我们感谢胡贝图斯罗曼fTCD技术分享他的专业知识。这项工作是由威康信托基金项目资助没有。 082498/Z/07/2。

1。使用fTCD，以评估儿童语言的偏侧<ol><li>在可能的情况下，我们熟悉的图片显示在一个单独的会话中向他们介绍多普勒系统之前，视频故事的字符的孩子。 </li><li>重要的是程序包括足够的试验，以获得可靠的措施:理想状态下20个或更多，虽然我们已取得了有用的数据，如少10％至15试验。每个审判涉及一种放松的时期，作为基准，由语言激活。在激活期间的血液流速比较基准。我们发现，它有可能使用的时期，而孩子被动手表作为基准的12秒钟的视频剪辑。这有助于避免无聊。基线其次是10秒响应时间，在孩子要求描述发生了什么事。这是由一个16秒的休息时间。 </li><li>该过程的时机是非常重要的，以检测血流速度的变化，由于代谢的需求，这可能需要7秒。我们使用电脑的任务，在演示或Matlab编写的，它控制每个审判的时间。更重要的是，这些方案也发送脉冲多普勒数据文件记录一个标记指示激活期限的发病硬件。这些都是用在数据分析，以确定基线和激活血流量的期间。 </li><li>我们用一个多DOP系统，使左，右两侧的超声波录音同时。最好是多记分制度的设立和准备去参与者到来之前。确保探头连接在接通电源之前多记分制度。检查，刺激的电脑连接，通过并行端口，多DOP计算机和脉冲从一个其他。确保高通滤波器是为双方到300赫兹和检查insonation深度（45-55毫米）和信号功率。该系统具有不同的参数设置的限制，以确保只有安全水平，可用于。 </li><li>一位与会者代码应记录多DOP数据文件，以便为条件，组或匹配的人口统计数据。 </li><li>然后，该系统应被暂停，而准备的探头。每一个超声波探头，探头和皮肤之间的接触提供了一个与凝胶覆盖。使用一个慷慨的凝胶量，以保持最佳的接触可能。 </li><li>现在是时候开始会议。检查孩子是否需要启动前要上厕所！我们展示了耳机，使用动物玩具，并确保孩子明白什么是要发生什么，他们将被要求做。尤其重要的是他们明白需要保持安静的激活期结束后，使信号可以回到基线。儿童应坐在舒适作为一个完整的任务可能会持续20至30分钟，很多总值的身体动作，可干扰多普勒信号。 </li><li>该过程中最难的部分是凝胶覆盖探头的定位。新用户应意识到，它需要实践，成为在这一过程的一部分的专家。符文Aaslid有一个有用的计算机仿真与培训，可以帮助 （ <a href="http://www.transcranial.com/">http://www.transcranial.com/</a> ），但学习的最佳途径是由朋友和同事执业。一旦你已经评估了10人左右，你会开始发现它更容易。有关儿童工作的一个好处是，它通常是更容易找到一个信号从一个比一个成人的孩子，因为他们的头骨更薄。 </li><li>每个探头放置在头两侧的头骨的时间窗口。这是最薄的骨头部分，并提供最好的地区，通过这些信号可以从大脑中动脉。这些窗口可以发现只是每个耳朵。与儿童工作时，它可以帮助降低设置时间，如果你有两个实验者，调整每个探头。大多数孩子都高兴地观看DVD在这个过程的一部分一个，但重要的是要监督孩子的行为，并确保他们是舒适和轻松。如果孩子的请求，或如果有任何遇险的迹象，终止会话。 </li><li>探头的位置，然后调整，以insonate大脑中动脉。这可能需要几分钟之前找到一个满意的信号。这个信号有一个特点的声音以及视觉的模式，应该从多DOP计算机监控。 </li><li>特征的声音，是一个参与者的心脏跳动的速度低whooshing的噪音。特征的视觉模式是急剧上升，指数衰减下降，关闭它在心脏跳动的速度也重复。您可以选择从其他血管的活性，取决于<html> insonation和探头的方向深入。通常，深度约45至50毫米行之有效的儿童。一个强烈的信号，一旦被发现，减少尽可能多的功率，同时保持良好的信号。增益也可以增加一个微弱的信号放大。 </li><li>一旦每个大脑中动脉的信号是令人满意的，应拒绝多DOP信号的听觉输出，程序就可以开始。实验者解释给孩子，他们会静静地观看视频剪辑。当他们看到计算机上的问号，他们需要告诉实验者高达约，他们可以在视频中发生了什么。当他们看到男孩的图片"嘘"，他们必须立即停止说话，静静地坐着，等待下一个视频开始（见图2和AVI的例子）。 </li><li>然后开始录音设备，也就是说，一个录音机听觉反应;随着多记分制度记录;和计算机控制刺激呈现。 </li><li>然后实验者的工作是监测孩子和多普勒信号一）确保孩子舒适，出席的任务和b）确保维持一个合适的信号。多普勒信号fMRI信号比移动少得多敏感，但它仍然可以被打乱了毛的身体动作，或者如果探头移动。如果信号被严重破坏的，应暂停并显示计算机复位适当的探头。有时，它可能需要申请更多的凝胶，以获得重新建立一个令人满意的信号。我们发现，儿童的测试工作，最好的，如果一个实验者是负责任务的孩子，并保持记录他们说什么，和多普勒信号的其它显示器。 </li><li>当实验过程完成后，可多DOP录音停止并拆除探头。它是有用的，有一些组织提供，以消除任何多余的凝胶。 </li><li>以比较左，右的多普勒信号处理的原始数据文件。我们已经开发出我们自己的基于Matlab软件Deppe 7开发的方法。这种处理涉及采样数据，并纠正波动，由于心脏跳动。如果向左或向右激活指定的范围内，一般为70％至130％的基线血流速度外单的试验是从分析中排除。在这些试验中的激活可能是由有问题的探针接触影响。图3显示了激活相对探头的一个很好的信号信号，而图4中，显示了一个信号是周期性失去的。 </li><li>相对于基线的血流速度，激活在右声道是从左边减去，以计算的差异激活（见图5）。偏侧指数计算，平均一秒钟的任一侧利息预先定义的时间内的最大区别的差异激活。这样的计息期为7至17秒，下面的"说话"的命令表示显示计算机发送到多DOP数据文件的标记，开始。激活方面的差异是左减右声道，积极偏侧指数反映左不对称性和负面反映的权利。 </li></ol> 2。代表性的成果<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2161/2161fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1:大脑半球脑动脉供应的地区，外表面粉是由大脑中动脉供应的地区。 （来自: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray517.png">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray517.png</a> ） <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2161/2161fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2:示意图轮廓基线视频12秒，10秒的响应时间间隔，和16秒的休息阶段试办期间偏侧计算利息，也描绘。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2161/2161fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3。每个可见的干净的数据，原始多普勒速度（厘米/秒）的左（蓝色）和右（红色）从130至150秒的多普勒渠道单一的实验会议期间录制。脉冲对应一个心脏的跳动。事件标记，表明刺激发病以绿色显示。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2161/2161fig4.jpg" alt="图4" /> 图4。扰乱数据记录的原始多普勒速度（厘米/秒）的左（蓝色）和右（红色）从400至450秒的多普勒渠道单一的实验会议期间，事件标记，表明在绿色显示的刺激发病。辍学的重要证据是可见的两个通道。 ftp_upload/2161/2161fig5.jpg"ALT ="图5"/&gt; 图5。左（蓝色）和右（红色）通道（A组）和左减右的区别（B组）多普勒速度（厘米/秒）平均跨为一组的参与者都可以接受试验 。与会者线索"交谈" 12秒和偏侧计算的利息的期间也描绘绿色。围绕在B组的差异速度的灰色误差棒代表平均值的标准误差。 阿维例子:告诉"Freezefoot"的故事，可以下载的视频序列<a href="http://psyweb.psy.ox.ac.uk/oscci/Miscellaneous.htm">:</a> http://psyweb.psy.ox.ac.uk/oscci/Miscellaneous.htm

