笔者想承认美国国家科学基金会奖1006568为这个项目提供资金。

1。准备纳米VB 2 纳米级的VB 2直接合成在1:2的摩尔比通过球磨元素钒和硼。 <ol><li>清洁50毫升碳化钨球磨罐，10个10毫米碳化钨球。下干空气的烘箱中在100℃下反应1小时，以确保所有的水蒸发。 </li><li>擦拭干净球磨罐的内部，以确保没有残留物，如果残留可见，重复步骤1.1。 </li><li>清洗前厅的手套箱氩3倍，每次10 min。转移到充满氩气的手套箱球磨罐，球，和干净的锅铲。 </li><li>在1:2的摩尔比称取钒和硼粉，0.500克钒0.212克的硼进入球磨罐，添加球，球磨罐密封。 </li><li>从手套箱中取出密封球磨罐，将其放置到行星式球磨机设定为每分钟600转的磨4小时。 </li><li>经过completioN，球磨罐冷却至室温后再取出球磨机。 </li><li>清洗前厅的手套箱氩3倍，每次10 min。转移球磨罐，圆底烧瓶中，石蜡膜，抹刀，和到手套式操作箱中的磁力搅拌棒。 </li><li>应用氧化锆涂层制备的纳米级VB 2如下： <ol><li>手套箱内收集纳米VB的事先准备好的用锅铲刮球磨罐的墙壁，直到开始大规模的大部分已恢复。称重并转移到圆底烧瓶中收集的纳米VB 2。 </li><li>称取3.5％（重量）氯化锆相比，所收集的VB 2，然后加粉的圆底烧瓶中，包含所收集的纳米VB 2。 </li><li>磁力搅拌棒加入到烧瓶中，并用石蜡膜密封的开口之前，从手套箱中取出。另外，一隔垫已被用来与相同的结果，从手套箱中的圆底烧瓶中取出。 </li><li>使用10毫升注射器，转移到圆底烧瓶中的10毫升二乙醚。快速覆盖孔注射器创建一个额外的一块石蜡膜的封口膜。 </li><li>烧瓶混合的轰动板一小时中等设置。 </li><li>一小时后，蒸除剩余的乙醚纳米VB 2，直到包覆纳米VB 2出现干燥用旋转蒸发器或其他的泵配置。 </li><li>锆涂层纳米VB 2后完全干燥，收集。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。电解质的制备<ol><li> 4M的KOH和4M NaOH水溶液作为电解质使用，制得一混合物。 （注：只持续了几个星期，重复，需要形成新的细胞）。 NaOH和KOH的氢氧化物水溶液电解质的浓度范围在过去已经探索运行晋8米饱和。 4 M NaOH和4 M KOH的结合产生轻微改善率很高的性能，相比先前的结果，使用纯氢氧化钠电解液。 </li></ol> 3。拆卸锌/空气电池试剂和材料电池制造商和型号的详细信息请参阅下表。 <ol><li>可开购买制造VB 2 /空气电池的空气/锌电池。 <ol><li>创建一个切口在钮扣电池的外壳采用对角线切割钳唇。 </li><li>压接外面小幅的唇向外。完全围绕细胞两次后，它应该很容易打开。 </li><li>用剃刀刀片，慢慢向上推在盖的边缘，轻轻用力打开细胞。注意：这可能需要一段时间才能打开细胞。耐心，细致，不开裂或损坏的任何部分做这一步时。该信元将需要保持不动。 </li></ol></li><li>准备使用的电池<ol><li>一旦细胞被分为两部分（盖和底部）打开，开始轻轻地取下盖和底部的锌阳极材料。 </li><li>中去除尽可能多的固体锌与刀片。不要刮底，重要的是不要损坏任何部件。的隔板（底部）和垫圈（侧），形成一个单一的不透明覆盖刀片施加太大的压力，可以很容易地刺破。刺入分离器，将导致损坏的空气阴极。此外，如果密封垫受到干扰是电气隔离的单元的可靠性都将丢失。 </li><li>用棉签小心地擦拭剩余的锌和残余物从盖，底部和隔板。 </li><li>清洁用异丙醇帽和细胞外。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4。 5毫安时的工作电极70/30的干混合物中的下游<ol><li>作为活性材料使用合成锆涂层纳米VB 2人，每个电极是捏造的（一般为5 - 10细胞测试一次）和转让掂量出0.0012克，，迫击炮和杵成。 </li><li>称重VB 2，0.0005克石墨，炭黑（每电极），加入30％的活性物质在研钵和杵研磨30分钟。 </li><li>确保有没有大，可见簇材料和收集粉末。 </li><li>称取约0.0017克每清洁电极帽，用锅铲70/30-powder混合物。 （如果准备多个细胞在同一时间，以其他方式转让该材料电极帽）。 </li><li>添加一滴异丙醇每个盖和涡流粉末，用刮铲或其它小尖，直到没有团块悬浮液均匀地分布在盖的顶部。 </li><li>使电极干燥30分钟。 </li></ol> 5。 VB 2 -空气电池组件-干法<ol><li>组装细胞反向锌/ AIr单元工作电极帽，倒挂。 </li><li>组织在两行中的每个单元格（5 - 10测试），在一个上限，在其他的相应的底。检查每一个套阳极材料，以确保均匀分布，不龟裂。 </li><li>加入27微升4 M KOH / 4 M氢氧化钠电解液混合到每个分隔。 </li><li>从底部使用棉花涂抹里面只有一次的底部，轻轻地去除多余的电解液。 </li><li>小心地每一个的底部，打开它们，将它们放置在盖的顶部，从而使阳极材料与电解质接触。 </li><li>施加压力和使用一种快干型环氧密封。 </li></ol> 6。纳米VB 2 /空气电池测试<ol><li>一旦制造工艺完成后，放电机架或电池保持架的位置细胞。 </li><li>允许每个单元格的初始其余的10分钟的步骤，以确保细胞平衡放电之前。 </li><li>排出在一个恒定的负载3000Ω（或另一种所需的负载），用电池测试仪的细胞。 </li><li>平衡步骤后，开路电位的测量。 </li><li>然后放电，达到恒定负载下，电压为0.4 V，直到停止。 </li><li>库仑效率，然后可以计算理论阳极11电子放电量4060公斤阿-1相比，由测得的容量的百分比。 </li></ol>

