感谢毛里西奥·德尔加多、斯蒂芬妮·波茨和威廉·T。 麦库迪获得具有代表性的数据得到了国家药物滥用研究所对MRD（R01DA027764）的资助

1. CPAW 创建
注意：CPAW 在组件和结构方面是多才多艺的。虽然此协议代表作者采取的方法，但替代方法是可能的。
<ol><li>使用橡胶水泥将两到三块尼龙搭扣（每块约 4 合 x 1 合 1）贴到两个凝胶（6 合 x 12 的大小）中，间隔相等。允许24小时干燥。</li>
	<li>获得一块厚织物约12×16的大小，折成两半长度。凝胶片中的示例 6 x 12 将沿着折叠织物的每个内半部分向纵向运行。</li>
	<li>将每个 Velcro 件的互补面（从步骤 1.1）贴到织物的内侧，间隔以匹配 Velcro 在凝胶上的放置。可使用橡胶水泥或针和线。这将允许凝胶片很容易被移除清洗和重新连接存储。</li>
	<li>获得两块较大的尼龙搭扣（大约2×10）。分开。将一侧切成原尺寸的四分之一（并丢弃其余部分），同时将另一侧保持在原来的 2 x 10 大小。</li>
	<li>将小块尼龙搭扣贴在同一侧织物外侧的正面和背面。最后，将尼龙搭扣的较长部分贴在织物另一侧外侧的类似位置上。完成此后，应该可以将织物包裹在前臂和手上，然后使用 Velcro 表带将其固定到位。</li>
</ol>2. CPAW 使用和安全防范措施
<ol><li>在同意期间和在 CPAW 管理之前，多次使用 CPAW 向研究参与者告知，他们可以随时自由地撤回和结束程序。建议三份离散取款声明。此外，如果参与者感到苦恼，要准备结束程序。</li>
	<li>示例教学文本："在这项研究中，我们可以要求您参与一个压力过程，包括将由冷凝胶制成的手臂包裹放在手臂上一段时间。包装设计为压力大，因此会非常不舒服。重要的是，你明白，无论手臂包裹目前是否在你的手臂上，你有权以任何理由在任何时候结束手术和实验。要做到这一点，一旦在MRI，你可以口头告诉我，你可以踢你的脚大力，或如果必要的话，你可以使用紧急挤压球，我们会给你。你明白吗？你愿意继续吗？此后，建议在MRI扫描前再提醒参与者两次，"记住，我们将随时取下手臂包，并应您的要求结束实验"。</li>
	<li>将 CPAW 存放在温度经过仔细监测的冰柜中。如果冰柜不能受特定温度（例如在 0-5 °C 之间）和低于 0 °C 的困扰，请留出时间让 CPAW 在从存储中取出后加热到安全温度（不低于 0 °C）。否则，参与者就有可能经历冷灼热。</li>
	<li>在使用 CPAW 之前，用一层塑料板覆盖凝胶片，以避免凝胶片与参与者的皮肤直接接触。使用红外温度计测量每个凝胶片（塑料板覆盖）的表面温度，沿其长度在两到三个位置测量，以确保安全温度。如果温度过低，请留出更多时间再次测量。</li>
	<li>达到所需温度时，将 CPAW 包裹在参与者的前臂上，然后用上述 Velcro 表带将其手工包裹到位。在所需时间段内保留 CPAW（建议为 2 分钟）。应参与者的要求或之后立即将其删除。</li>
</ol>

