precisely follow defined structures within the expression domain. Illuminating the protein in the region of interest, changes its emission spectrum and highlights a particular cell or cell cluster leaving other transgenic cells in their original color. A major limitation is the lack of known promoters for a large number of tissues in the zebrafish. Conversely, gene- and enhancer trap screens have generated enormous transgenic resources discretely labeling literally all embryonic structures mostly with GFP or to a lesser extend red or yellow FPs. An approach to follow defined structures in such transgenic backgrounds would be to additionally introduce a ubiquitous photoconvertible protein, which could be converted in the cell(s) of interest. However, the photoconvertible proteins available involve a green and/or less frequently a red emission state1 and can therefore often not be used to track cells in the FP-background of existing transgenic lines. To circumvent this problem, we have established the PSmOrange system for the zebrafish2,3. Simple microinjection of synthetic mRNA encoding a nuclear form of this protein labels all cell nuclei with orange/red fluorescence. Upon targeted photoconversion of the protein, it switches its emission spectrum to far red. The quantum efficiency and stability of the protein makes PSmOrange a superb cell-tracking tool for zebrafish and possibly other teleost species.

We established the photoconvertible PSmOrange system as a powerful, straight-forward and cost inexpensive tool for in vivo cell tracking in GFP transgenic backgrounds. This protocol describes its application in the zebrafish model system.

在GFP-转基因斑马鱼使用Photoconvertible PSmOrange系统追踪单元

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing ...

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

技术目标显微注射到显影<em&gt;爪</em&gt;肾

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

Precise Cellular Ablation Approach for Modeling Acute Kidney Injury in Developing Zebrafish

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common medical condition with a high mortality rate. With the repair abilities of the kidney, it is possible to restore adequate kidney function after supportive treatment. However, a better understanding of how nephron cell death and repair occur on the cellular level is required to minimize cell death and to enhance the regenerative process. The zebrafish pronephros is a good model system to accomplish this goal because it contains anatomical segments that are similar to the mammalian nephron. Previously, the most common model used to study kidney injury in fish was the pharmacological gentamicin model. However, this model does not allow for precise spatiotemporal control of injury, and hence it is difficult to study cellular and molecular processes involved in kidney repair. To overcome this limitation, this work presents a method through which, in contrast to the gentamicin approach, a specific Green Fuorescent Protein (GFP)-expressing nephron segment can be photoablated using a violet laser light (405 nm). This novel model of AKI provides many advantages that other methods of epithelial injury lack. Its main advantages are the ability to &#34;dial&#34; the level of injury and the precise spatiotemporal control in the robust in vivo animal model. This new method has the potential to significantly advance the level of understanding of kidney injury and repair mechanisms.

This work presents a new in vivo model of segmental kidney injury using kidney GFP transgenic zebrafish. The model allows for the induction of the targeted ablation of kidney epithelial cells to show the cellular mechanisms of nephron injury and repair.

精确的细胞消融方法建模发展中的斑马鱼急性肾损伤

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common medical condition with a high mortality rate. With the repair abilities of the kidney, it is possible to restore ...

Nanoparticle-mediated siRNA Gene-silencing in Adult Zebrafish Heart

Mammals have a very limited capacity to regenerate the heart after myocardial infarction. On the other hand, the adult zebrafish regenerates its heart after apex resection or cryoinjury, making it an important model organism for heart regeneration study. However, the lack of loss-of-function methods for adult organs has restricted insights into the mechanisms underlying heart regeneration. RNA interference via different delivery systems is a powerful tool for silencing genes in mammalian cells and model organisms. We have previously reported that siRNA-encapsulated nanoparticles successfully enter cells and result in a remarkable gene-specific knockdown in the regenerating adult zebrafish heart. Here, we present a simple, rapid, and efficient protocol for the dendrimer-mediated siRNA delivery and gene-silencing in the regenerating adult zebrafish heart. This method provides an alternative approach for determining gene functions in adult organs in zebrafish and can be extended to other model organisms as well.

It remains a major challenge to develop conditional gene-knockout or effective gene-knockdown in adult zebrafish organs. Here we report a protocol for performing nanoparticle-mediated siRNA gene-silencing in adult zebrafish heart, thus providing a new loss-of-function method for studying adult organs in zebrafish and other model organisms.

纳米粒子介导的 siRNA 基因沉默在斑马鱼心脏中的表达

Mammals have a very limited capacity to regenerate the heart after myocardial infarction. On the other hand, the adult zebrafish regenerates its heart ...

Visualizing the Developing Brain in Living Zebrafish using Brainbow and Time-lapse Confocal Imaging

Development of the vertebrate nervous system requires a precise coordination of complex cellular behaviors and interactions. The use of high resolution in vivo imaging techniques can provide a clear window into these processes in the living organism. For example, dividing cells and their progeny can be followed in real time as the nervous system forms. In recent years, technical advances in multicolor techniques have expanded the types of questions that can be investigated. The multicolor Brainbow approach can be used to not only distinguish among like cells, but also to color-code multiple different clones of related cells that each derive from one progenitor cell. This allows for a multiplex lineage analysis of many different clones and their behaviors simultaneously during development. Here we describe a technique for using time-lapse confocal microscopy to visualize large numbers of multicolor Brainbow-labeled cells over real time within the developing zebrafish nervous system. This is particularly useful for following cellular interactions among like cells, which are difficult to label differentially using traditional promoter-driven colors. Our approach can be used for tracking lineage relationships among multiple different clones simultaneously. The large datasets generated using this technique provide rich information that can be compared quantitatively across genetic or pharmacological manipulations. Ultimately the results generated can help to answer systematic questions about how the nervous system develops.

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool that can be used to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying nervous system development. Here we describe a technique for using time-lapse confocal microscopy to visualize large numbers of multicolor Brainbow-labeled cells in real time within the developing zebrafish nervous system.

使用"彩虹"和"延时共聚焦成像"可视化活斑马鱼中发育中的脑

Development of the vertebrate nervous system requires a precise coordination of complex cellular behaviors and interactions. The use of high resolution in ...

Magnetic Adjustment of Afterload in Engineered Heart Tissues

Afterload is known to drive the development of both physiological and pathological cardiac states. As such, studying the outcomes of altered afterload states could yield important insights into the mechanisms controlling these critical processes. However, an experimental technique for precisely fine-tuning afterload in heart tissue over time is currently lacking. Here, a newly developed magnetics-based technique for achieving this control in engineered heart tissues (EHTs) is described. In order to produce magnetically responsive EHTs (MR-EHTs), the tissues are mounted on hollow silicone posts, some of which contain small permanent magnets. A second set of permanent magnets is press-fit into an acrylic plate such that they are oriented with the same polarity and are axially-aligned with the post magnets. To adjust afterload, this plate of magnets is translated toward (higher afterload) or away (lower afterload) from the post magnets using a piezoelectric stage fitted with an encoder. The motion control software used to adjust stage positioning allows for the development of user-defined afterload regimens while the encoder ensures that the stage corrects for any inconsistencies in its location. This work describes the fabrication, calibration, and implementation of this system to enable the development of similar platforms in other labs around the world. Representative results from two separate experiments are included to exemplify the range of different studies that can be performed using this system.

This protocol provides detailed methods describing the fabrication and implementation of a magnetics-based afterload tuning platform for engineered heart tissues.

工程心脏组织中后负荷的磁调节

Afterload is known to drive the development of both physiological and pathological cardiac states. As such, studying the outcomes of altered afterload ...