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报告作者，旭光李鲁本·洛佩斯，克里斯·罗德，马赫什Waje，和马修·马林斯的Lynntech公司员工

建设的VB /空气电池以这种方式提供了学习能力和探测每11个电子的分子电荷转移发生这种情况，允许一个新的高容量电池的可能性。如果得到的结果并没有表现出可再现的结果，确保所有的锌负极材料的电池取出后，帽上的活性物质，有一个均匀分散的，并且，细胞粘没有任何泄漏。如果问题继续发生，确保电池是松下675锌/空气电池在日本不是德国。日本电池的垫圈应该出现不透明的和?...

作为阳极的二硼化钒 拥有数一数二的任何阳极材料的体积充电容量。该协议介绍的方法研究这个迷人的材料。金属锌在水溶液中主系统的主要的负极材料，由于金属锌的高两电子容量和重量5.8 KAH L-1和820安kg -1时 ，分别的电荷存储容量。*碳锌电池，被称为勒克朗谢细胞，首次引入了19 世纪 ，结合锌阳极二氧化锰（碳集电极电流）阴极氯电解质1。常见的碱性电池利用同一对夫妇，但用含水的碱金属氢氧化物电解质代替氯化物电解质。锌碳电池和碱性电池一起构成了大多数原电池售出1。当碱电池的二氧化锰正极在被替换由空气阴极，足够高的能量存储容量得以实现。此锌空气电池利用空气中的氧气，而通常见于1-3助听器电池。 我们的搜索一直专注于对更高容量的电池储能材料，可以传输多个电子每分子4-11。我们已经探讨各种各样的氧化还原夫妇当中，VB 2站出来作为一个非凡的碱性阳极能够释放11电子每VB 2，体积和重量容量20.7 KAH L-1和4060啊公斤-1。* 2004年，羊和同事报告VB 2的排放，而且还记录了扩展域的VB 2是容易受到腐蚀，碱的介质12。在2007年，我们报道了关于VB 颗粒涂层可以防止这种腐蚀，导致示范的VB 2 / AIR B2008年14 attery。 在本文中，我们提出了一个协议，用于研究新金属/空气系统采用以前开发的技术适用于VB 2 /空气电池锌/空气电池。作为一种高能量高功率密度阳极能够展示11电子氧化反应接近理论的内在能力4060啊ànanoscopicVB的阳极公斤-1增加电池电压和电池的负载能力。 VB 2 /空气的情侣使用的KOH / NaOH的碱性电解液，采用从锌/空气电池1相同的氧的空气中提取的阴极。在放电过程中不被消耗的碳电极催化剂阴极。 存在一个需要更多的理解VB 2 /空气系统，以进一步提高电池的性能。 VB 2纳米级材料的性能和使用性能，可以探索采用t他小区配置的锌/空气电池单元15,16。电化学测试可以进行纳米级VB 2 ％的效率，性能，通过比较在不同的利率计息。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>MATERIALS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boron</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>11337</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethyl Ether</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>9244-06</td>
			<td>4L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Heavy Duty 5 min setting time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl Alcohol</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Panasonic 675 Zinc/Air cell</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>PR675H</td>
			<td>Made in Japan (not German)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-NERGY Super C65</td>
			<td>Timcal</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Graphitic carbon black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vanadium</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>262935</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vanadium Diboride</td>
			<td>American Elements</td>
			<td>12007-37-3</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zirconium Chloride</td>
			<td>Spectrum</td>
			<td>Z20001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>EQUIPTMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-mL round bottom flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Co LLC</td>
			<td>CG151001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diagonal cutting pliers</td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot/stir plate</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>C-MAG HS 7</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glove box</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>Precision Basic</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ten 10-mm tungsten carbide balls</td>
			<td>Lab Synergy</td>
			<td>55.0100.08</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten carbide milling jar</td>
			<td>Lab Synergy</td>
			<td>50.8600.00</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retsch PM 100 planetary ball mill</td>
			<td>Retsch</td>
			<td>205400003</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stir bar</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>58947-140</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of vb2/air cells for electrochemical testing