<ol>
	<li>Bishop, D. V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handedness and developmental disorder. , (1990).</li><li>Pelletier, I., Sauerwein, H., Lepore, F., Saint-Amour, D., Lassonde, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+alternatives+to+the+Wada+test+in+the+presurgical+evaluation+of+language+and+memory+functions+in+epilepsy+patients.">Non-invasive alternatives to the Wada test in the presurgical evaluation of language and memory functions in epilepsy patients.</a> Epileptic Disorders. 9, 111-126 (2007).</li><li>Deppe, M., Ringelstein, E. B., Knecht, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+investigation+of+functional+brain+lateralization+by+transcranial+Doppler+sonography.">The investigation of functional brain lateralization by transcranial Doppler sonography.</a> NeuroImage. 21, 1124-1146 (2004).</li><li>Knecht, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+determination+of+language+lateralization+by+functional+transcranial+Doppler+sonography+:+A+comparison+with+the+Wada+test.">Noninvasive determination of language lateralization by functional transcranial Doppler sonography : A comparison with the Wada test.</a> Stroke. 29, 82-86 (1998).</li><li>Lohmann, H., Drager, B., Muller-Ehrenberg, S., Deppe, M., Knecht, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Language+lateralization+in+young+children+assessed+by+functional+transcranial+Doppler+sonography.">Language lateralization in young children assessed by functional transcranial Doppler sonography.</a> Neuroimage. 24, 780-790 (2005).</li><li>Bishop, D. V. M., Watt, H., Papadatou-Pastou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+and+reliable+method+for+measuring+cerebral+lateralization+during+speech+with+functional+transcranial+Doppler+ultrasound.">An efficient and reliable method for measuring cerebral lateralization during speech with functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound.</a> Neuropsychologia. 47, 587-590 (2009).</li><li>Deppe, M., Knecht, S., Henningsen, H., Ringelstein, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AVERAGE:+a+Windows+program+for+automated+analysis+of+event+related+cerebral+blood+flow.">AVERAGE: a Windows program for automated analysis of event related cerebral blood flow.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 75, 147-154 (1997).</li><li>Whitehouse, A. J. O., Bishop, D. V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+dominance+for+language+function+in+adults+with+specific+language+impairment+or+autism.">Cerebral dominance for language function in adults with specific language impairment or autism.</a> Brain. 131, 3193-3200 (2008).</li><li>Illingworth, S., Bishop, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atypical+cerebral+lateralisation+in+adults+with+compensated+developmental+dyslexia+demonstrated+using+functional+transcranial+Doppler+ultrasound.">Atypical cerebral lateralisation in adults with compensated developmental dyslexia demonstrated using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound.</a> Brain and Language. 111, 61-65 (2009).</li><li>Whitehouse, A. J. O., Bishop, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemispheric+division+of+function+is+the+result+of+independent+probabilistic+biases.">Hemispheric division of function is the result of independent probabilistic biases.</a> Neuropsychologia. 47, 1938-1943 (2009).</li><li>Whitehouse, A. J. O., Badcock, N., Groen, M. A., Bishop, D. V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+a+novel+paradigm+for+determining+hemispheric+lateralization+of+visuospatial+function.">Reliability of a novel paradigm for determining hemispheric lateralization of visuospatial function.</a> Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 15, 1028-1032 (2009).</li></ol>

以及研究的正常发展，我们一直使用fTCD的研究在成人和儿童发育障碍的语言和识字8，9的语言偏侧。在发展中国家使用评估偏侧visuo空间能力10，11 fTCD的方法，我们也有兴趣。

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/2161">Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (fTCD)</a>. There was a misstated time interval for the point of interest.

