这项研究得到了能力的国家研究中心（NCCR）“SYNAPSY - 精神疾病的突触基地”由瑞士国家科学基金会（N ° 51AU40_125759）的资助。从瑞士国家研究基金玛丽Schaer（323500-111165）博士和博士史蒂芬Eliez（3200-063135.00 / / 1，1，3232-063134.00 PP0033 - 102864和32473B的赠款支持发展本地Gyrification指数-121996）和中心在日内瓦的洛桑大学的生物医学成像（CIBM），洛桑联邦理工学院，以及基础Leenaards和Louis - Jeantet。 FreeSurfer软件的发展提供了支持部分由国家研究资源中心（P41 - RR14075，并BIRN002 NCRR BIRN形态项目，U24 RR021382），国家生物医学成像和生物工程研究所（R01 EB001550 ，R01EB006758）美国国家神经紊乱和中风研究所（R01 ñS052585 - 01）以及精神疾病和神经科学发现（心）研究所，是全国医学影像计算联盟（NAMIC）由国立卫生研究院的资助，通过国立卫生研究院医学研究路线图，格兰特U54，的一部分EB005149。埃利森医学基金会资助自闭症及读写障碍项目提供额外的支持。

1。重建3D皮质表面这个协议的第一部分使用的标准 FreeSurfer管道，在<a href="http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki">Wiki</a> （http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki ）。请注意，在这里详细的命令说明实现皮层表面重建的方法之一，但也可以使用等效命令。 <ol class="lalpha"><li>导入FreeSurfer原始MRI DICOM和验证的图像质量（例如，方向是正确的，足够的对比度和图像不移动） 。此过程使用下面的命令（替换与一个特定的实例值适当&lt;...&gt;（含）之间的文本，“＃”表示注释）： mksubjdirs <subj_id> ＃创建的文件夹架构FreeSurfer使用 CD <subj_id> / MRI＃去到你的主题MRI文件夹 mri_convert -厘米 <path_to_your_dicom&gt; 001.mgz＃＃FreeSurfer格式转换原料的MRI tkmedit <subj_id> 001.mgz＃可视化转换的卷 </subj_id></path_to_your_dicom></subj_id></subj_id></li><li>创建的三维皮质网状模型8,9。为了配合埋沟的问题中 ，FreeSurfer首先创建一个单一的白质量，这是用来作为最初的灰白色表面的起点。这表面上看是根据当地的强度梯度优化，并进一步扩大到灰色- CSF的接口。 重建所有- S <subj_id> ＃启动皮质表面重建 </subj_id> 在重建过程结束时，你会得到两个约15万点，每个半球组成的网格模型：一个白色（灰色白色接口）和软脑膜（灰CSF接口）表面。重要的是要注意，所有表面和卷留在本机的空间，让<html>如测量体积，表面积，厚度或gyrification指数来衡量不变形。 </li><li>这些重建的表面精度的检查： tkmedit <subj_id> T1.mgz？h.pial＃白色表面覆盖在绿色和红色软脑膜表面 </subj_id> 其中H表示半球：左半球和右半球rh.pial lh.pial。图2（2个版本：动画GIF图像，包括在电影和一个静态的网站）“BERT”主题分布与FreeSurfer包沿正确的白和软脑膜表面重建的一个例子。如果你必须手动正确的重建过程中的结果，你会发现一个FreeSurfer维基<a href="http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/FsTutorial/WhiteMatterEdits">教程</a> （http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/FsTutorial/WhiteMatterEdits</li></ol> 2。计算本地Gyrification指数当你满意你的表面，计算的本地Gyrification指数（L GI）的，使用命令： 重建所有的LGI - S <subj_id></subj_id>此命令通常运行3个小时左右两半球的一个研究参与者，根据工作站的电源。 升胃肠过程的不同步骤overviewed图。 1。计算开始建立与使用形态闭运算的外表面。此外表面，记？h.pial_outer_smoothed，进一步说明图。 3。然后，利益重叠的圆形区域约800创建的外表面。对于这些地区的每个人，有兴趣的相应区域上定义软脑膜表面。整个计算结束了与创建个人地图包含一个 L GI皮质表面的每个点的价值（即〜15％半球值）。 3。检查每个半球升 GI计算的结果 tksurfer <subj_id> · H软脑膜叠加 <subj_id> /冲浪h.pial_lgi - fthresh 1 /？ </subj_id></subj_id> 升 GI值覆盖在皮质表面。为正确升 GI值通常是由1和5之间，设置为1的最低阈值（选项fthresh），允许一个快速检查：你不应该看到任何灰色的皮质区。如图正确的个别结果的一个例子。 4。 4。统计组比较其目的是量化皮质表面的群体效应，在每个顶点，而性别的影响，控制和年龄。您将需要遵循相同的过程，如果你想比较在每个顶点皮质厚度，但给人？h.pial_lgi代替？h.thickness 。有两个选项可以计算的统计组比较：古典命令列第一，其后简要地提到了图形用户界面（Qdec）。 <ol><li>第一个选项组间比较升胃肠结果使用下面列出的命令;进一步细节可在获得<a href="https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/FsTutorial/GroupAnalysis">https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/FsTutorial/GroupAnalysis</a> 。 <ol class="lalpha"><li>首先，你需要创建一个研究特定的模板，让您在输入题目： make_average_subject -科目 <subj_1><subj_2><subj_3> ... ... </subj_3></subj_2></subj_1> 上面的命令将创建一个名为“平均”的主题。或者，您可以使用的主题是“FSAVE风靡一时的“分布式FreeSurfer分布。 </li><li>然后，创建一个文本文件，其中包含在您的研究中涉及的科目（“FreeSurfer组描述符文件”）的说明。你FSGD.txt看起来应该像这样： GroupDescriptorFile 1 集团Control_Male 集团Control_Female 集团Patient_Male 集团Patient_Female 变量年龄 输入 <subj_1> Patient_Male 20 输入 <subj_2> Control_Female 23 &lt;...&gt; </subj_2></subj_1></li><li>重新取样升胃肠数据的平均受使用以下命令为每个半球的空间： mris_preproc - fsgd FSGD.txt -平均目标-半h - MEAS pial_lgi - ？出h.lgi.mgh </li><li>光滑的皮质表面上的数据，以减少噪音信号： mri_surf2surf - ？半小时-平均- ？SVAL h.lgi.mgh小号- FWHM 10 - ？tval h.10.lgi.mgh </li><li>计算每个顶点的水平组比较。对于您将需要在以上所述的FSGD.txt情况下创建一个对比的文本文件（例如，“contrast.txt”将包含值“1 1 -1 -1 0”计算控制和之间的差异患者同时控制年龄和性别）。最后运行的比较： mri_glmfit - Ÿ h.10.lgi.mgh - fsgd FSGD.txt斯- ？glmdir h.lgi.glmdir -冲浪平均H -摄氏度contrast.txt </li><li>可视化的结果在你的平均使用tksurfer的主题： tksurfer平均· H虚增 然后覆盖sig.mgh文件位于该文件夹中加载？h.lgi.glmdir / contrast.txt / sig.mgh。使用选项“配置覆盖”，您可以进一步修改以及正确使用虚假的发现率 10多个比较 p门槛。 </li></ol></li><li>组COM的替代方案坯是用Qdec，图形用户界面在FreeSurfer实施。与当地的Gyrification指数使用的Qdec意味着前顺利升胃肠道的数据： 重建，qcache措施pial_lgi平均 <your_average_subj> - S <subj_id></subj_id></your_average_subj> 随着Qdec，FreeSurfer组描述符文件是更换一个稍微不同的版本，数据表（qdec.table.dat），其中包括如年龄，不同的团体和其他混杂变量的描述。在<a href="http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/FsTutorial/QdecGroupAnalysis">http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/FsTutorial/QdecGroupAnalysis</a>提供一个详细的说明Qdec利用。 值得注意的是， 如果 L GI不Qdec因变量列表，您必须位于你的主目录。Qdecrc文件中添加以下行： MEASURE1 = pial_lgi </li> &lt;/ OL&gt; 5。分析另外，统计分析，最终可能会被计算在 11 FreeSurfer综合皮质parcellation的水平。为此，平均升 GI值可以提取每个半球脑回的利息为34地区，而这些测量可以进一步比较不同群体之间的。这个包裹明智的分析（而不是顶点明智的分析，以上所述）可以有吸引力，因为它限制量统计比较。