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作者声明没有利益冲突。

在本文中，演示了传统冷压机测试的替代方案 - 冷压机臂包。CPAW是一种能够产生与CPT相当的心理生理和神经内分泌应激反应的程序。 具体来说，SAM（即同情ANS）激活的强劲增加和HPA（即皮质醇）活性温和到中度的增加被观察到。CPAW可以从一系列常见的组件中创建，并作为传统（水基）CPT的可行替代品。 CPAW 的另一个优点是，它可以很容易地在研究环境中使用 CPT（例如MRI）是不切实际的，甚至是不可行的。
如前所述，CPAW要求除与CPT相关的安全防范措施之外，其他安全防范措施。 排他性标准（主要由CPT共享）应包括：感冒性麻疹、雷诺氏病、动脉瘤、怀孕、心血管疾病史、糖尿病、慢性风湿病和未经治疗的血压异常。鉴于 CPAW 可能冷却到低于液态水的不安全温度，在应用前进行严格的温度测量对于避免参与者受伤的风险至关重要。由于仪器被固定在参与者的手臂上，因此必须在几点处明确说明，他们可以应其要求随时结束程序。此外，如果参与者感到苦恼，实验者必须准备终止程序。因此，程序要求研究人员在多方面保持警惕。
使用 CPAW 存在若干限制。例如，在 MRI 研究中，可能需要短孔 MRI，因为在长孔 MRI 中，将 CPAW 固定到参与者手臂上可能是不可能的。也就是说，将 CPAW 调整为脚或腿使用是可行的，并且与长孔设置兼容。将 CPAW 温度调整到高度精确的温度也很困难。研究表明，即使2°C的偏差与耐受时间的变化和疼痛等级31有关。为了避免这种情况，建议使用可冷却到特定温度的冰柜。此外，如果设备将连续多次使用，建议提供第二个 CPAW（以避免其加热超过所需的温度）。虽然在具有代表性的结果中，CPAW的使用与头部运动的增加无关，但研究人员应特别注意 fMRI 设置中的头部运动 - 特别是如果 CPAW 在 fMRI 扫描期间（而不是之前）使用。虽然主观压力评分、HPA 和 SAM 激活表明 CPAW 是可与传统 CPT 相媲美的有效压力源，但未来的研究应侧重于仔细比较 HPA 和 SAM 活动的范围与传统 CPT 以及其他生理指数（如心率和血压）所唤起的程度。

