感谢耶鲁PET中心化学示踪合成，成像示踪剂注入和图像采集和希拉女士黄专家流程图设计团队团队成员。 大部分的的ntPET技术的发展是得到R21 AA15077 E.莫里斯。 K.科斯格罗夫K02 DA031750支持。

整个过程的概要的，如下所述的制造多片层电影多巴胺概述在图1的流程图中。 <ol><li>前PET MR扫描在一个单独的一天从PET扫描获得一个结构性的MR扫描。该MR扫描将提供为PET图像的解剖参考。典型的采集参数结构MRI：3D MPRAGE MR脉冲序列TE = 3.3毫秒，翻转角= 7度;层厚1.0毫米，0.98 x 0.98 mm像素。 <ol><li>实践PET /吸烟会安排的主题实践吸烟运动在PET扫描仪扫描前，理想的情况下，较早访问的PET中心。这将避免在实际PET扫描的混乱或不适。这也可以消除在扫描仪中的第一次的新颖性。因为西门子HRRT的是一个高分辨率的大脑扫描仪，隧道很窄到他/她的嘴香烟的吸烟者的最小间隙。虽然我们有一个复杂的系统来解决头部运动，它仍然是最好有吸烟者实践吸烟，同时尽量不将他/她的头。 </li><li>病人准备<ol><li>四号线必须插入静脉，由注册护士，并准备以后提供示踪剂泵附件。示踪将被注入患者通过静脉线。 </li><li>头部运动监视器粘贴反光球头的主体的顶部。的Vicra头部跟踪系统的激光反射球的位置在20赫兹的速率轮询。球体连接到刚性，十字型的“工具”，该工具连接到由被摄体穿莱卡泳帽。研究人员监测头部运动，以确保该激光系统，应使用工具的位置的实时显示<html>米有一个通畅的工具和记录头的位置不断图像重建中供以后使用。 </li></ol></li><li>准备注射泵<ol><li>编程适当的输液泵范式雷氯必利的，为了最大限度地提高灵敏度的PET图像多巴胺整个扫描周期的波动，管理示踪剂，11 C-雷氯必利，作为初始剂量，然后由一个恒定输注。要确定正确的相对量的示踪交付与输液初始剂量，我们遵循的方法卡森等人 22来计算的比例丸剂量输注率（以分钟为单位的的“Kbol” ）给定的知识，在人类的11 C-雷氯必利的脉冲响应函数。根据给定的协议示踪剂的发送是由一个内部的计算机程序，它驱动一个可编程的输液泵控制。 </li></ol></li><li>启动空气滤清器T“要消除从PET套房二手烟雾​​在吸烟，位置摄入的空气，过滤器（Movex的公司，北安普顿，PA）扫描仪前端和主体的头部上方。发表主题空间带来的他/她的嘴香烟在吸烟过程中，该过滤器是在研究之前打开，并在各种条件下使用，如果执行多个扫描。 </li><li>传输扫描收购9分钟传输示踪剂​​注入和收购的PET扫描前扫描。获取的传输创建一个三维地图整个大脑的线性衰减系数。衰减图用于发射（PET）图像的重建。 </li></ol></li><li> PET扫描。 <ol><li>开始注射和PET扫描核医学技师必须经过认证的管理示踪剂。一般来说，一队的两个技术人员启动示踪管理和PET数据采集同步<html> LY。 </li><li>在吸烟时的评定量表管理简单的问卷调查，口头，紧接及以下吸烟的主题。吸烟者必须评估他/她的渴望，渴求，尼古丁高，厌恶的感觉满意的规模为1-100。 </li><li>抽烟为了捕捉自然吸烟体验的多巴胺反应，指导吸烟者，他自己的速度抽烟，抽他的自有品牌的香烟，最重要的是，执行自己的吸烟，而不是尼古丁或香烟管理研究人才。吸烟者 - 谁一直禁欲，因为前一天午夜12点 - 浓烟连续两个香烟。他们一般需要约10分钟才能完成这两个香烟。 </li><li>吸烟后评定量表（如上所述）。 </li></ol></li><li>后PET扫描<ol><li>完成扫描，发送通过国土资源部使用Vicra数据重建ontent“&gt;在收购完成后，重建的列表模式数据（时间和地点的记录，每一个人的衰变）到排放的图像。在我们中心的重建算法是一种迭代算法（卡森，Barker 等21），纠正使用高频Vicra录音事件级别的议案。更正为散射衰减，死区时间，正常化，扫描仪几何，点扩散函数中还包括重建算法。三维PET图像产生一个动态的系列，在预先选定的时间框架。 </li><li>陈前处理和MR-PET注册使用标准算法，以消除头骨从主体的MR图像23。 MR必须去科头颅的前对准PET，因为大多数示踪剂不采取头骨。 </li></ol></li><li>过滤动态PET数据HYPR 应用的一个变种空间滤波方法，高度约束反投影（，HYPR-LR），所有的PET图像一帧一帧的方式工作，基督教等。8,24。 HYPR-LR的吸引力是它降低空间噪声，而不会降低在每个体素的时间信息，我们将使用它来创建我们的多巴胺电影。 </li><li> PET数据对齐MR模板对齐的PET主体的MR数据产生变换矩阵1。 （这一般是与从早在PET扫描的图像）。寄存器MR数据的一个标准的MR模板，得到变换矩阵2。结合注册HYPR过滤PET的数据的标准模板空间变换1和2。这些数据是在一个标准的解剖空间各向同性体素（2毫米x 2毫米x 2毫米）。 </li><li>应用纹状体面膜雷氯必利具有足够的信号的背景的对比度，可以使用仅在纹状体。这是的脑部区域毒瘾牵连。继马丁内斯等25前连合纹状体（腹侧纹状体，背尾，背壳）的面具在模板空间中的所有PET数据。 </li><li>基于体素的配合两款车型<ol><li>选择多巴胺为LP-ntPET的响应函数选择响应函数可能多巴胺的刺激的反应是一致的。 ，人们可以通过选择特定的一组响应函数的估计多巴胺反应为我们的特定的刺激预期的曲线的形状和定时约束。吸烟，我们预​​计单峰多巴胺浓度的上升和下降（“γ-变量”形曲线）。在吸烟的情况下，在45分钟到扫描，家庭响应函数“起飞40分钟（允许一些预期），后来被列入”时代。 </li><li>套用LP-ntPET的模型适合LP-ntPET的模埃尔根据诺曼丁等7的方法，在每个单独的体素中的掩模区的PET捕量。在图3a所示的业务模型的方程。的商品的PET TAC与每个响应函数的积分变成非线性基函数的一组模型（见最后项的运算公式）。 ，因为LP-ntPET的是直链，基函数拟合动态PET数据为基础的方法，它可以迅速地估计上述（a）的动力学参数示踪剂的作用，及（b）的时间相对多巴胺的档案扫描会话期间的浓度变化，在每个像素。 <ol><li>创建WSSR地图记录加权残差平方和契合LP-ntPET到每个体素（WSSR LP-ntPET）的，使用的数据（WSSR），地图的下面。拟合模型在每个像素生成图像示踪参数：R 1，K 2 &lt;/ sub&gt;的，K 2a中 ，和γ。 R 1是相对流量值，K 2是在基准区域的流出速率，K 2a的在目标区域是明显的流出速率，和γ是多巴胺信号幅度。可以被认为是作为一个图像，以及在每个像素的残差平方的加权和。 </li></ol></li><li>应用（常规）多线性参考组织模型（MRTM） 适合MRTM的模型9的每一个人像素蒙面地区PET时间活动数据。 MRTM是一个线性模型-通常应用于动态PET数据-是传递到lp ntPET相同的， 但它缺乏一个随时间变化的多巴胺术语 。配件MRTM逐体素的数据产量估计只有三个参数图像：R 1，K 2，K 2A。记录的平方的加权和在每个像素的数据，以及适合的MRTM（WSSR MRTM）的地图。 </li></ol></li> &lt;LI&gt;计算的F-地图创建地图的总和的平方映射的F-F统计量，通过计算在每个像素中的掩模。 F统计量进行比较WSSR的线对ntPET到WSSR MRTM，修正自由在各自的配合程度的差异。 </li><li>阈值的F地图在一个值，该值转换为概率阈值的F-地图P &lt;0.05（基于模型拟合的自由度）。该阈值是相同的，在每个体素。二值化的地图，使一个新的“意义面膜”，只保留那些像素在纹状体的PET总可捕量是合适的（统计）更好地与LP-ntPET的与MRTM比。 </li><li>筛选的意义面膜执行形态的“开放”（其次是扩张侵蚀）的意义面膜消除微小的，孤立的体素群，我们假设是由于噪声。的各向同性的2×2×2像素内核是用于重新移动隔离体素组2体素或更小的直径。我们现在有末期意义面膜。 </li><li>创建4D多巴胺在色彩的电影存储的价值归为k 2A估计多巴胺曲线的，在每个像素中的最后重大意义面膜。这些数据构成“归多巴胺图像”，并将于4维。它们是有效的，为每个像素在每个时间点的相对值多巴胺发现有显着的的多巴胺响应的刺激。通过施加一个颜色查找表的归一化的多巴胺图像创建颜色编码的图像序列。相应的MR模板图像上叠加的颜色编码多巴胺图像。保存该系列颜色编码的图像为*。png文件。这是单一片“多巴胺电影”。安排成一个电影每片含腹侧纹状体的多巴胺电影。这样的安排是一个多片层多巴胺电影。 </li><li>分析吸烟数据和控制数据卡ilarly 每一个实验条件进行审查的数据进行同样的分析。对于这个项目，我们采集和分析数据各科在两个独立的条件：吸烟和控制（禁止吸烟）。 </li><li>比较吸烟，控制通过构建复合多巴胺电影同一主题的电影在不同的条件下， 如基线或假的任务与吸烟产生多巴胺。生产“合成多巴胺的电影”一个科目为基线和吸烟纹状体所有切片。 </li><li>运行电影玩“多片多巴胺电影”（显示结果）透露，包括大脑的吸烟独特的多巴胺反应的空间和时间模式。 </li></ol>