然而，在每个点上升胃肠量化gyrification，在周围的圆形区域，以便在利益的脑回区域的平均升胃肠也反映了在一定程度上gyrification在邻近地区的利益。 最后，虽然最重要的问题进行了描述在这个协议中， 神父期间可能遇到的其他问题的解决方案eeSurfer 或 L胃肠道加工中可以找到FreeSurfer邮件列表（档案<a href="http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/FreeSurferSupport">http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/FreeSurferSupport</a> ）。 6。代表性的成果作为在该协议的部分1C的描述，你应该总是仔细检查皮质表面重建的准确性之前升胃肠计算。虽然滚动之间的额叶和枕叶，要特别注意，不包括在软脑膜表面船只和膜。白色表面准确如下灰白色界面检查。正确重建的一个例子是在图2（见整个卷的动画GIF图） 。 在年底的 L GI计算，你也将检查每个科目的两个半球的结果。不应该有任何一个 L GI结果小于1的皮层区域。第3条的协议和图4显示如何检查正确的 L GI计算的输出，如果是正确的。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3417/3417fig1.jpg" /> 图1 升胃肠计算概述：第一，立体皮质网格模型重建原始图像使用标准的FreeSurfer管道。这些重建算法使用二进制白质量作为出发点，以克服埋沟的问题。皮质网状模型通常包括约15万的顶点和古典用于计算每个点的皮质厚度。同样，当地Gyrification指数（L GI）的将被计算在每个顶点。为此，创建一个外表面。然后确定相应的圆形区域的利益外一个ð皮质表面使用匹配算法。经过约产生重叠地区的利益，创造升胃肠道的个人地图的过程结果800 。这些地图可以很容易地解释：指数5表示有更多的皮质表面内陷内沟周边地区的5个时间，1​​意味着指数，皮质是平坦的，在周边地区，可见皮质表面的数额; 。最后，统计组比较，计算每个顶点的水平，同样皮质的厚度比较。 这个小电影图1b。个人升胃肠道的皮质地图 。个人皮质LGI在图所示的地图显示了一个360度的旋转。 1。令人吃惊的注意，具有较高的升 GI值的皮层区域对应在子宫内的生活将在创建的第一折：裂裂，颞上沟，并在traparietal沟上的大脑侧视，大脑内侧查看parieto枕沟。 <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3417/3417fig1B.avi">查看电影</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3417/3417fig2.jpg" /> 图2。范例足够的皮质表面的重建（一冠状断面）重建过程结束后，皮质表面应准确核实整个脑体积。内皮层表面（表示绿色，白色表面图像）正是应遵循灰白色的接口。外层的皮质表面（即灰色- CSF的接口，表示软脑膜表面，在这里红色），不应包括任何船只或膜的一块。值得注意的是，这里介绍的例子使用“伯特”的主题分布与FreeSurfer包。 图2b。足够的皮质表面reconstru的范例ction（最大音量）。，这个动画的GIF图像显示“BERT”冠状断面上每个主题的左半球皮层表面，滚动，从最正面与FreeSurfer最<a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3417/3417fig2B.gif">枕部</a>的冠状切片。电影<img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3417/3417fig3.jpg" /> 图3。 升胃肠道的过程（一冠状断面）部分计算的外表面 的例子，在L胃肠计算的第一步是建立一个半球的表面外层包围。这面（记？在FreeSurfer h.pial_outer_smoothed）可以检查使用tkmedit。在这里，“伯特”的主题分布与FreeSurfer，是作为一个例子。 图3B。这个动画GIF图像的例子外表面计算的 L GI过程（最大音量）的一部分 。<a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3417/3417fig3B.gif">观看电影</a>显示冠状断面上每个左半球的外表面，从最正面最枕部的冠状tkmedit节在FreeSurfer滚动。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3417/3417fig4.jpg" /> 图4。正确的升 GI输出的例子，与FreeSurfer看。“BERT”升胃肠道题目的皮质表面不同方向的值覆盖。颜色代码是默认的“热”叠加与tksurfer在FreeSurfer。使用1的最低门槛，所有的顶点必须是彩色的，没有皮质区应AP梨灰色。值得注意的是，颜色叠加使用tksurfer，也可以检查的最小值和最大值，以及升胃肠道的整体分布直方图的“配置覆盖”选项，可以修改。