Erratum: Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (fTCD)

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<td>Multi-Dop T with Upgrade to 2 Channel MultiFlow Monitoring</td>
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assessment of cerebral lateralization in children using functional transcranial doppler ultrasound (ftcd)

有许多悬而未决的问题，对大脑偏侧。特别是，它目前还不清楚这方面的语言和非语言的能力是大脑，是否有与非典型脑偏侧模式相关联的任何缺点，并且随着年龄的发展是否脑偏侧。在过去，这些问题感兴趣的研究人员往往使用了大脑不对称性的代理措施的霸道，但霸道，因为只是一个认知功能偏侧化的薄弱和间接指标，这是不能令人满意的的。其他方法，如磁共振成像，是昂贵的，大规模的研究，并不总是可行的儿童 2的。 在这里，我们将描述作为一个符合成本效益，非侵入性和可靠的的脑不对称性的评估方法的使用功能经颅多普勒超声（fTCD）。该过程包括测量通过超声探头置于耳前刚刚在一个大脑中动脉的血流量。我们的工作建立Aaslid符文，与人合作在1982年推出经颅多普勒，斯特凡克内希特，迈克尔Deppe和他们的同事在明斯特大学，谁率先使用左侧和右侧大脑中动脉血流的同时测量工作，并发明了一种方法，纠正心脏跳动活动。这使得在语言生成可以看到在左侧的血流量明显增加，与偏侧同意，获得用其他方法3。 大脑中动脉有一个非常广泛的血管领土（见图1），该方法没有一个半球内提供有关本地化的有用信息。我们的经验表明，它是特别敏感的任务，涉及显式或隐式的讲话生产。 "金标准"的任务就是一个字一代人的任务（如认为，你可以尽量多的单词开头字母"B"）4，但这并不适合幼儿和其他人的识字能力有限。 fTCD与其他脑成像方法相比，是相对运动文物的影响，从理论上讲，所以我们能够得到可靠的结果从任务涉及描述图片大声5,6。因此，我们已经开发出涉及寻找视频剪辑，讲一个故事，然后说明被视为一种有利于儿童的任务。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound fTCD at JoVE.com

Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound fTCD

功能经颅多普勒超声（fTCD）是一个简单的和非侵入性超声技术可用于评估认知功能，特别是语言的不对称性，是适合与儿童使用。

儿童使用功能经颅多普勒超声评估大脑偏侧（fTCD）

There are many unanswered questions about cerebral lateralization.  In particular, it remains unclear which aspects of language and nonverbal ability are ...

assessment-cerebral-lateralization-children-using-functional

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (fTCD)

20.1K 次观看.  University of Oxford. 功能经颅多普勒超声（fTCD）是一个简单的和非侵入性超声技术可用于评估认知功能，特别是语言的不对称性，是适合与儿童使用。

视频: Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound fTCD

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

使用超声波血脑屏障破坏和锰增强MRI的脑功能成像

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

科研

神经科学

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs through activation of their ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, and process information in part through activity-dependent release of gliotransmitters. Furthermore, astrocytes constitute the main uptake system for glutamate, contribute to potassium spatial buffering, as well as to GABA clearance. These cells therefore constantly monitor synaptic activity, and are thereby sensitive indicators for alterations in synaptically-released glutamate, GABA and extracellular potassium levels. Additionally, alterations in astroglial uptake activity or buffering capacity can have severe effects on neuronal functions, and might be overlooked when characterizing physiopathological situations or knockout mice. Dual recording of neuronal and astroglial activities is therefore an important method to study alterations in synaptic strength associated to concomitant changes in astroglial uptake and buffering capacities. Here we describe how to prepare hippocampal slices, how to identify stratum radiatum astrocytes, and how to record simultaneously neuronal and astroglial electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, we describe how to isolate pharmacologically the synaptically-evoked astroglial currents.