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作者指出，他们什么都没有透露。

吸烟的多巴胺反应在PET文献的研究结果是不一致13-18。有可能是多方面原因造成的。各种方法上的困难出现的任何企图图像吸烟。最起码，必须与可能的运动伪影的数据，研究人员的二手烟暴露，多巴胺温和而短暂的变化，只有细微的改变导致了示踪剂的摄取和滞留，11 C-雷氯必利。 人工诱导多巴胺一个庞大而持续的反应可能会对未能通过施用静脉注射大剂量的尼古丁。然而，这将是我们的基本目标相反，在建立多巴胺电影吸烟。我们的目的是尽可能仔细检查整个的吸烟行为的多巴胺反应。在网瘾的研究，一个重要的区分被动管理药物的主体和自我管理。我们的目标是形象的自我管理 - 吸烟者吸烟他/她自己的首选品牌香烟 - 为了捕捉和描述吸烟简短的多巴胺反应。 PET分析通常假设的影响扫描时间相对长寿命的药物或其他挑战。因此，成像吸烟需要创新建模和实验PET。 在我们的协议中的关键步骤在扫描仪促进吸烟<ol><li>为了形象的自我管理（ 如吸烟），我们必须消除二手烟的环境，健康和安全部门的满意。这是通过拉周围的空气通过HEPA过滤器的主题，以除去颗粒物的便携式空气过滤系统，该系统的使用。本机配备有明显的圆顶形进气罩，可降低超过吨他拍摄对象的脸部，但不妨碍他/她吸烟。 </li><li>吸烟引起头部运动 - ，即使吸烟者指示将他们的手，并保持他们的头部仍然。在一个单一的时间帧的运动降低了扫描仪的点扩散函数。也就是说，它有助于在图像模糊。在扫描过程中的头部运动也意味着，头是在发射和传输过程中在不同的位置。这种不匹配可能会导致文物当传输扫描纠正衰减。的Vicra头跟踪系统解决了这两个问题，通常被认为是代表国家的最先进的解决方案的问题26。 </li></ol> 11 C-雷氯必利吸收多巴胺水平的微小变化的敏感性最大化<ol start="3"><li>以前的模拟我们小组的工作已表明，多巴胺水平的变化的敏感度是整个扫描时间，如果没有统一的示踪剂是admin通过大剂量注射27一起注册。另一方面，示踪剂了初始剂量随后出现大大的灵敏度相等的PET数据，在扫描过程中在任何时间吸烟缓慢输注。 </li><li>吸烟诱发多巴胺的变化是在PET数据本身的噪音相对较小。高度约束反投影重建（HYPR）8,24平滑fMRI的数据，最近被应用到PET的常用方法。这种空间平滑技术降低了噪音没有磨灭我们感兴趣的数据。也就是说，变形时间活动曲线代表示踪剂与内源性多巴胺的竞争时空特征。我们的前期工作，28表示有HYPR过滤器，最大限度地提高阈值F-映射（ 即保留体素数），差异吸烟基线康迪特之间的差异是一个最佳的选择离子。的最佳的过滤器（选择所给出的数据）可能取决于激活区域（参见图2）的近似大小上的的HYPR内核的大小适当的匹配。 </li><li>吸烟诱发多巴胺的变化是短暂的。传统PET分析方法都不能很好地适合于捕获瞬态的神经递质事件25,29。我们有特点的缺点，使用各种常规分析仿真实验和人体数据30。出于这些原因，我们的实验室中已开发和验证了一些在PET数据1-7的多巴胺瞬变的影响进行建模的数学技术。 7由诺曼丁等。最近的一项创新是线性我们原来ntPET模式，所以它可以适用于体素水平。这样做的结果是一种多巴胺本文提出类似的电影。我们的方法主要方面为估计多巴胺瞬变，在PET数据已验证的前情Y：在老鼠同时接受PET和微透析4和人类执行一个手指敲击任务3,4。 </li><li>统计测试的某种需要隔离多巴胺诚实的变化不同于偶然事件。我们选择使用F统计量（又名“F比率”）确定的地区（ 即体素）的图像是最有可能含有检测和量化多巴胺的反应。 F统计量是用来比较两个嵌套模型的拟合平方的总和，同时活动数据。在这种情况下，我们比较适合传统的模型没有一个随时间变化的多巴胺，长期我们最近推出的的LP-ntPET模型包含一个随时间变化的长期多巴胺波动。只有那些F比率超过一个给定的统计阈值的体素被保留在最后的多巴胺电影。 </li></ol>呈现的结果的解释的限制 &lt;醇&gt; <li>这里介绍的是样品的结果，当然不是一个完整的研究。深入研究吸烟会涉及基线条件，吸烟状况和假吸烟情况来控制运动诱发多巴胺的释放 - 不同的运动伪影（见上文）。在我们的实验室，这些研究正在进行。 应该指出的是，构造合适的假吸烟条件远非如此简单。对于吸烟者，他们的嘴将熄灭香烟单纯的行为可能是有益的，因此释放多巴胺。因此，但不期望的运动的控制很可能是可比较的努力和频率以在香烟的抽吸的定向电机运动，但不是运动，可能不以任何方式按钮或手动对象的操作，如与吸烟相关的。 </li><li>清楚地认识到，如果有足够多的比较，将有超过一个给定的统计阈值的机会发现<html>老31。我们所采取的比较之间的配合常规模式和所有体素在纹状体LP-ntPET的模型的拟合。目前，我们没有正式纠正多比较（ 例如 ，“Bonferroni校正”）。相反，我们已向的多巴胺电影分析基线条件除了有吸烟状况。如果我们多巴胺电影吸烟只是偶然的结果，我们希望激活区域（超阈值的体素数）在基准相同的密度，在吸烟的数据。这显然不是这种情况（ 见图7）。 </li><li>当然，我们的技术的可再现性是一个重要的相关问题。人们预计，吸烟者的大脑应对同样抽着烟今天或明天或下周。目前，我们正在从事评估重测重现性多巴胺电影。 </li></ol>未来jove_content“&gt; PET示踪剂摄取中存在的内源性神经递质水平的短期波动，我们已经开发了一种新的模式，由于模型是线性的参数，它可以快速，轻松地计算在许多体素配件等的终点体素，由-体素的基础上的PET数据的一个模型是“电影”。研究的D2受体示踪剂，11 C-雷氯必利，端点是多巴胺电影。多巴胺是关键神经递质参与大脑的处理奖励刺激，导致成瘾。由于某些刺激（最显着的香烟和酒精）产生只有轻微的，可能是短命的多巴胺变化，可能有电影研究这两个刺激的滥用潜力最大的，如果我们可以用我们的多巴胺电影多巴胺的释放指示的依赖或滥用的风险识别空间和时间模式，这些模式可以作为标记的疾病，疾病的风险，- 假设模式是可逆的 - 指标（药物或认知）疗效。 关于我们的电影有什么，限制他们的多巴胺系统。所需要的是一个感兴趣的目标，是在相同的目标（ 即 ，很容易由位移）的内源性配体的波动敏感的PET示踪剂。日期，已停止进展情况以查明可靠敏感的内源性神经递质多巴胺以外的PET示踪剂。在2010年的5 -羟色胺文学的审查，例如，画令人警醒的画面，目前我们的能力有限，检测5 -羟色胺的释放与PET 32。最近，已经有一些令人鼓舞的发展。一些出版物曾报道的5 -羟色胺的敏感性示踪剂海拔内源性的5 -羟色胺在非人类灵长类动物33-36，但在人类的领域等待着类似的示威。正如我们已经讨论别处&lt;支持&gt; 37，内源性神经递质浓度的变化的敏感性似乎是由一个最佳的速率从受体结合的示踪剂从组织血液流出的易于使用的的位移。一旦5 - 羟色胺配位体已被验证，并显示出具有这样的属性，然后5 - 羟色胺的电影也将是可能的。 目前，大部分PET与受体示踪剂的研究导致的参数图像的生成。参数化的形象是一个给定的示踪动力学模型参数评估在每一个像素在对象（ 即大脑）的地图。 SRTM 38,39或产生一个或两个组织二室模型参数的图像里，区域流动参数，或BP，区域约束力的潜在价值，如传统机型的应用。这些参数都代表处于稳定状态的过程，被认为是生理常数。然而，有时，系统和/或过程的诠释erested是不稳定的。也就是说，它们是短暂的。就是这样短命多巴胺吸烟的情况。在这样的情况下，这是不可能用一个单一的参数图像表征多巴胺瞬态。它也不是适当的数据建模与模型是严格的时间参数不变。有必要与随时间变化的术语来描述的模型的纹状体中的多巴胺浓度的变化响应吸烟。使用这种模式时的自然输出与多巴胺示踪剂，是一部电影的多巴胺。这是一种新形式的图像输出功能，可能会刺激，需要新形式的分析，以最大限度地发挥其效用。