<ol>
	<li>Schaer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+surface-based+approach+to+quantify+local+cortical+gyrification.">A surface-based approach to quantify local cortical gyrification.</a> IEEE. Trans. Med. Imaging. 27, 161-170 (2008).</li><li>Mangin, J. F., Jouvent, E., Cachia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-vivo+measurement+of+cortical+morphology:+means+and+meanings.">In-vivo measurement of cortical morphology: means and meanings.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurol. 23, 359-367 (2010).</li><li>Mangin, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+to+study+the+cortical+folding+patterns.">A framework to study the cortical folding patterns.</a> Neuroimage. 23, S129-S138 (2004).</li><li>Luders, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+curvature-based+approach+to+estimate+local+gyrification+on+the+cortical+surface.">A curvature-based approach to estimate local gyrification on the cortical surface.</a> Neuroimage. 29, 1224-1230 (2006).</li><li>Zilles, K., Armstrong, E., Schleicher, A., Kretschmann, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+human+pattern+of+gyrification+in+the+cerebral+cortex.">The human pattern of gyrification in the cerebral cortex.</a> Anat. Embryol. (Berl). 179, 173-179 (1988).</li><li>Rakic, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specification+of+cerebral+cortical+areas.">Specification of cerebral cortical areas.</a> Science. 241, 170-176 (1988).</li><li>Toro, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+size+and+folding+of+the+human+cerebral+cortex.">Brain size and folding of the human cerebral cortex.</a> Cereb. Cortex. 18, 2352-2357 (2008).</li><li>Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I., Dale, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+surface-based+analysis.+II:+Inflation,+flattening,+and+a+surface-based+coordinate+system.">Cortical surface-based analysis. II: Inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system.</a> Neuroimage. 9, 195-207 (1999).</li><li>Dale, A. M., Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+surface-based+analysis.+I.+Segmentation+and+surface+reconstruction.">Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction.</a> Neuroimage. 9, 179-194 (1999).</li><li>Genovese, C. R., Lazar, N. A., Nichols, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thresholding+of+statistical+maps+in+functional+neuroimaging+using+the+false+discovery+rate.">Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate.</a> Neuroimage. 15, 870-878 (2002).</li><li>Desikan, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+automated+labeling+system+for+subdividing+the+human+cerebral+cortex+on+MRI+scans+into+gyral+based+regions+of+interest.">An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest.</a> Neuroimage. 31, 968-980 (2006).</li><li>Schaer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Congenital+heart+disease+affects+local+gyrification+in+22q11.2+deletion+syndrome.">Congenital heart disease affects local gyrification in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.</a> Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 51, 746-753 (2009).</li><li>Palaniyappan, L., Mallikarjun, P., Joseph, V., White, T. P., Liddle, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folding+of+the+Prefrontal+Cortex+in+Schizophrenia:+Regional+Differences+in+Gyrification.">Folding of the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia: Regional Differences in Gyrification.</a> Biol. Psychiatry. , (2011).</li><li>Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decreased+gyrification+in+major+depressive+disorder.">Decreased gyrification in major depressive disorder.</a> Neuroreport. 20, 378-380 (2009).</li><li>Juranek, J., Salman, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anomalous+development+of+brain+structure+and+function+in+spina+bifida+myelomeningocele.">Anomalous development of brain structure and function in spina bifida myelomeningocele.</a> Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 16, 23-30 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+cortical+folding+in+mental+retardation.">Reduced cortical folding in mental retardation.</a> AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 31, 1063-1067 (2010).</li><li>Kuperberg, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regionally+localized+thinning+of+the+cerebral+cortex+in+schizophrenia.">Regionally localized thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia.</a> Archives of general psychiatry. 60, 878-888 (2003).</li><li>Milad, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thickness+of+ventromedial+prefrontal+cortex+in+humans+is+correlated+with+extinction+memory.">Thickness of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans is correlated with extinction memory.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 10706-10711 (2005).</li><li>Rauch, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+magnetic+resonance+imaging+study+of+cortical+thickness+in+animal+phobia.">A magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical thickness in animal phobia.</a> Biol. Psychiatry. 55, 946-952 (2004).</li><li>Fjell, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+increase+of+cortical+thickness+in+high-performing+elderly--structural+indices+of+optimal+cognitive+aging.">Selective increase of cortical thickness in high-performing elderly--structural indices of optimal cognitive aging.</a> Neuroimage. 29, 984-994 (2006).</li><li>Walhovd, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regional+cortical+thickness+matters+in+recall+after+months+more+than+minutes.">Regional cortical thickness matters in recall after months more than minutes.</a> Neuroimage. 31, 1343-1351 (2006).</li><li>Gold, B. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differing+neuropsychological+and+neuroanatomical+correlates+of+abnormal+reading+in+early-stage+semantic+dementia+and+dementia+of+the+Alzheimer+type.">Differing neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates of abnormal reading in early-stage semantic dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type.</a> Neuropsychologia. 43, 833-846 (2005).</li><li>Salat, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thinning+of+the+cerebral+cortex+in+aging.">Thinning of the cerebral cortex in aging.</a> Cereb. Cortex. 14, 721-730 (2004).</li><li>Schaer, M., Eliez, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+structural+brain+imaging+to+our+understanding+of+cortical+development+process.">Contribution of structural brain imaging to our understanding of cortical development process.</a> European Psychiatry Reviews. 2, 13-16 (2009).</li><li>Shaw, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurodevelopmental+trajectories+of+the+human+cerebral+cortex.">Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex.</a> J. Neurosci. 28, 3586-3594 (2008).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