The preparation of acute brain slices from isolated hippocampi, as well as the simultaneous electrophysiological recordings of astrocytes and neurons in stratum radiatum during stimulation of schaffer collaterals is described. The pharmacological isolation of astroglial potassium and glutamate transporter currents is demonstrated.

双突触诱发的星形胶质细胞和神经元的反应，在急性海马脑片电生理记录

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal models, including monkeys, ferrets, bats, rodents, and cats. In order to draw suitable parallels between human and animal models of auditory function, it is important to establish a bridge between human functional imaging studies and animal electrophysiological studies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an established, minimally invasive method of measuring broad patterns of hemodynamic activity across different regions of the cerebral cortex. This technique is widely used to probe sensory function in the human brain, is a useful tool in linking studies of auditory processing in both humans and animals and has been successfully used to investigate auditory function in monkeys and rodents. The following protocol describes an experimental procedure for investigating auditory function in anesthetized adult cats by measuring stimulus-evoked hemodynamic changes in auditory cortex using fMRI. This method facilitates comparison of the hemodynamic responses across different models of auditory function thus leading to a better understanding of species-independent features of the mammalian auditory cortex.

Functional studies of the auditory system in mammals have traditionally been conducted using spatially-focused techniques such as electrophysiological recordings. The following protocol describes a method of visualizing large-scale patterns of evoked hemodynamic activity in the cat auditory cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

听觉皮层在成年猫用高场磁共振成像功能成像

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal ...

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique which directly measures magnetic fields produced by the electrical activity of the human brain. MEG is quiet and less likely to induce claustrophobia compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is therefore a promising tool for investigating brain function in young children. However, analysis of MEG data from pediatric populations is often complicated by head movement artefacts which arise as a consequence of the requirement for a spatially-fixed sensor array that is not affixed to the child's head. Minimizing head movements during MEG sessions can be particularly challenging as young children are often unable to remain still during experimental tasks. The protocol presented here aims to reduce head movement artefacts during pediatric MEG scanning. Prior to visiting the MEG laboratory, families are provided with resources that explain the MEG system and the experimental procedures in simple, accessible language. An MEG familiarization session is conducted during which children are acquainted with both the researchers and the MEG procedures. They are then trained to keep their head still whilst lying inside an MEG simulator. To help children feel at ease in the novel MEG environment, all of the procedures are explained through the narrative of a space mission. To minimize head movement due to restlessness, children are trained and assessed using fun and engaging experimental paradigms. In addition, children's residual head movement artefacts are compensated for during the data acquisition session using a real-time head movement tracking system. Implementing these child-friendly procedures is important for improving data quality, minimizing participant attrition rates in longitudinal studies, and ensuring that families have a positive research experience.

This article introduces a child-friendly research protocol designed to improve data quality by reducing head movement during pediatric magnetoencephalography (MEG). We familiarize families with the MEG environment, train children to remain still using an MEG simulator, and correct for residual head movement artefacts using a real-time head movement detection system.

脑磁图在儿童脑功能研究中的应用

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique which directly measures magnetic fields produced by the electrical activity of the ...

Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans and can be assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Given the role of distal leg muscles in upright postural and dynamic tasks, such as walking, a growing research interest in the assessment and modulation of the corticospinal tracts relative to the function of these muscles has emerged in the last decade. However, methodological parameters used in previous work have varied across studies making the interpretation of results from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies less robust. Therefore, use of a standardized TMS protocol specific to the assessment of leg muscles&#39; corticomotor response (CMR) will allow for direct comparison of results across studies and cohorts. The objective of this paper is to present a protocol that provides the flexibility to simultaneously assess the bilateral CMR of two main ankle antagonistic muscles, the tibialis anterior and soleus, using single pulse TMS with a neuronavigation system. The present protocol is applicable while the examined muscle is either fully relaxed or isometrically contracted at a defined percentage of maximum isometric voluntary contraction. Using each subject&#39;s structural MRI with the neuronavigation system ensures accurate and precise positioning of the coil over the leg cortical representations during assessment. Given the inconsistency in CMR derived measures, this protocol also describes a standardized calculation of these measures using automated algorithms. Though this protocol is not conducted during upright postural or dynamic tasks, it&#160;can be used to assess bilaterally any pair of leg muscles, either antagonistic or synergistic, in both neurologically intact and impaired subjects.