压力暴露与激活两个应激反应生物系统有关：下丘脑-垂体肾上腺（HPA）和共生肾上腺（SAM）轴5。当压力强度足以破坏生物体的静态平衡时，SAM 会迅速触发自主神经系统 （ANS） 交感分支中活动增加。这与儿茶酚胺（如肾上腺素和诺拉肾上腺素）的释放有关：CA）从肾上腺和同情神经末梢。这些兴奋化学物质水平的增加与心率和血压的升高有关，这是典型的"战斗或逃跑"反应6的特点。虽然随后激活的寄生虫ANS将最终抑制这种兴奋，上升CA神经元与脑系统结构对接有助于通过下丘脑和最终的葡萄糖皮质激素（即皮质醇在人类）释放肾上腺皮质7缓慢HPA激活。随着对压力与各种心理过程（如记忆、学习和决策）神经相关性研究的进展，了解压力模式与压力反应本身的具体动态之间的关系至关重要。
已开发出多种应力感应任务，用于实验室研究。一般来说，这些可以分为系统性（即表示对对静态平衡的直接威胁的反身反应）或过程/心理（即在参与应激反应之前需要前脑处理和评估）8。值得注意的是，这两种截然不同的应力模式与 SAM 和 HPA 激活的差异模式相关。冷压机测试 （CPT） 是一种常见且经验证的诱导系统应力的方法，涉及将个人占主导地位的手浸入冰水中（通常在 0-5 °C 之间），持续4，9，10段时间。CPT已用于广泛的研究，研究压力对记忆11-13，学习14和决策15-17的影响。然而，使用CPT作为压力诱导手段的研究在皮质醇反应性方面产生了好坏参半的结果。整体轻度至中度皮质醇增加已观察到后CPT13，18，19，虽然SAM激活是稳健和可靠的4，20。相比之下，过程性实验室压力因素，如Trier社会压力任务（TSST）21，22，在此期间，参与者做5分钟的演讲，然后5分钟的心理算术，而观看和/或录像，已与皮质醇23的2至3倍增加有关。
为了最大限度地提高 SAM 和 HPA 的激活性，一些研究人员采取了将 CPT 与类似于 TSST 中存在的社会评价组件相结合的方法。例如，在社会评价的冷压机测试 （SECPT） 中，参与者被要求执行传统的 CPT，同时由实验者24进行视频录制和观看。同样，马斯特里赫特急性应激测试将SECPT与TSST25的公开演讲和心理算术部分相结合。虽然这些方法代表了压力研究向前迈出的重要一步，但研究 SAM 和 HPA 激活对行为、认知和情感神经相关性的具体和潜在分离影响仍然很重要。不幸的是，CPT，涉及水，往往是不切实际的，在涉及磁共振成像（MRI）的研究，除非在进入MRI本身之前完成。例如，溢出的水可能会对敏感和昂贵的 MRI 设备（如头部线圈）构成威胁，并且由于质子密度高 26而会干扰 MRI 信号。因此，随着涉及 CPT 的研究扩展到神经成像上下文中的使用，因此有必要对传统的 CPT 程序进行修改。为此，提出了一个替代方案 - 冷压机臂包（CPAW）。
CPAW 不是手浸泡在冰冷的水中，而是由 MRI 安全凝胶片组成的臂包，其温度与传统的 CPT 相似，可连接到参与者的前臂和手部，并可应参与者的要求轻松拆卸。此外，CPAW 的组成来自简单的常见组件集合。需要注意的是，CPAW 的使用存在额外的安全问题，因为它可能冷却到比液态水低得多的温度。也就是说，研究人员可以用最少的努力来解释这些原因。将特别注意安全规程，证明CPAW的妥善储存和使用。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:216px;">2 Cryo-Max Cold Packs (6 in x 12 in)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Modular Thermal Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This is an example gelpac &#8211; others of a similar size would serve as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Infrared Thermometer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">02-401-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Biopac MP150 Data Acquisition System</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Biopac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MP150</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Biopac GSR EDA Galvanic Skin Response Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Biopac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GSR100C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">2 Biopac Unshielded Leads</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Biopac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LEAD110A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">2 Biopac disposable Electrodermal Electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Biopac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EL507</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:216px;">Salivary Cortisol Enzyme Immunoassay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Salimetrics, LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I-3002</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">If assaying will not be conducted in-house, only collection supplies below are needed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Salimetrics Oral Swab</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Salimetrics, LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5001.02</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Swab Storage Tube</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Salimetrics, LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5001.05</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an alternative to the traditional cold pressor test: the cold pressor arm wrap

最近对压力与认知、情感和行为之间关系的研究有了很大的提高。这些进展已经产生了对重要问题的见解，从压力对成瘾1 的影响的性质，到压力在神经变化中的作用与决策的改变2，3。然而，随着该领域正在审查的主题的发展，所涉及的方法也随之演变。本文提出了一种实用有效的替代经典应力感应技术，即冷压机测试 （CPT）：冷压机臂包 （CPAW）。CPT 通常涉及将参与者的主要手浸入冰冷水中一段时间4。该技术与交感-肾上腺素（SAM）轴（和儿茶酚类药物的释放; 如肾上腺素和诺拉肾上腺素）的强力激活以及与相关糖皮质激素（如皮质醇）释放相关的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴的轻度至中度激活有关。虽然 CPT 已用于广泛的研究，但在某些研究环境中应用可能不切实际。例如，在磁共振成像 （MRI） 期间而不是之前使用水可能会损坏敏感和昂贵的设备或干扰 MRI 信号的获取。CPAW 是传统 CPT 的实用和有效的替代品。CPAW 由一系列廉价且易于获得的组件组成，它使用 MRI 安全凝胶片，其冷却温度与 CPT 相似，而不是实际水。重要的是，CPAW 与可与 CPT 相媲美的 SAM 和 HPA 激活水平相关联，并且可轻松应用于各种研究环境。虽然在使用该技术时保持特定的安全协议很重要，但如果计划实施，这些协议很容易实现。将讨论《中央人民军的创造和使用》。