协议上面介绍了如何衡量当地Gyrification指数基于对脑T1加权MRI和进行统计组比较。我们的方法已被专门设计的本地化皮质膨胀过程中的早期中断，因此许多神经发育或精神状况特别感兴趣。在临床样本组比较的例子，可以发现在出版物， 由本集团1,12 或由他人13-16。这个过程是完全自动化的，只需要命令要执行，虽然两个参数可以修改。 第一次修改的参数是<em...

材质：与UNIX或Mac工作站的2GHz或更快的处理器和4GB的RAM最低FreeSurfer安装（ <a href="http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki">http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki</a> ，最好是最新版本，但年龄不比版本4.0.3）。 MATLAB是为了计算的本地Gyrification指数，还需要（ <a href="http://www.mathworks.ch/">http://www.mathworks.com/</a> ）随着图像处理工具箱。 数据：质量好的样品（高清晰度，高对比度）脑MRI T1加权数据集。您的受试者必须是最好的年龄和性别相匹配。由于个体间正常的脑形态的变化，各组的科目数应足以识别现有的组间差异（更 - 更好）。一个合理的最低样本大小将大约20名受试者每个组（虽然你也许可以少走，如果强度变化大，如果你的团体紧密性别和年龄相匹配）。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 设备名称 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td><td> 评论 </td></tr><tr><td> FreeSurfer </td><td>麻省总医院生物医学成像，Martinos中心</td><td></td><td>比4.0.3版本更新</td></tr><tr><td> MATLAB </td><td> Mathworks公司</td><td></td><td>图像处理工具箱</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to measure cortical folding from mr images: a step-by-step tutorial to compute local gyrification index

皮质折叠（gyrification）确定在生命的最初几个月，因此，在此期间发生的不良事件留下的痕迹，将在任何年龄识别。最近审查Mangin和同事2，存在的几种方法，以量化gyrification的不同特点。例如，可用于脑沟形态学如半球间的深度，长度或指数来衡量的形状描述不对称 3 。这些几何特性的优点是易于理解。然而，脑沟形态学紧紧依靠准确识别一个给定的沟，因此提供了一个支离破碎的gyrification描述。基于曲率的测量，其中平滑的绝对平均曲率通常是在皮质表面4千点计算，可以实现更细粒度的gyrification量化。曲率，但不straightforward来理解，因为它仍不清楚，如果curvedness一个生物学意义的关联，如皮质体积或表面之间有任何直接关系。为了解决测量皮质折叠提出的各种问题，我们以前开发了一种算法，量化当地gyrification一个精致的空间分辨率和简单的解释。我们的方法是启发Gyrification指数5，原本比较神经解剖学方法，用于评估跨物种的皮质折叠差异。在我们的实现，我们名升 ocal Gyrification指数（GI 1 升 ），我们衡量皮质金额埋脑沟皱褶内可见皮质的圆形区域的利益金额相比。由于皮层的增长主要是通过径向膨胀 6，我们的方法是专门设计，以确定皮质发育的早期缺陷。 在日是一篇文章中，我们详细介绍当地Gyrification指数的计算，这是目前作为 FreeSurfer软件的一部分（ <a href="http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/">自由</a>分布http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/，Martinos生物医学成像中心，马萨诸塞州总医院） 。FreeSurfer提供了一套大脑的皮质表面结构MRI数据自动重建工具。在本土与亚毫米级精度的图像空间中提取的皮质表面，然后再用于创造的外表面，这将作为一个为 l GI计算的基础上。利益的一个圆形区域，然后划定的外表面，并使用验证研究 1所述的匹配算法确定其相应区域的皮质表面上的兴趣。这个过程反复迭代很大程度上是重叠的地区利益，gyrification皮质地图ř随后的统计比较（图1）。值得注意的是，另一个地方gyrification的测量提出了类似的灵感托罗和他的同事 7，皮质区的光盘领域的划分与同一个领域中的比例计算，在每个点的折叠指数半径。这两种实现方式的不同，一个由红牛等。是基于欧几里德距离，因此认为皮质区的不连续的补丁，而我们采用了严格的测地线算法和只包括皮质区开放利益的一个圆形区域的脑表面连续补丁。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index at JoVE.com

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index

（皮质折叠）在任何年龄的测量gyrification代表到早期的大脑发育的窗口。因此，我们以前开发了一种算法来衡量当地gyrification千点以上的半球<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;。在本文中，我们详细介绍这个地方gyrification指数的计算。

如何从MR图像测量皮质折叠：一个循序渐进的教程，以计算本地Gyrification指数

Cortical folding (gyrification) is determined during the first months of life, so that adverse events occurring during this period leave traces that will ...

how-to-measure-cortical-folding-from-mr-images-step-step-tutorial-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

27.7K 次观看.  University of Geneva School of Medicine. （皮质折叠）在任何年龄的测量gyrification代表到早期的大脑发育的窗口。因此，我们以前开发了一种算法来衡量当地gyrification千点以上的半球 1。在本文中，我们详细介绍这个地方gyrification指数的计算。