尽管有压倒性的证据的医疗风险，吸烟仍然是一个主要的健康问题。这简直是​​很难戒烟。超过20％的美国成人人口继续吸烟，大多数吸烟者试图戒烟的第一个月内复发10。不幸的是，有几个可用的治疗方法，以帮助戒烟和/或减少对尼古丁的依赖。在我们的实验室，我们感兴趣的是使用PET显像了解，为了帮助开发新药物戒烟和其他吸毒成瘾和依赖。 纹状体内多巴胺的迅速崛起被认为可能与撤离和随后的药物寻求编码的药物上瘾的责任和行为，11和多巴胺基线快速回笼。对于一些上瘾的物质，吸烟等行为，海拔纹状体多巴胺是非常短暂的时间（分钟）;ë键的上升幅度并不大（1-2X基线），这些响应可能是有限的空间范围小的子区域的纹状体。 动物实验清楚地表明，尼古丁会导致大鼠12伏隔核的多巴胺释放。但早期的尝试中使用传统的分析-估计在人类的多巴胺变化尼古丁或吸烟期间或之后，已经取得了不可靠的，矛盾的结果13-18。一些这些研究允许烟民吸烟外扫描器。其他仅交付尼古丁的主题。为了更好地研究香烟成瘾，我们开发出更好的的成像协议和补充他们与先进的分析，这将使我们能够捕捉大脑的反应的准自然的吸烟行为。 正电子发射断层扫描（PET）是唯一的大脑扫描技术，它能够探测人类大脑的神经化学&lt;<html>时间&gt;的体内。存在许多PET示踪剂跟踪多巴胺受体，许多人很容易受到内源性多巴胺的竞争。不幸的是，传统的PET图像分析方法估计绑定免费示踪剂，被称为束缚势（类似于体外方法），从动态PET图像的稳态比率。一个明显的变化的比率（ 例如 ，从基线到吸烟条件）在稳定状态下被表示多巴胺的变化。但成瘾有关的多巴胺变化本质上是短暂的，所以一个稳定的状态量的估计是有缺陷的。此外，典型区域的平均利率分析示踪剂浓度过大解剖学定义的地区，并有可能错过高度本地化的的大脑反应 - 如我们期望从吸烟。上一页PET研究吸烟可能也遭受运动吸烟者的头，期间吸烟扫描仪。 jove_content“功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术提供了必要的时间和空间分辨率，将需要捕捉事件发生在子区域纹状体分钟的时间比例，但fMRI的缺乏分子特异性PET BOLD信号来自血流量的变化，因此，神经和分子非特异性的，因此，我们利用PET -而是一种新的方式。此协议的目的是短暂和局部的多巴胺反应估计吸烟，因为他们被认为是背后的神经化学表现渴求和觅药行为。 要估计多巴胺瞬变，动态PET图像与多巴胺受体配体捕获，我们之前推出了一系列统称为“ntPET”的神经递质PET 1,5,6,19，基于动力学模型，传统的两组织二室模型，但时间变化增强DOP胺和多巴胺和示踪（ 即竞争）之间的相互作用。已通过验证这些模型对金标准。具体地说，我们已经表明，我们的模型预测，随着时间的推移PET数据大鼠在良好的协议，同时收购微透析测量4,7多巴胺浓度优点 ：最近我们的模型一直是线性和非参数（NP ntPET）1线性和参数（LP-ntPET）7。后者的模型源于较早的线性模型中引入阿尔珀特等。20。线性化是一个重要的发展，因为它保证了在体素水平的动态数据，运用模型计算简单。在最近的一个概念证明型的纸张，我们能够创造出一个人类主体多巴胺电影执行机动任务3，电影电机任务的时间将有望敏感。博Movi上课表示的在图像中的每个体素的多巴胺水平的时间过程。体素体素的方法，在PET普遍遭受低信号的信噪比，所以要尽量减少噪声固有的基于体素的活性曲线（TACS），我们采用一个创新的空间滤波器，&#39;HYPR&#39;，8作为预处理步骤。这一步保留关键的时空特征响应像素，同时降低噪音。 吸烟是超过尼古丁发送。香烟中含有4000多种化学物质，除了尼古丁。虽然尼古丁被认为是主要负责初始上瘾的效果，所有其他的线索和感官元件成为增强一个习惯性吸烟者吸烟。我们选择研究整个吸烟的行为，这意味着，我们需要能够对图像吸烟者吸烟，而里面的PET扫描仪。不幸的是，吸烟谈到头部运动。为了消除头部运动伪影图像中，我们使用Vicra的动议正跟踪系统（NDI系统，滑铁卢，加拿大）和事件事件运动校正作为一个迭代的，分辨率恢复重建算法21的一部分。 我们新的扫描和分析方法，旨在引起捕捉短暂和局部的瞬态多巴胺是大脑的反应，成瘾性药物和行为的独特签名。我们的模型进行体素体素，产生一组动态的的纹状体多巴胺波动图像- 即多巴胺电影“。这些电影代表了一种新的时空网瘾的生物标志物，可以作为一个直接的，多维的风险指标成瘾性和/或疗效指标。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicra</td>
			<td>NDI Systems, Waterloo, Canada</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRRT</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air Filter</td>
			<td>Movex, Inc, Northampton, PA</td>
			<td>LFK 175</td>
			<td>With extractor and clear hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>11C-raclopride</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>prepared at Yale PET Center from O-Desmethyl precursor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O-Desmethylraclopride</td>
			<td>ABX advanced biochemical compounds, Radeberg, Germany</td>
			<td>Product #1510</td>
			<td>Precursor of 11C-raclopride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Table 1. Materials used.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

