eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

1. Antibiotic Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Assay in 96-well Plates
<ol>
	<li>Set up overnight cultures of the strains to be tested in LB (Luria-Bertani) with and without NTBC (2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione). 
	NOTE: This protocol is described using the representative level of 300 &#181;M NTBC.
	<ol>
		<li>Add 300 &#181;M NTBC to 2 ml LB. Add an equivalent volume of vehicle (Dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) to 2 ml LB for the no NTBC condition.</li>...

a microtiter plate method to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antibiotic

Source: Ketelboeter, L. M., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53105">Methods to Inhibit Bacterial Pyomelanin Production and Determine the Corresponding Increase in Sensitivity to Oxidative Stress.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015).
This video demonstrates a microtiter plate-based method for determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of test antibiotics against bacteria. Upon adding a suspension of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa to a microtiter plate containing serial dilutions of a test antibiotic, and an inhibitor of the production of pyomelanin by the bacteria, the optical density of the wells is measured to compute the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic, and the impact of the pyomelanin production inhibitor the antibiotic sensitivity of the bacteria.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22004/22004_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Schematic of antibiotic MIC assay 96-well plate setup. (A) 100 &#181;l of 2x antibiotics of the highest starting concentration are in row A. Rows B through H are filled with 50 &#181;l of either LB + NTBC or LB + DMSO without antibiotics. (B) Two-fold serial dilutions are performed in rows A through G, resulting in 50 &#181;l of diluted...

A Microtiter Plate Method to Assess the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of an Antibiotic

1. Antibiotic Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Assay in 96-well Plates

	Set up overnight cultures of the strains to be tested in LB (Luria-Bertani) ...

Take microtiter plates containing a serially diluted aminoglycoside antibiotic. One of the plates contains NTBC, a synthetic drug.
Introduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative bacteria, and incubate.
The bacteria produce pyomelanin &#8212; a protective extracellular pigment &#8212; in the NTBC-untreated wells, while the drug prevents the production of pyomelanin.
The cationic antibiotic binds to anionic lipopolysaccharides, or LPS, on the bacterial outer membrane, displacing the cationic bridges and destabilizing the membrane.
Upon entering the bacteria, the antibiotic binds to the aminoacyl site, or A site, in the 30S ribosomal subunit.
The bound antibiotic prevents the aminoacyl-tRNA binding and ribosomal movement across mRNA, interfering with protein synthesis and inhibiting bacterial growth.
Post-incubation, measure the culture&#39;s optical density to assess bacterial growth.
The lowest antibiotic concentration that prevents bacterial growth is the minimum inhibitory concentration or MIC.
Similar MIC values for NTBC-treated and NTBC-untreated wells indicate no impact of NTBC on the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria.

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Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Immunodiagnostics

Specialized Assays

Quantitative Examination of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Aggregates Using ATP-utilization Commercial Assays and Live/Dead Staining

The emergence of antibiotic resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) is a worldwide health threat and highlights the need to identify individuals who fail treatment. This Gram-negative bacterium causes gonorrhea exclusively in humans. During infection, it is able to form aggregates and/or biofilms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test is used for to determine susceptibility to antibiotics and to define appropriate treatment. However, the mechanism of the eradication in vivo and its relationship to laboratory results are not known. A method that examines how GC aggregation affects antibiotic susceptibility and shows the relationship between aggregate size and antibiotic susceptibility was developed. When GC aggregate, they are more resistant to antibiotic killing, with bacteria in the center surviving ceftriaxone treatment better than those in the periphery. The data indicate that N. gonorrhoeae aggregation can reduce its susceptibility to ceftriaxone, which is not reflected using the standard agar plate-based MIC methods. The method used in this study will allow researchers to test bacterial susceptibility under clinically relevant conditions.

Quantitative Examination of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Aggregates Using ATP-utilization Commercial Assays and Live/Dead Staining

A simple ATP-measuring assay and live/dead staining method were used to quantify and visualize Neisseria gonorrhoeae survival after treatment with ceftriaxone. This protocol can be extended to examine the antimicrobial effects of any antibiotic and can be used to define the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics in bacterial biofilms.

The emergence of antibiotic resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) is a worldwide health threat and highlights the need to identify individuals who fail ...

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Fluorescent antibiotics are multipurpose research tools that are readily used for the study of antimicrobial resistance, due to their significant advantage over other methods. To prepare these probes, azide derivatives of antibiotics are synthesized, then coupled with alkyne-fluorophores using azide-alkyne dipolar cycloaddition by click chemistry. Following purification, the antibiotic activity of the fluorescent antibiotic is tested by minimum inhibitory concentration assessment. In order to study bacterial accumulation, either spectrophotometry or flow cytometry may be used, allowing for much simpler analysis than methods relying on radioactive antibiotic derivatives. Furthermore, confocal microscopy can be used to examine localization within the bacteria, affording valuable information about mode of action and changes that occur in resistant species. The use of fluorescent antibiotic probes in the study of antimicrobial resistance is a powerful method with much potential for future expansion.

Fluorescently tagged antibiotics are powerful tools that can be used to study multiple aspects of antimicrobial resistance. This article describes the preparation of fluorescently tagged antibiotics and their application to studying antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Probes can be used to study mechanisms of bacterial resistance (e.g., efflux) by spectrophotometry, flow cytometry, and microscopy.

Fluorescent antibiotics are multipurpose research tools that are readily used for the study of antimicrobial resistance, due to their significant ...

Antibiotic Efficacy Testing in an Ex vivo Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

The effective prescription of antibiotics for the bacterial biofilms present within the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) is limited by a poor correlation between antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) results using standard diagnostic methods (e.g., broth microdilution, disk diffusion, or Etest) and clinical outcomes after antibiotic treatment. Attempts to improve AST by the use of off-the-shelf biofilm growth platforms show little improvement in results. The limited ability of in vitro biofilm systems to mimic the physicochemical environment of the CF lung and, therefore bacterial physiology and biofilm architecture, also acts as a brake on the discovery of novel therapies for CF infection. Here, we present a protocol to perform AST of CF pathogens grown as mature, in vivo-like biofilms in an ex vivo CF lung model comprised of pig bronchiolar tissue and synthetic CF sputum (ex vivo&#160;pig lung, EVPL).
Several in vitro&#160;assays exist for biofilm susceptibility testing, using either standard laboratory medium or various formulations of synthetic CF sputum in microtiter plates. Both growth medium and biofilm substrate (polystyrene plate vs. bronchiolar tissue) are likely to affect biofilm antibiotic tolerance. We show enhanced tolerance of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolates in the ex vivo model; the effects of antibiotic treatment of biofilms is not correlated with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in standard microdilution assays or a sensitive/resistant classification in disk diffusion assays.
The ex vivo platform could be used for bespoke biofilm AST of patient samples and as an enhanced testing platform for potential antibiofilm agents during pharmaceutical research and development. Improving the prescription or acceleration of antibiofilm drug discovery through the use of more in vivo-like testing platforms could drastically improve health outcomes for individuals with CF, as well as reduce the costs of clinical treatment and discovery research.

Antibiotic Efficacy Testing in an Ex vivo Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

This workflow can be used to perform antibiotic susceptibility testing using an established&#160;ex vivo model of bacterial biofilm in the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis. Use of this model could enhance the clinical validity of MBEC (minimal biofilm eradication concentration) assays.

The effective prescription of antibiotics for the bacterial biofilms present within the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) is limited by a ...

A Microtiter Plate Method to Assess the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of an Antibiotic

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