The present protocol describes the simultaneous, bilateral assessment of the corticomotor response of the tibialis anterior and soleus during rest and tonic voluntary activation using a single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuronavigation system.

导航经颅磁刺激踝关节脊椎通路的双边评价

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans ...

Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, causal evidence of brain area activation leading to a behavior is often left missing. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which can temporarily alter brain cortical excitability and activity, is a noninvasive neurophysiological tool used to study causal relationships in the human brain. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that produces a more focal current compared to conventional tDCS. Traditionally, the stimulation location has been roughly determined through the 10-20 EEG system, because determining precise stimulation points can be difficult. This protocol uses a 3D digitizer with HD-tDCS to increase accuracy in determination of stimulation points. The method is demonstrated using a 3D digitizer for more accurate localization of stimulation points in the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ).

Presented here is a protocol to achieve higher accuracy in determination of stimulation location combining a 3D digitizer with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation.

使用具有高清晰度颅内直接电流刺激的 3D 数字化仪确定刺激位置

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, ...

Electrocorticographic Recording of Cerebral Cortex Areas Manipulated Using an Adeno-Associated Virus Targeting Cofilin in Mice

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are increasingly used to improve understanding of brain circuits and their functions. The AAV-mediated manipulation of specific cell populations and/or of precise molecular components has been tremendously useful to identify new sleep regulatory circuits/molecules and key proteins contributing to the adverse effects of sleep loss. For instance, inhibiting activity of the filamentous actin-severing protein&#160;cofilin&#160;using AAV prevents sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment. Here, a protocol is&#160;described that combines the manipulation of cofilin function in a cerebral cortex area with the recording of ECoG activity to examine whether cortical cofilin modulates the wakefulness and sleep ECoG signals. AAV injection is performed during the same surgical procedure as the implantation of ECoG and electromyographic (EMG) electrodes in adult male and female mice. Mice are anesthetized, and their heads are shaved. After skin cleaning and incision, stereotaxic coordinates of the motor cortex are determined, and the skull is pierced at this location. A cannula prefilled with an AAV expressing cofilinS3D, an inactive form of cofilin, is slowly positioned in the cortical tissue. After AAV infusion, gold-covered screws (ECoG electrodes) are screwed through the skull and cemented to the skull with gold wires inserted in the neck muscles (EMG electrodes). The animals are allowed three weeks to recover and to ensure sufficient expression of cofilinS3D. The infected area and cell type are verified using immunohistochemistry, and the ECoG is analyzed using visual identification of vigilance states and spectral analysis. In summary, this combined methodological approach allows the investigation of the precise contribution of molecular components regulating neuronal morphology and connectivity to the regulation of synchronized cerebral cortex activity during wakefulness and sleep.

This article describes a protocol for the manipulation of molecular targets in the cerebral cortex using adeno-associated viruses and for monitoring the effects of this manipulation during wakefulness and sleep using electrocorticographic recordings.

使用腺相关病毒在小鼠中瞄准科菲林操纵的大脑皮层区域的电皮质记录

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. ...

Analysis of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage with High Frequency Transcranial Duplex Ultrasound

Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the weeks after subarachnoid hemorrhage, a type of hemorrhagic stroke, contributes to delayed cerebral ischemia. A problem encountered in experimental studies using murine models of SAH is that methods for in vivo monitoring of cerebral vasospasm in mice are lacking. Here, we demonstrate the application of high frequency ultrasound to perform transcranial Duplex sonography examinations on mice. Using the method, the internal carotid arteries (ICA) could be identified. The blood flow velocities in the intracranial ICAs were accelerated significantly after induction of SAH, while blood flow velocities in the extracranial ICAs remained low, indicating cerebral vasospasm. In conclusion, the method demonstrated here allows functional, noninvasive in vivo monitoring of cerebral vasospasm in a murine SAH model.