creating dynamic images of short-lived dopamine fluctuations with lp-ntpet:  dopamine movies of cigarette smoking

我们描述的实验和统计的步骤创建从动态PET数据的大脑多巴胺电影。电影代表多巴胺诱导抽着烟分钟到分钟的波动。吸烟者成像在自然吸烟经验，而其他可能的混杂影响最小化（如头部运动，期望，求新，或反复吸烟的厌恶）。 我们提出了我们独特的分析。 PET分析估计时间不变的动力学模型参数，它们不能捕捉短期波动的神经递质释放的常规方法。基于时变参数1-7动力学模型及其它分解技术，使我们的工作与我们的分析- ，产生多巴胺电影- 。这方面的分析 - 时空变化 - 是对我们工作的关键。因为我们的模型也是线性的参数，它是实用，计算，适用于日É体素水平。包括五个主要步骤：前处理，建模，统计比较，掩蔽和可视化分析技术。预处理PET独特的“HYPR过滤器8的空间，空间噪声降低，但保留关键的时间信息的数据被施加到。建模标识随时间变化的函数，最能说明11 C-雷氯必利吸收多巴胺的效果。统计一步比较适合我国的（LP-ntPET）模型7传统型号9。屏蔽限制治疗最好地描述了新的模型的体素。可视化地图上的每个像素的颜色规模的多巴胺功能和产生多巴胺电影。吸烟的中期业绩和样品多巴胺电影。