CPAW已用于先前发表的研究，研究急性应激对神经奖励处理的影响，而参与者接受功能MRI扫描27。32名参与者（16名女性，16名男性;平均年龄=23.41岁，SD年=4.07岁）被随机分配到CPAW或无应力控制组（室温下由毛巾组成的臂包）。在协议的开头获取基线唾液皮质醇样本，然后使用 CPAW（或无压力控制）应用 2 分钟，之后执行 10 分钟的行为任务。在第一个行为任务之后，这种模式重复 - 获得第二个唾液样本，然后 CPAW（或无压力控制）2 分钟，第二个 10 分钟行为任务。第三个唾液样本在第二个行为任务后获得。在实验后问卷中，参与者被要求报告感知压力的主观评分，包括手臂包层如何让他们感觉（从好到坏），以及体验的压力（从高到低）在7点的类似尺度上。
与无压力组相比，经历过 CPAW 的参与者报告手臂包扎感觉压力明显更大，t（30） = 3.46，p < 0.01，d = 1.22，感觉明显更糟，t（30） = 4.42，p < 0.001，d = 1.56。 三名参与者被排除在唾液皮质醇分析之外，一名是由于样品损坏，两名是由于在实验期间无法收集样本。因此，对32名参与者中的29人进行了最后的皮质醇分析（13人没有压力控制，16人接受CPAW）。曲线下关于增加的区域 （AUCI） 是使用两组的梯形方法计算的 （见表 1，实验组在 nmol/L 中对每个样本的平均唾液皮质醇）28。无应力控制组和 CPAW 组 AUCI之间的单尾独立 t 测试表明 CPAW 组的唾液皮质醇显著增加，t（27） = 1.78，p < 0.05，d = 0.69（见图1）。 只有两名参与者的头部运动超过一个voxel（即3毫米），但两人都在没有压力组。没有参与者因接触CPAW而退出研究。对额外数据集的初步分析为 CPAW 在 SAM 激活（即皮肤传导）29方面的功效提供了收敛支持。28名参与者（14名女性，14名男性;平均年龄=21.18岁，SD年=2.97岁）进行了2分钟的无应力控制臂包（如上所述），然后是15分钟的行为任务。在此之后，他们执行了 2 分钟的 CPAW，然后是第二个 15 分钟的行为任务（所有在科目内）。使用 BIOPAC 模块测量手臂包接触期间的皮肤传导水平 （SCL） （没有压力控制，然后 CPAW），并使用 AcqKnowledge 软件进行分析。计算了每2分钟臂包的平均SCL波形（微西门子、μs），并使用平方根变换30实现规范化。配对 t 测试表明，在 CPAW 暴露期间，SCL 显著高于无应力控制，t（27） = 5.49，p < .001，d = .65（见图 2）。 
<img alt="Table 1" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50849/50849table1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50849/50849table1.jpg" width="500px"> 表1。 平均唾液皮质醇水平在 nmol/L 在基线， 任务运行 1 后， 任务运行后 2 为 CPAW， 没有压力控制组 （平均± SEM）. 改编自波尔切利 等人。27 获得许可。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50849/50849table1highres.jpg" target="_blank">单击此处查看更大的图像</a>。
<img alt="Figure 1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50849/50849fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50849/50849fig1.jpg" width="500px"> 图1。曲线下的唾液皮质醇区域，用于增加 CPAW 的 （AUCI），并且无应力控制组。负AUCI值，表明唾液皮质醇净减少，保留为"下降指数"28。改编自波尔切利等人。27获得许可。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50849/50849fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">单击此处查看更大的图像</a>。
<img alt="Figure 2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50849/50849fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50849/50849fig2.jpg" width="500px"> 图2。平方根在 CPAW 期间（微西门; μs）中改变平均皮肤传导水平或无应力控制臂包。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50849/50849fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">单击此处查看更大的图像</a>。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap at JoVE.com

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

冷压机测试是一项经典的压力感应任务，用于研究压力与认知、情感和行为之间的关系。本文提出了一种实用多才多艺的替代传统冷压机测试：冷压机臂包。

传统冷压机测试的替代方案：冷压机臂包装

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

14.3K 次观看.  Marquette University. 冷压机测试是一项经典的压力感应任务，用于研究压力与认知、情感和行为之间的关系。本文提出了一种实用多才多艺的替代传统冷压机测试：冷压机臂包。