视频: How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

宫内遥测来衡量鼠标收缩压力<em&gt;在体内</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

科研

医学

Step By Step: Microsurgical training method combining two nonliving animal models

The learning of microsurgical techniques and the maintenance of microsurgical skills have been traditionally based on the use of living animals, mainly laboratory rats. This method although extremely valuable can be economically demanding both for the surgeon and the sponsoring institution; it also requires special training facilities that may not always be available or accessible. Furthermore ethical concerns can limit the use of living animals for training purposes. Alternative training methods, such as inert tubes and gloves have not gained popularity among surgeons since they do not offer an experience similar to that of a clinical situation. Non-living animal models include the use of chicken thighs and wings; they offer a practice experience that resembles a clinical situation to a considerable extent. This type of training is relatively cheap and easily available. The microscope and instruments required can be acquired over the internet, and the chicken pieces can be bought at the local supermarket.
This approach allows a motivated trainee to rehearse different types of surgical techniques several times at a reasonable expense, helping to develop or maintain his surgical expertise if more complex facilities are not available. On the current manuscript we describe how to setup a small practice station, how to dissect the specimens, and how to practice both with the chicken thighs and with the chicken wings in a progressive fashion. This approach takes advantage on the versatility of the chicken thigh model and the small size of the chicken wing Brachial artery.

Here we describe how to set up a small microsurgical practice station and a simple and inexpensive method for the training of microsurgery with non-living animal models.

一步一步：显微外科培训方法相结合的两个无生命的动物模型

The learning of microsurgical techniques and the maintenance of microsurgical skills have been traditionally based on the use of living animals, mainly ...

Assessing Cortical Cerebral Microinfarcts on High Resolution MR Images

Cerebral microinfarcts are frequent findings in the post-mortem human brain, and are related to cognitive decline and dementia. Due to their small sizes it is challenging to study them on clinical MRI scans. It was recently demonstrated that cortical microinfarcts can be depicted with MRI scanners using high magnetic field strengths (7T). Based on this experience, a proportion of these lesions is also visible on lower resolution 3T MRI. These findings were corroborated with ex vivo imaging of post-mortem human brain tissue, accompanied by histopathological verification of possible cortical microinfarcts.
Here an ex vivo imaging protocol is presented, for the purpose of validating MR observed cerebral microvascular pathology with histological evaluation. Furthermore, guidelines are provided for the assessment of cortical microinfarcts on both in vivo 7T and 3T MR images. These guidelines provide researchers with a tool to rate cortical microinfarcts on in vivo images of larger patient samples, to further unravel their clinical relevance in cognitive decline and dementia, and establish these lesions as a novel biomarker of cerebral small vessel disease.

A high resolution ex vivo 7T MR imaging protocol is presented, to perform MR-guided histopathological validation of microvascular pathology in post-mortem human brain tissue. Furthermore, guidelines are provided for the assessment of cortical microinfarcts on in vivo 7T as well as 3T MR images.

评估皮层脑Microinfarcts高分辨率核磁共振图像

Cerebral microinfarcts are frequent findings in the post-mortem human brain, and are related to cognitive decline and dementia. Due to their small sizes ...

Heterotopic Renal Autotransplantation in a Porcine Model: A Step-by-Step Protocol

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients suffering from end-stage renal disease. It offers better life expectancy and higher quality of life when compared to dialysis. Although the last few decades have seen major improvements in patient outcomes following kidney transplantation, the increasing shortage of available organs represents a severe problem worldwide. To expand the donor pool, marginal kidney grafts recovered from extended criteria donors (ECD) or donated after circulatory death (DCD) are now accepted for transplantation. To further improve the postoperative outcome of these marginal grafts, research must focus on new therapeutic approaches such as alternative preservation techniques, immunomodulation, gene transfer, and stem cell administration.
Experimental studies in animal models are the final step before newly developed techniques can be translated into clinical practice. Porcine kidney transplantation is an excellent model of human transplantation and allows investigation of novel approaches. The major advantage of the porcine model is its anatomical and physiological similarity to the human body, which facilitates the rapid translation of new findings to clinical trials. This article offers a surgical step-by-step protocol for an autotransplantation model and highlights key factors to ensure experimental success. Adequate pre- and postoperative housing, attentive anesthesia, and consistent surgical techniques result in favorable postoperative outcomes. Resection of the contralateral native kidney provides the opportunity to assess post-transplant graft function. The placement of venous and urinary catheters and the use of metabolic cages allow further detailed evaluation. For long-term follow-up studies and investigation of alternative graft preservation techniques, autotransplantation models are superior to allotransplantation models, as they avoid the confounding bias posed by rejection and immunosuppressive medication.