图2。两个不同的HYPR空间滤波器的平滑性在一个单一的纹状体的体素数据的时间 - 活性的影响。上面一排：11 C-雷氯必利PET排放集中在46.5分钟（不过滤，过滤用一个3×3×3像素内核，一个5×5×5像素内核过滤）3分钟帧的图像。中间行：11 C-雷氯必利的PET发射中心在61.5分钟（不过滤，过滤，用3×3×3像素内核，过滤得到的5×5×5像素内核）从3分钟的帧的图像。底行：相应的时间活动曲线相同的单体素位置在左背尾。请注意，虽然更大的过滤器的大小减少噪声，在11 C-雷氯必利的吸收（由于多巴胺释放），在吸烟时会保留视倾角。 图3。代表性的多巴胺反应功能的选择预COMputed到诺曼丁等7适合的lp ntPET模型PET的时间在每个像素的活动数据。在我们的无烟范式的情况下，吸烟开始后45分钟开始注射示踪剂。即使纹状体多巴胺反应编码预期吸烟- 例如 ，由于处理的香烟或其他线索，预示着吸烟-我们的理由可以安全地被限制的响应函数曲线起飞，从基线不早于5分钟前吸烟（一）。同样，曲线仅限于起飞时间不迟于 15分钟后开始吸烟。起飞时间在40分钟曲线代表可能的多巴胺反应由于期望。（二）代表响应函数从基线起飞45分钟的时候开始吸烟。产生500个不同的合理的响应函数。举例来说，地块&lt;&gt;（a）和（b）显示的采样曲线的形状和起飞时间。 图4（a）本业务为使用lp-ntPET的模型方程。该模型是线性的参数（γ，R 1，K 2，K 2a的 ），它允许在每个像素内的纹状体掩模参数估计值的快速计算。（二）：参数的图像（R 1，K 2，K 2a的 γ ）为一个单一的冠状脑片为一个单一的主题。虽然γ单独的参数，该参数编码多巴胺响应的幅度，同时估计所有4示踪参数是必要的，以适应模型在每个像素的数据的时间 - 活性。 图5。的的常规（MRTM）和新的（线对ntPET）模型的拟合，从左侧尾状核中的体素数据的时间 - 活性。是蓝色MRTM适合。 LP-ntPET适合为红色。 <p类=的“jove_content”&gt; 图6（a）表示加权的残差平方和（WSSR）从MRTM的，及（b）从LP-ntPET适合在每个纹状体的体素数据。两个WSSR从同一数据生成的图像进行比较，以产生在每个像素（ 即一个F-图），（c）中所示的F比在地图上，（d）在F-映射的阈值当p &lt;0.05并产生一个二进制的意义地图（见步骤2.10协议）。对于n时限，4个参数的LP-ntPET模型，F统计量对应的概率水平的门槛，P &lt;0.05（90分钟，3分钟帧的数据分级，阈值是4.23）（E ）的意义映射过滤形态滤波器（“开放”），以消除微小的像素，是最有可能代表噪声集群。最终意义面膜只保留那些体素的总可捕量，更好地适应在纹状体（统计istically）由使用lp-ntPET的模型，而不是到常规MRTM模型，并因此被认为包含多巴胺能响应吸烟。这个门槛不纠正多重比较。相反，谨防假阳性结果，我们创建了控制条件以及最终意义面具（ 见图7和“议定书”的步骤1.8 - 1.10）。 图7（a）显示冠状切片吸烟状况的最终意义面膜在一个单一的主题之一。图（b）给出了相应的主题和切片在基准条件下的最终意义面膜。 近集群的面具（见下文）多巴胺电影并不是单纯的偶然事件或事件中的噪声控制支持争完全没有保留体素在吸烟的面具，而不是集群的存在的数据。 （注：注入的活动 -因此，ð噪比的信号 - 在基线和吸烟条件是可比较的。） 图8。显示一个单一的方向在冠状脑切片的多巴胺的电影帧接一帧的多巴胺水平相对基底（静止）的多巴胺水平。（a）表示的基线条件的电影，和（b）示出的电影吸烟情况。颜色编码的多巴胺水平。具体而言，颜色 - 所示的色条与相应的数字值 - 表示多巴胺作为基底的百分比高于基础水平的变化。同样，多巴胺水平只显示像素在最终意义​​面膜超过P &lt;0.05的显着性水平。 图9所示 。多片，多条件多巴胺电影就相同主题的腹侧纹状体图8中的所有切片同时显示f<html>或基线和吸烟状况。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="6in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig1.jpg" /> 图1。实验流程图和图像分析程序（AC） <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig2.jpg" /> 图2。 HYPR过滤不同的内核大小的图像（顶部和中间）和时间活动曲线（底部）在一个单一的体素的影响。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <html> / files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig3.jpg的“/&gt; 图3。多巴胺响应函数的例子，起飞（一）40分钟或（b）45分钟后注射示踪剂。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig4.jpg" /> 图4。产生的PET数据合身使用lp-ntPET的的操作（a）式的参数图像（二）的4个参数的模型中，R 1，K 2，K 2a中，γ，相对应的图像进行评估纹状体所示覆盖在相应的MR片。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 iles/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig5.jpg“/&gt; 图5。适合的活动数据从一个单一的体素MRTM（蓝色）和LP-ntPET的模型（红色）。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig6.jpg" /> 图6。的的WSSR为（一）MRTM及（b），LP-ntPET。各WSSR地图进行比较，以创建的F -图（c）所示 ，阈值而这又是一个二进制掩码（四），然后过滤，以参数的图像生产的最终意义面膜。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig7.jpg" /> 图7。 （a）和控制吸烟的比较的最后重大意义面具 <stroNG&gt;（二）同一主题。 图8.Single片多巴胺电影为单一主体的控制权（“休息”）和吸烟情况。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig8.swf" target="_blank">点击此处查看图8</a> 。 图9，多片多巴胺电影（顶部）吸烟和控制（下）（“休息”）的条件下的单一主体。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50358/50358fig9.avi" target="_blank">点击此处查看图9</a> 。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET:  Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking at JoVE.com

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET:  Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking

我们提出了一个新颖的PET成像的方法捕获由吸烟引起的多巴胺波动。在PET扫描仪的主题抽烟。动态PET图像的体素的体素的建模时间由LP-ntPET，其中包括一个随时间变化的多巴胺内。结果是&#39;电影&#39;在纹状体多巴胺波动的过程中吸烟。

创建动态图像的短命多巴胺波动与LP-ntPET：多巴胺电影吸烟

We describe experimental and statistical steps for creating dopamine movies of the brain from dynamic PET data. The movies represent minute-to-minute ...