调查多电子的新金属/空气电池系统的性能和使用性能的技术建议。合成纳米级的VB 2的方法，一步一步的过程以及氧化锆涂层应用到VB 颗粒稳定后出院。拆卸现有锌/空气电池的过程显示，除了建设新的工作电极，以取代传统的锌/空气电池阳极的纳米级VB 2阳极。最后，报告已完成VB 2 /空气电池的放电。我们发现，作为一个测试床使用锌/空气电池用于提供一致的配置，以高能量高容量纳米级的VB 2阳极的性能研究。

电化学测试的执行，以确定VB 2 /空气电池的性能。在多个小区中所获得的结果提供了电池性能的重现性的证据。 图1比较了的VB 2 /空气电池在一个3000欧姆的（左）和千欧姆（右）排出。需要注意的是，放电电压，以及4060安时的馏分千克-1内在能力与纳米级的VB 2阳极高相比，宏观VB 2阳极电解槽，并且该单元格还保留在较高的速率更高的效率（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing at JoVE.com

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

一种协议，提出了通过使用先前的锌/空气电池的技术开发研究多电子的金属/空气电池系统。上制造的电池，然后进行电化学测试，以评估其性能。

VB制作<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; /空气电池电化学测试

A technique to investigate the properties and performance of new multi-electron metal/air battery systems is proposed and presented. A method for ...

fabrication-of-vb2air-cells-for-electrochemical-testing

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

11.8K 次观看.  The George Washington University. 一种协议，提出了通过使用先前的锌/空气电池的技术开发研究多电子的金属/空气电池系统。上制造的电池，然后进行电化学测试，以评估其性能。

视频: Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

钮扣电池锂离子电池的建设和测试

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

制造和微流控光机振荡器测试

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

有机硅为基础的介电弹性体致动器的制作工艺

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution for future high-speed reentry missions. But despite the advancements made since Apollo, heat flux prediction remains an imperfect science and engineers resort to safety factors to determine the TPS thickness. This goes at the expense of embarked payload, hampering, for example, sample return missions. 
Ground testing in plasma wind-tunnels is currently the only affordable possibility for both material qualification and validation of material response codes. The subsonic 1.2MW Inductively Coupled Plasmatron facility at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics is able to reproduce a wide range of reentry environments. This protocol describes a procedure for the study of the gas/surface interaction on ablative materials in high enthalpy flows and presents sample results of a non-pyrolyzing, ablating carbon fiber precursor. With this publication, the authors envisage the definition of a standard procedure, facilitating comparison with other laboratories and contributing to ongoing efforts to improve heat shield reliability and reduce design uncertainties.
The described core techniques are non-intrusive methods to track the material recession with a high-speed camera along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer, probed by emission spectroscopy. Although optical emission spectroscopy is limited to line-of-sight measurements and is further constrained to electronically excited atoms and molecules, its simplicity and broad applicability still make it the technique of choice for analysis of the reactive boundary layer. Recession of the ablating sample further requires that the distance of the measurement location with respect to the surface is known at all times during the experiment. Calibration of the optical system of the applied three spectrometers allowed quantitative comparison. At the fiber scale, results from a post-test microscopy analysis are presented.

Development of new ablative materials and their numerical modeling requires extensive experimental investigation. This protocol describes procedures for material response characterization in plasma flows with the core techniques being non-intrusive methods to track the material recession along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer by emission spectroscopy.

烧蚀材料在试验过程中等离子体发生器发射光谱边界层研究

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution ...

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

A new variation of the drop-off method for fabricating field emission points by electrochemically etching tungsten rods in a NaOH solution is described. The results of studies in which the etching current and the molarity of the NaOH solution used in the etching process were varied are presented. The investigation of the geometry of the tips, by imaging them with a scanning electron microscope, and by operating them in field emission mode is also described. The field emission tips produced are intended to be used as an electron beam source for ion production via electron impact ionization of background gas or vapor in Penning trap mass spectrometry applications.