视频: An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food deprivation, and may introduce scent cue confounds. The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs. Specifically, subjects are required to avoid the arms previously used for escape during each testing day (working memory) as well as avoid the fixed arms, which never contain escape platforms (reference memory). Re-entries into arms that have already been used for escape during a testing session (and thus the escape platform has been removed) and re-entries into reference memory arms are indicative of working memory deficits. Alternatively, first entries into reference memory arms are indicative of reference memory deficits. We used this maze to compare performance of rats with neonatal brain injury and sham controls following induction of hypoxia-ischemia and show significant deficits in both working and reference memory after eleven days of testing. This protocol could be easily modified to examine many other models of learning impairment.

The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs.

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

科研

行为学

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most common method for assessing exercise endurance in mice utilizes forced running on a motorized treadmill equipped with a shock grid. Animals who quit running are pushed by the moving treadmill belt onto a grid that delivers an electric foot shock; to escape the negative stimulus, the mice return to running on the belt. However, avoidance behavior and psychological stress due to use of a shock apparatus can interfere with quantitation of running endurance, as well as confound measurements of postexercise serum hormone and cytokine levels. Here, we demonstrate and validate a refined method to measure running endurance in na&#239;ve C57BL/6 laboratory mice on a motorized treadmill without utilizing a shock grid. When mice are preacclimated to the treadmill, they run voluntarily with gait speeds specific to each mouse. Use of the shock grid is replaced by gentle encouragement by a human operator using a tongue depressor, coupled with sensitivity to the voluntary willingness to run on the part of the mouse. Clear endpoints for quantifying running time-to-exhaustion for each mouse are defined and reflected in behavioral signs of exhaustion such as splayed posture and labored breathing. This method is a humane refinement which also decreases the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

小鼠运动耐力的评估没有一个冲击电网的使用：另一种强迫运动

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images.
Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of &#8804;8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55).
In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer&#039;s Disease

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

四山测试：空间记忆的一个简短的测试与高灵敏度的预痴呆诊断阿尔茨海默氏病

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective studies, so far, have addressed how the owner interacts with the dog. The goal of the present study was to record dog owners&#39; interaction styles by means of objective observation and coding. The experiment included eight standardized situations in which owners of pet dogs were asked to perform specific tasks including both positive (i.e. playing, teaching a new task, showing a preference towards an object in a food searching task, greeting after separation) and potentially distressing tasks (i.e. physical restriction during DNA sampling, putting a T-shirt onto the dog, giving basic obedience commands while the dog was distracted). The video recordings were coded off-line using a specifically designed coding scheme including scores for communication, social support, warmth, enthusiasm, and play style, as well as frequency of behaviors like petting, praising, commands, and attention sounds. Exploratory Factor Analysis of the 20 variables measured revealed 3 factors, labeled as Owner Warmth, Owner Social Support, and Owner Control, which can be viewed as analogues to parenting style dimensions. The experimental procedure introduced here represents the first standardized measure of interaction styles of dog owners. The methodology presented here is a useful tool to investigate individual variation in the interaction style of pet dog owners that can be used to explain differences in the dog-human relationship, dogs&#39; behavioral outcomes, and dogs stress coping strategies, all crucial elements both from a theoretical and applied point of view.

This article presents eight different experimental tasks, mirroring the everyday life of dogs and owners, used to analyze how owners interact with their dogs in a standardized way. The tasks included both positive (e.g. play) and negative (potentially stressful) situations (e.g. physical restriction).