Porcine models of organ transplantation provide an important platform to study mechanisms of organ preservation. This article describes a heterotopic porcine renal autotransplantation model, which allows investigating new approaches to improve the outcome of transplantation using marginal kidney grafts.

异位自体肾移植的猪模型：有步骤，分步协议

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients suffering from end-stage renal disease. It offers better life expectancy and higher quality ...

A Step by Step Protocol for Subretinal Surgery in Rabbits

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other RPE related diseases are the most common causes for irreversible loss of vision in adults in industrially developed countries. RPE transplantation appears to be a promising therapy, as it may replace dysfunctional RPE, restore its function, and thereby vision.
Here we describe a method for transplanting a cultured RPE monolayer on a scaffold into the subretinal space (SRS) of rabbits. After vitrectomy xenotransplants were delivered into the SRS using a custom made shooter consisting of a 20-gauge metallic nozzle with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated plunger. The current technique evolved in over 150 rabbit surgeries over 6 years. Post-operative follow-up can be obtained using non-invasive and repetitive in vivo imaging such as spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) followed by perfusion-fixed histology.
The method has well-defined steps for easy learning and high success rate. Rabbits are considered a large eye animal model useful in preclinical studies for clinical translation. In this context rabbits are a cost-efficient and perhaps convenient alternative to other large eye animal models.

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) replacement strategies and gene-based therapy are considered for several retinal degenerative conditions. For clinical translation, large eye animal models are required to study surgical techniques applicable in patients. Here we present a rabbit model for subretinal surgery geared towards RPE transplantation, which is versatile and cost-efficient.

一种用于兔视网膜下手术分步协议

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other RPE related diseases are the most common causes for irreversible loss of vision in ...

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based three-chamber bags (3CBs) and soybean-oil-based compounded bags (CoBs) in hospitalized adult patients. We designed a multicenter, randomized, prospective, open-label, noninferiority protocol to compare the efficacy, safety, and distribution of olive-oil-based 3CBs and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adult Chinese patients requiring PN during surgical intervention. Subjects were randomized to receive either one of the study treatments using an interactive voice or web-based recognition system in accordance with the randomization code. Randomization was further stratified based on the study site and surgical category. Both treatment groups received similar amounts of calories and protein. In addition, the two study treatments contained a similar composition of the amino-acid component. The only difference between the two PN formulations was the lipid constitution. The duration of administration of study treatments was a minimum of 5 days up to a maximum of 14 days after the surgical procedure. The primary efficacy endpoint was serum prealbumin levels on day 5 of the study. Noninferiority was proved if the anti-log of the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the treatment difference was at least 0.80. Other efficacy measures included treatment preparation time; duration to achieve tolerability of oral nutrition; associated infectious complications; length of hospitalization; and laboratory assessment of markers of nutrition, inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress. A total of 458 patients were enrolled in the study. The results showed that olive-oil-based 3CBs were non-inferior to soybean-based CoBs, besides being well tolerated. The infection rate was found to be significantly lower in the olive-oil-based 3CB group. Thus, this study may be used as a reference for future research on lipid emulsion and 3CBs.

Here, we present a protocol for a study comparing the efficacy, safety, and delivery of olive-oil-based 3CB and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adults requiring parenteral nutrition. The results revealed that olive-oil-based 3CBs is non-inferior and well tolerated compared to soybean formulations.

一项临床试验，评估基于橄榄油的三腔袋的亲子营养的安全性、有效性和交付

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based ...

Obtaining Quality Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Images of Skeletal Muscle to Measure Muscle Fascicle Length

Muscle fascicle length, which is commonly measured in vivo using traditional ultrasound, is an important parameter defining a muscle&#8217;s force generating capacity. However, over 90% of all upper limb muscles and 85% of all lower limb muscles have optimal fascicle lengths longer than the field-of-view of common traditional ultrasound (T-US) probes. A newer, less frequently adopted method called extended field-of-view ultrasound (EFOV-US) can enable direct measurement of fascicles longer than the field-of-view of a single T-US image. This method, which automatically fits together a sequence of T-US images from a dynamic scan, has been demonstrated to be valid and reliable for obtaining muscle fascicle lengths in vivo. Despite the numerous skeletal muscles with long fascicles and the validity of the EFOV-US method for making measurements of such fascicles, few published studies have utilized this method. In this study, we demonstrate both how to implement the EFOV-US method to obtain high quality musculoskeletal images and how to quantify fascicle lengths from those images. We expect that this demonstration will encourage the use of the EFOV-US method to increase the pool of muscles, both in healthy and impaired populations, for which we have in vivo muscle fascicle length data.