A method for electrochemically etching field emission tips is presented. Etching parameters are characterized and the operation of the tips in field emission mode is investigated.

电化学腐蚀和电子碰撞电离夏普场发射点的表征

A new variation of the drop-off method for fabricating field emission points by electrochemically etching tungsten rods in a NaOH solution is described. ...

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active layer which consists of blue-fluorescent poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD) and &#960;-conjugated triphenylamine molecules. This white light emission originates from exciplexes formed between PFD and amines in electronically excited states. A device containing PFD, 4,4&#39;,4&#39;&#39;-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), Poly(ethylene oxide) and K2CF3SO3 showed white light emission with Commission internationale de l&#39;&#233;clairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.43) and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) of Ra = 73 at an applied voltage of 3.5 V. Constant voltage measurements showed that the CIE coordinates of (0.27, 0.37), Ra of 67, and the emission color observed immediately after application of a voltage of 5 V were nearly unchanged and stable after 300 sec.

The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

白的制造发光电化学细胞与来自激发络合物稳定的发射

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering thermal wave fields that are disturbed by the defect. This effect is measured and used to locate the defect. We form the destructively interfering wave fields by using a modified projector. The original light engine of the projector is replaced with a fiber-coupled high-power diode laser. Its beam is shaped and aligned to the projector&#39;s spatial light modulator and optimized for optimal optical throughput and homogeneous projection by first characterizing the beam profile, and, second, correcting it mechanically and numerically. A high-performance infrared (IR) camera is set up according to the tight geometrical situation (including corrections of the geometrical image distortions) and the requirement to detect weak temperature oscillations at the sample surface. Data acquisition can be performed once a synchronization between the individual thermal wave field sources, the scanning stage, and the IR camera is established by using a dedicated experimental setup which needs to be tuned to the specific material being investigated. During data post-processing, the relevant information on the presence of a defect below the surface of the sample is extracted. It is retrieved from the oscillating part of the acquired thermal radiation coming from the so-called depletion line of the sample surface. The exact location of the defect is deduced from the analysis of the spatial-temporal shape of these oscillations in a final step. The method is reference-free and very sensitive to changes within the thermal wave field. So far, the method has been tested with steel samples but is applicable to different materials as well, in particular to temperature sensitive materials.

This method aims at locating vertical subsurface defects. Here, we couple a laser with a spatial light modulator and trigger its video input to heat a sample surface deterministically with two anti-phased modulated lines while acquiring highly resolved thermal images. The defect position is retrieved from evaluating thermal wave interference minima.

使用激光投射光热法构造加热的地下缺陷定位

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering ...

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, a number of setbacks prevent their integration into commercial devices. The main limiting factor is due to nanoscale phenomena occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, ultimately leading to degradation of battery operation. These key problems are highly challenging to observe and characterize as these batteries contain multiple buried interfaces. One approach for direct observation of interfacial phenomena in thin film batteries is through the fabrication of electrochemically active nanobatteries by a focused ion beam (FIB). As such, a reliable technique to fabricate nanobatteries was developed and demonstrated in recent work. Herein, a detailed protocol with a step-by-step process is presented to enable the reproduction of this nanobattery fabrication process. In particular, this technique was applied to a thin film battery consisting of LiCoO2/LiPON/a-Si, and has further been previously demonstrated by in situ cycling within a transmission electron microscope.

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

A protocol for the fabrication of electrochemically active LiPON-based solid-state lithium-ion nanobatteries using a focused ion beam is presented.

基于 LiPON 的固态锂离子 Nanobatteries 的聚焦离子束制备方法在原位测试中的研究

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

防结冰用超疏水性金属表面的制备

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...

Fabrication of an Optical Cell Dryer for the Spectroscopic Analysis Cells

Optical cells, which are experimental instruments, are small, square tubes sealed on one side. A sample is placed in this tube, and a measurement is performed with a spectroscope. The materials used for optical cells generally include quartz glass or plastic, but expensive quartz glass is reused by removing substances, other than liquids, to be analyzed that adhere to the interior of the container. In such a case, the optical cells are washed with water or ethanol and dried. Then, the next sample is added and measured. Optical cells are dried naturally or with a manual hairdryer. However, drying takes time, which makes it one of the factors that increase the experiment time. In this study, the objective is to drastically reduce the drying time with a dedicated automatic dryer that can dry multiple optical cells at once. To realize this, a circuit was designed for a microcomputer, and the hardware using it was independently designed and manufactured.

A protocol for fabricating a device for simultaneously drying multiple optical cells is presented.

光谱分析细胞光学细胞干燥机的研制

Optical cells, which are experimental instruments, are small, square tubes sealed on one side. A sample is placed in this tube, and a measurement is ...