The aim of this manuscript is to present a sonography-based method that allows in vivo imaging of blood flow in cerebral arteries in mice. We demonstrate its application to determine changes in blood flow velocities associated with vasospasm in murine models of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

高频颅内双体超声波的苏巴拉赫诺德出血的穆林模型脑血管痉挛分析

Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the weeks after subarachnoid hemorrhage, a type of hemorrhagic stroke, contributes to delayed cerebral ischemia. A ...

Whole-Brain 3D Activation and Functional Connectivity Mapping in Mice using Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging

Functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging is a novel brain imaging modality that relies on the high-sensitivity measure of the cerebral blood volume achieved by ultrafast doppler angiography. As brain perfusion is strongly linked to local neuronal activity, this technique allows the whole-brain 3D mapping of task-induced regional activation as well as resting-state functional connectivity, non-invasively, with unmatched spatio-temporal resolution and operational simplicity. In comparison with fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), a main advantage of fUS imaging consists in enabling a complete compatibility with awake and behaving animal experiments. Moreover, fMRI brain mapping in mice, the most used preclinical model in Neuroscience, remains technically challenging due to the small size of the brain and the difficulty to maintain stable physiological conditions. Here we present a simple, reliable and robust protocol for whole-brain fUS imaging in anesthetized and awake mice using an off-the-shelf commercial fUS system with a motorized linear transducer, yielding significant cortical activation following sensory stimulation as well as reproducible 3D functional connectivity pattern for network identification.

This protocol describes the quantification of volumetric cerebral hemodynamic variations in the mouse brain using functional ultrasound (fUS). Procedures for 3D functional activation map following sensory stimulation as well as resting-state functional connectivity are provided as illustrative examples, in anesthetized and awake mice.

使用经颅功能超声成像的小鼠全脑3D激活和功能连接映射

Functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging is a novel brain imaging modality that relies on the high-sensitivity measure of the cerebral blood volume achieved by ...

建立经颅大脑中动脉闭塞小鼠模型

A Modified Transcranial Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model to Study Stroke Outcomes in Aged Mice

In experimental stroke research, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with an intraluminal filament is widely used to model ischemic stroke in mice. The filament MCAO model typically exhibits a massive cerebral infarction in C57Bl/6 mice that sometimes includes brain tissue in the territory supplied by the posterior cerebral artery, which is largely due to a high incidence of posterior communicating artery atresia. This phenomenon is considered a major contributor to the high mortality rate observed in C57Bl/6 mice during long-term stroke recovery after filament MCAO. Thus, many chronic stroke studies exploit distal MCAO models. However, these models usually produce infarction only in the cortex area, and consequently, the assessment of post-stroke neurologic deficits could be a challenge. This study has established a modified transcranial MCAO model in which the MCA at the trunk is partially occluded either permanently or transiently via a small cranial window. Since the occlusion location is relatively proximal to the origin of the MCA, this model generates brain damage in both the cortex and striatum. Extensive characterization of this model has demonstrated an excellent long-term survival rate, even in aged mice, as well as readily detectable neurologic deficits. Therefore, the MCAO mouse model described here represents a valuable tool for experimental stroke research.

作者聚焦:中风研究的创新技术和未来方向 

This protocol demonstrates a unique mouse stroke model with a medium-sized infarct and an excellent survival rate. This model allows preclinical stroke researchers to extend the ischemia duration, use aged mice, and assess long-term functional outcomes.

改进的经颅大脑中动脉闭塞模型研究老年小鼠脑卒中结局

In experimental stroke research, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with an intraluminal filament is widely used to model ischemic stroke in mice. ...