This study describes how to obtain high quality musculoskeletal images using the extended field-of-view ultrasound (EFOV-US) method for the purpose of making muscle fascicle length measures. We apply this method to muscles with fascicles that extend past the field-of-view of common traditional ultrasound (T-US) probes.

获得高质量的骨骼肌扩展视野超声图像，以测量肌肉束长度

Muscle fascicle length, which is commonly measured in vivo using traditional ultrasound, is an important parameter defining a muscle&#8217;s force ...

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. Several studies comparing traditional microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery have reported similar hearing results and an overall low rate of complications. The endoscope has unraveled its full potential in demanding settings of stapes surgery, such as unfavorable anatomy of the oval window niche or revision cases. Reduced manipulation of the chorda tympani and low rate of post-operative dysgeusia are further benefits to mention for endoscopic stapes surgery.
Being a one-handed technique, management of bleeding, positioning, and crimping of the prosthesis may be challenging for novice endoscopic surgeons, so some training in endoscopic ear surgery is recommended before performing endoscopic stapedotomy. The problem of sharing the surgical field between the endoscope and the operating instruments could be easily overcome if proper instruments positioning is understood. One-handed bleeding control in the narrow space of the ear canal may represent an issue during the elevation of the tympano-meatal flap, possibly discouraging the surgeon since the preliminary steps of surgery. Following appropriate technique to raise the flap and the collaboration with the anesthesiology team in keeping the blood pressure low guarantee an adequate bleeding control in most cases.
The aim of this article is to describe the entire surgical procedure of a transcanal exclusive endoscopic stapedotomy, from operating room set up and patient positioning to post-operative care. A step-by-step description of the surgical maneuvers with technical hints is reported, to guide the surgeon across the procedure and allow any ear surgeon to perform stapes surgery endoscopically.

The aim of this article is to provide a step-by-step method for endoscopic stapes surgery from operating room setting and patient positioning to post-operative care. This work would represent a guide for any otologic surgeon who is willing to treat otosclerosis with endoscopic transcanal technique.

通过经卡全线内窥镜方法进行逐步镫骨切除术

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. ...

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion

The benefits of renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) on blood pressure have been proved in a large number of clinical trials in recent years. However, the regulatory mechanism of RDN on hypertension remains elusive. Thus, it&#39;s essential to establish a simpler RDN model in mice. In this study, osmotic mini pumps filled with Angiotensin II were implanted in 14-week-old C57BL/6 mice. One week after the implantation of the mini-osmotic pump, a modified RDN procedure was performed on bilateral renal arteries of the mice using phenol. Age-sex-matched mice were given saline and served as sham group. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and every week subsequently for 21 days. Then, renal artery, abdominal aorta and heart were collected for histological examination using H&#38;E and Masson staining. In this study, we present a simple, practical, repeatable, and standardized RDN model, which can control hypertension and alleviate cardiac hypertrophy. The technique can denervate peripheral renal sympathetic nerves without renal artery damage. Compared to previous models, the modified RDN facilitates the study of the pathobiology and pathophysiology of hypertension.

Here, we present a protocol for renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) in mice with hypertension induced by Angiotensin II infusion. The procedure is repeatable, convenient and allows to study the regulatory mechanisms of RDN on hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy.

改善肾去神经支配缓解血管紧张素II.诱导的高血压

The benefits of renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) on blood pressure have been proved in a large number of clinical trials in recent years. However, the ...

An Educational Video Demonstration of How to Prone a Critically Ill Intubated Patient

Early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it was reported that prone position was beneficial for mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, for staff in some small and large hospitals, experience with this intervention was low. Select hospitals were able to assemble proning teams; but, as facilities began to experience staffing shortages, they found proning teams unsustainable, and less specialized staff needed to learn how to safely prone patients.
Proning is a high-risk procedure-a lack of a standard approach can result in staff confusion and poor patient outcomes, including unintentional endotracheal tube (ET) loss, vascular access dislodgement, and skin breakdown. Given the acuity and high patient volume, translating a complex procedure into written policy may not be entirely effective. Critical care nurses, respiratory therapists, physical therapists, wound nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and medical doctors need to be prepared to safely perform this procedure for an acutely ill COVID-19 patient.
Communication, teamwork, and multidisciplinary collaboration are critical for complication avoidance. Interventions to prevent tube and vascular access dislodgement, skin breakdown, and brachial plexus and soft tissue injury must be implemented during the procedure. Repositioning the patient in the prone position, as well as returning the patient to supine positioning, should be components of a comprehensive proning plan.

Proning a critically ill patient with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a complex but beneficial procedure. Excellent communication skills, team work, and multidisciplinary collaboration are critical for patient and staff safety. A standard procedure should be utilized when proning ventilated patients with tubes, drains, and vascular access devices.