creating-dynamic-images-short-lived-dopamine-fluctuations-with-lp

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.1K 次观看.  Yale University. 我们提出了一个新颖的PET成像的方法捕获由吸烟引起的多巴胺波动。在PET扫描仪的主题抽烟。动态PET图像的体素的体素的建模时间由LP-ntPET，其中包括一个随时间变化的多巴胺内。结果是'电影'在纹状体多巴胺波动的过程中吸烟。

视频: Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET:  Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking

Examination of Rapid Dopamine Dynamics with Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry During Intra-oral Tastant Administration in Awake Rats

Rapid, phasic dopamine (DA) release in the mammalian brain plays a critical role in reward processing, reinforcement learning, and motivational control. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical technique with high spatial and temporal (sub-second) resolution that has been utilized to examine phasic DA release in several types of preparations. In vitro experiments in single-cells and brain slices and in vivo experiments in anesthetized rodents have been used to identify mechanisms that mediate dopamine release and uptake under normal conditions and in disease models. Over the last 20 years, in vivo FSCV experiments in awake, freely moving rodents have also provided insight of dopaminergic mechanisms in reward processing and reward learning. One major advantage of the awake, freely moving preparation is the ability to examine rapid DA fluctuations that are time-locked to specific behavioral events or to reward or cue presentation. However, one limitation of combined behavior and voltammetry experiments is the difficulty of dissociating DA effects that are specific to primary rewarding or aversive stimuli from co-occurring DA fluctuations that mediate reward-directed or other motor behaviors. Here, we describe a combined method using in vivo FSCV and intra-oral infusion in an awake rat to directly investigate DA responses to oral tastants. In these experiments, oral tastants are infused directly to the palate of the rat &#8211; bypassing reward-directed behavior and voluntary drinking behavior &#8211; allowing for direct examination of DA responses to tastant stimuli.

Rapid fluctuations in extracellular dopamine (DA) mediate both reward processing and motivated behavior in mammals. This manuscript describes the combined use of fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and intra-oral tastant administration to determine how tastants alter rapid dopamine release in awake, freely moving rats.

考试多巴胺快速与动态快速扫描循环伏安法在口内呈味物质管理清醒大鼠

Rapid, phasic dopamine (DA) release in the mammalian brain plays a critical role in reward processing, reinforcement learning, and motivational control. ...

科研

行为学

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

坐姿到站姿和步行距离120％膝盖高度：新方法来评估铅肢体的动态姿势控制独立

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional rubber-hand illusion or the more recently discovered enfacement illusion. However, these examples require rather artificial experimental setups, in which the artificial effector needs to be stroked in synchrony with the participants&#39; real hand or face&#8212;a situation in which participants have no control over the stroking or the movements of their real or artificial effector. Here, we describe a technique to establish ownership illusions in a setup that is more realistic, more intuitive, and of presumably higher ecological validity. It allows creating the virtual-hand illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual hand presented on a screen or in virtual space in front of them. If the virtual hand moves in synchrony with the participants&#39; own real hand, they tend to perceive the virtual hand as part of their own body. The technique also creates the virtual-face illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual face in front of them, again with the effect that they tend to perceive the face as their own if it moves in synchrony with their real face. Studying the circumstances that illusions of this sort can be created, increased, or reduced provides important information about how people create and maintain representations of themselves.

Here, we describe virtual-hand and virtual-face illusion paradigms that can be used to study body-related self-perception/-representation. They have already been used in various studies to demonstrate that, under specific conditions, a virtual hand or face can be incorporated into one&#39;s body representation, suggesting that body representations are rather flexible.

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional ...

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging structures internal to the body. There has been a recent increase in the use of ultrasound technology to visualize the shape and movements of the tongue during speech, both in typical speakers and in clinical populations. Ultrasound imaging of speech has greatly expanded our understanding of how sounds articulated with the tongue (lingual sounds) are produced. Such information can be particularly valuable for speech-language pathologists. Among other advantages, ultrasound images can be used during speech therapy to provide (1) illustrative models of typical (i.e.&#160;&#34;correct&#34;) tongue configurations for speech sounds, and (2) a source of insight into the articulatory nature of deviant productions. The images can also be used as an additional source of feedback for clinical populations learning to distinguish their better productions from their incorrect productions, en route to establishing more effective articulatory habits.
Ultrasound feedback is increasingly used by scientists and clinicians as both the expertise of the users increases and as the expense of the equipment declines. In this tutorial, procedures are presented for collecting ultrasound images of the tongue in a clinical context. We illustrate these procedures in an extended example featuring one common error sound, American English /r/. Images of correct and distorted /r/ are used to demonstrate (1) how to interpret ultrasound images, (2) how to assess tongue shape during production of speech sounds, (3), how to categorize tongue shape errors, and (4), how to provide visual feedback to elicit a more appropriate and functional tongue shape. We present a sample protocol for using real-time ultrasound images of the tongue for visual feedback to remediate speech sound errors. Additionally, example data are shown to illustrate outcomes with the procedure.

Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations.