皮带的另一端: 分析主人与宠物狗互动的实验测试

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

大鼠动物焦虑症的实验研究: 开放臂壁和闭合臂墙透明度对高加迷宫试验的影响

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment of muscle functions is an essential and important, although challenging, prerequisite for successful clinical trials. Current clinical rating scales restrain the movement abnormalities to certain predefined coarse-grained individual items. The Kinect 3-D sensor has emerged as a low-cost and portable motion sensing technology used to capture and track people&#39;s movement in many medical and research fields. A novel approach using this 3-D sensor was developed and a game-like test was designed to objectively measure the upper limb function of patients with SMA. The prototype test targeted joint movement capability. While sitting in a virtual scene, the patient was instructed to extend, flex, and lift the whole arm in order to reach and place some objects. Both kinematic and spatiotemporal characteristics of upper limb movement were extracted and analyzed, e.g., elbow extension and flexion angles, hand velocity, and acceleration. The first study included a small cohort of 18 ambulant SMA patients and 19 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. A comprehensive analysis of arm movement was achieved; however, no significant difference between the groups were found due to the mismatch of patient&#39;s capability and the test difficulty. Based on this experience, a second version of the test consisting of a modified version of the first game with increased difficulties and a second game targeting muscle endurance were designed and implemented. The new test has not been conducted in any patient groups yet. Our work has demonstrated the potential capability of the 3-D sensor in assessing such muscle function and suggested an objective approach to complement the clinical rating scales.

An objective measure of muscle functions is challenging especially in children. Based on a commercially available digital 3-D sensor, a child-friendly gaming test was developed to assess upper limb function for clinical trials.

基于3维传感器的 Arm 功能的客观和儿童友好评估

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment ...

Evaluating the Anti-depression Effect of Xiaoyaosan on Chronically-stressed Mice

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall improvement of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the mouse depressive model, observe the behavior changes associated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and then evaluate the anti-depression effect of Xiaoyaosan. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a model group, a treatment group with Xiaoyaosan, and a treatment group with fluoxetine. All mice were individually kept in cages, and depression was induced in the mice by exposing them to several designed manipulations of CUMS for 21 days, as described in the protocol. Mice in the control group and model group received 0.5 mL of distilled water, while mice in the treatment groups received either Xiaoyaosan (0.25 g/kg/day) or fluoxetine (2.6 mg/kg/day). The drugs used in the study were given intragastrically daily during the entire three weeks. To estimate the depressive-like behaviors, a series of parameters including the coat state, body weight, open field test score, and sucrose preference test score were recorded. Data analysis showed that behaviors of model mice were significantly changed compared to behaviors of mice in the control group, which were improved by the treatment of Xiaoyaosan and fluoxetine. The current findings demonstrated the anti-depression effects of Xiaoyaosan on the behaviors of CUMS-induced mice and revealed that compounds from the Xiaoyaosan prescription may be worthwhile for treating depression, considering their beneficial effects on depressive-like behaviors.

Here, we present a protocol to establish the mouse depressive model, observe the behavior changes associated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and evaluate the anti-depression effect of Xiaoyaosan.

消炎散对慢性应激小鼠的抗抑郁作用评价

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall ...

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is a common and disabling deficit in Parkinson's disease. To assess postural reflexes, clinicians typically employ the pull test to grade corrective responses to a backward perturbation at the shoulders. However, the pull test is prone to issues with reliability and scaling (score/4). Here, we present an instrumented version of the pull test to more precisely quantify postural responses. Akin to the clinical test, pulls are manually administered except pull force is also recorded. Displacements of the trunk and feet are captured by a semi-portable motion tracking system. Raw data represent distance traveled (in millimeter units), making subsequent interpretation and analysis intuitive. The instrumented pull test also detects variabilities influencing pull test administration, such as pull force, thereby identifying and quantifying potential confounds that can be accounted for by statistical techniques. The instrumented pull test could have application in studies seeking to capture early abnormalities in postural responses, track postural instability over time, and detect responses to therapy.

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is difficult to quantify. Clinical assessments such as the pull test suffer issues with reliability and scaling. Here, we present an instrumented version of the pull test to objectively characterize postural responses.

一种表征姿势反应的仪器拉力测试

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is a common and disabling deficit in Parkinson's disease. To assess postural reflexes, ...

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

使用传统恐惧测试来评估牛的不同情绪回路

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...

使用行为测试验证 Angelman 综合征的小鼠模型

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

作者聚焦：用于验证 Angelman 综合征小鼠模型的一系列高度可重复的行为测试 

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

安格曼综合征小鼠模型的行为表征

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...