舌的超声图像：一个教程评估和修复声音讲话的错误

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging ...

fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals

The neural correlates of consonance and dissonance perception have been widely studied, but not the neural correlates of consonance and dissonance production. The most straightforward manner of musical production is singing, but, from an imaging perspective, it still presents more challenges than listening because it involves motor activity. The accurate singing of musical intervals requires integration between auditory feedback processing and vocal motor control in order to correctly produce each note. This protocol presents a method that permits the monitoring of neural activations associated with the vocal production of consonant and dissonant intervals. Four musical intervals, two consonant and two dissonant, are used as stimuli, both for an auditory discrimination test and a task that involves first listening to and then reproducing given intervals. Participants, all female vocal students at the conservatory level, were studied using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during the performance of the singing task, with the listening task serving as a control condition. In this manner, the activity of both the motor and auditory systems was observed, and a measure of vocal accuracy during the singing task was also obtained. Thus, the protocol can also be used to track activations associated with singing different types of intervals or with singing the required notes more accurately. The results indicate that singing dissonant intervals requires greater participation of the neural mechanisms responsible for the integration of external feedback from the auditory and sensorimotor systems than does singing consonant intervals.

The neural correlates of listening to consonant and dissonant intervals have been widely studied, but the neural mechanisms associated with production of consonant and dissonant intervals are less well known. In this article, behavioral tests and fMRI are combined with interval identification and singing tasks to describe these mechanisms.

功能磁共振成像映射与辅音和解调间隔的声音生成相关的脑活动

The neural correlates of consonance and dissonance perception have been widely studied, but not the neural correlates of consonance and dissonance ...

Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group

Related proteins that have been studied in different labs using varying organisms may lack a uniform system of nomenclature and classification, making it difficult to discuss the group as a whole and to place new sequences into the appropriate context. Developing a reference that prioritizes important sequence features related to structure and/or activity can be used in addition to established names to add some coherency to a diverse group of proteins. This paper uses the cysteine-stabilized alpha-helix (CS-&#945;&#946;) superfamily as an example to show how a reference generated in&#160;spreadsheet software can clarify relationships between existing proteins in the superfamily, as well as facilitate the addition of new sequences. It also shows how the reference can help to refine sequence alignments generated in commonly used software, which impacts the validity of phylogenetic analyses. The use of a reference will likely be most helpful for protein groups that include highly divergent sequences from a broad spectrum of taxa, with features that are not adequately captured by molecular analyses.

The goal of this protocol is to develop a reference for divergent proteins in a group that lacks coherent criteria for nomenclature and classification. This reference will facilitate analyses and discussion of the group as a whole and can be used in addition to established names.

创建和应用的参考，以便不同的组中的蛋白质分类与探讨

Related proteins that have been studied in different labs using varying organisms may lack a uniform system of nomenclature and classification, making it ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific responses to changing temperatures according to their physiological tolerance and adaptability. Drosophila flies also possess a temperature sensing system that has become fundamental to understanding the neural basis of temperature processing in ectotherms. We present here a temperature-controlled arena that permits fast and precise temperature changes with temporal and spatial control to explore the response of individual flies to changing temperatures. Individual flies are placed in the arena and exposed to pre-programmed temperature challenges, such as uniform gradual increases in temperature to determine reaction norms or spatially distributed temperatures at the same time to determine preferences. Individuals are automatically tracked, allowing the quantification of speed or location preference. This method can be used to rapidly quantify the response over a large range of temperatures to determine temperature performance curves in Drosophila or other insects of similar size. In addition, it can be used for genetic studies to quantify temperature preferences and reactions of mutants or wild-type flies. This method can help uncover the basis of thermal speciation and adaptation, as well as the neural mechanisms behind temperature processing.

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Here we present a protocol to automatically determine the locomotor performance of Drosophila at changing temperatures using a programmable temperature-controlled arena that produces fast and accurate temperature changes in time and space.

一种自动测定果蝇在空间和时间温度变化中的性能的方法

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific ...

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio

The purpose of the original study was to examine the use of whole body vibration (WBV) on polio survivors with and without post-polio syndrome as a form of weight bearing exercise. The goal of this article is to highlight the strengths, limitations, and applications of the method used. Fifteen participants completed two intervention blocks with a wash-out period in between the blocks. Each block consisted of twice a week (four weeks) WBV interventions, progressing from 10 to 20 min per session. Low intensity (peak to peak displacement 4.53 mm, frequency 24 Hz, g force 2.21) and higher intensity (peak to peak displacement 8.82 mm, frequency 35 Hz, g force 2.76) WBV blocks were used. Pain severity significantly improved in both groups following higher intensity vibration. Walking speed significantly improved in the group who participated in higher intensity intervention first. No study-related adverse events occurred. Even though this population can be at risk of developing overuse-related muscle weakness, fatigue, or pain from excessive physical activity or exercise, the vibration intensity levels utilized did not cause significant muscle weakness, pain, fatigue, or sleep disturbances. Therefore, WBV appears to provide a safe method of weight bearing exercise for this population. Limitations included the lack of measurement of reflexes, muscular activity, or circulation, the difficulty in participant recruitment, and insufficient strength of some participants to stand in recommended position. Strengths included a standard, safe protocol with intentional monitoring of symptoms and the heterogeneity of the participants in their physical abilities. An application of the methods is the home use of WBV to reduce the barriers associated with going to a facility for weight bearing exercise for longer term interventions, and benefits for conditions such as osteoporosis, particularly for aging adults with mobility difficulties due to paralysis or weakness. Presented method may serve as a starting point in future studies.

The goal of this article is to highlight the strengths, limitations, and applications of the method used with whole body vibration on polio survivors with and without post-polio syndrome as a feasible and safe form of weight bearing exercise.

脊髓灰质炎幸存者全身振动方法的研究

The purpose of the original study was to examine the use of whole body vibration (WBV) on polio survivors with and without post-polio syndrome as a form ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children&#039;s Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

行动中的目光: 在自然主义行为中对儿童动态视觉注意力的头戴式眼动

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...