该系统的建立是由5RO1MH77027支持。

在TSsystem三个全自动化协议（选配，促进食欲器乐和经典条件）和交换机协议已批准的动物护理和设施委员会在罗格斯大学新不伦瑞克省。 1。设置物理系统<ol><li>设置在橱柜中的测试环境（参见图1）。 </li><li>安装提供有关本协议控制电脑的测试环境实验控制软件。 注：请不要使用这些计算机用于其他任何目的！ </li></ol> 2。设置的软件系统<ol><li>设置在LAN（局域网），使安装数据分析软件的服务器可以访问计算机（多个）控制测试环境（参见图1）的硬盘。 </li><li>建立用于数据存储的文件同步帐户中的“云”。 </li><li>浦t为TSsystem文件夹及其子文件夹在云同步文件夹中的商业编程语言的搜索路径。 注：TSsystem是一个软件工具箱，也就是超过30个高层次的功能以帮助创建复杂的数据分析和数据图形的代码库时，它是由生成的输出文件的收获，可以自动处理数据实验控制程序。所有的命令对数据的实验结构的字段操作，并把结果在相同结构的其他字段（参见图2）。这些开源的命令都写在最广泛使用的商业科学规划和图形语言之一。它有许多其他的“工具箱”，其中包括最有用一个统计工具箱。 </li></ol> 3。启动一个实验<ol><li>呼叫TSbegin（ 见图3）。 注：TSbegin是一个集成ractive图形用户界面（G raphicüSER我 NTERFACE）在TSsystem工具箱。它通过创建分层数据结构内由它衍生的原始数据，所有结果将被放置在TSsystem工具箱中的其他功能的过程中引导用户。 </li><li>呼叫TSaddprotocol（ 见图4）。 注：TSaddprotocol是在TSsystem工具箱的GUI。它会导致在用户通过对一个试验性协议指定的控制参数的过程中，指定决定的代码，将自动终止该协议，并继续到下一个的决定，并指定该决定的标准来使用。 </li><li>将小鼠在24/7实时的测试环境中，每个环境一个鼠标。 注意事项：注意注意，进入每一个编号的实验环境（1盒，2盒等 ）的小鼠的ID号。此外，请注意，标识实验控制信计算机局域网（LAN）和其IP地址上。 </li><li>呼叫TSstartsession（ 图5）。 注：TSstartsession是在TSsystem工具箱的GUI。它通过启动一个实验性会议的过程中引导用户。实验会议持续一两个星期，在此期间，几个不同的行为测试协议执行。 TSstartsession店的进入，当一个会话启动协议控制软件读取宏的信息。包括的是路径，而协议控制软件读取代码文件的名称。 TSsystem的分析软件读取此代码到分层数据结构，所以从来没有怀疑作为有效的确切协议，在任何时候。 </li><li>去到控制计算机和调用写入MedPC文件夹中的宏，以启动会话，以供该计算机控制的框。 </li></ol> 4。数据分析<ol><li>如果您已经创建了一个新的协议，使用这样的命令在TSsystem工具箱写入相应的数据分析和绘图代码，这极大地简化了创建复杂的数据分析。 注意：数据分析和为3的协议，其结果在下面的描述中包含TSsystem工具箱绘图代码。因为，他们都是开源的，他们可以随意修改。这些分析的代码有详尽的注解，这使得它更容易创建代码分析从用户指定的协议的结果。 </li><li>对于实验的持续时间（24小时至数周），监视电子邮件从服务器警示说明可能出现的设备故障（电源故障，自发的，控制电脑重新开机，颗粒供给故障等 ），其中TSsystem数据分析程序检测。 </li><li>研究表现的情节是写在TSsystem的数据分析的代码生成每次调用由日时间E解析定时器（通常为2-4次/天）。 注：分析定时器调用在用户指定的时间间隔的数据分析和绘图程序。被调用的程序是写在TSsystem功能。它读入的分层数据结构从到该协议控制软件写入该文件收集的原始数据。然后，分析数据和图表的分析结果。包含的层次数据结构中的文件被存储在云中的一个文件夹同步。这提供了自动异地备份。自动文件同步保存副本上的所有谁已被授予访问的人员和合作者的计算机结构的文件。指定的图形会自动通过电子邮件发送给指定人员和合作者。主要研究人员可以监控来自世界各地的测试在任何时间的进展，并在必要时，修改实验方案，上线，远离坐e其中的小鼠进行测试。 </li><li>使用TSbrowser研究数据和汇总统计中的分层数据结构，因为他们成为可用的，准实时（ 见图2）。 </li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露。

我们的方法得到了广泛的认知，学习和记忆，对于许多小鼠一次，在最短的时间量，以最小的人类劳动的几种不同的机制运作的生理意义，定量结果，并没有处理在几天，几周或数月的测试实验对象的。这些特性满足它的基因和药理学筛选程序。它采用微创修改现成的，现成的硬件（测试盒和巢盆）。它产生于比测试基因和/或用药物控制小鼠的认知能力等目前使用的方法更少的时间从更多的老鼠...

为使遗传学，分子遗传学，分子生物学，神经药理学和的强大的技术来承担阐明调解的认知基本机制的细胞和分子机制，我们需要一个量化的生理意义的大批量，高通把心理筛查方法认知机制的特性。甲psychophysically可测量的生理意义定量的一种机制，属性是可以通过行为的手段进行测量，并通过电生理学或生物化学的方法的一个属性。实例是吸收光谱的视紫红质，昼夜节律钟的自由运行周期，并奖励轴突在内侧前脑束1,2的不应期。这可以比作细胞和分子测量心理测量奠定了通过定量对应连接的细胞和分子机制，心理机制奠定了基础。对于为例E，认为在棒的外节的视紫红质的原位吸收光谱叠加在人类暗光谱灵敏度函数事实是强有力的证据表明光子触发的视紫红质的异构化是在暗视觉的第一步。复杂的行为模式的数量方面也是中央对使用的行为遗传学3,4 QTL定位方法。 小鼠（大鼠）对行之有效的工具和巴甫洛夫学习协议的性能取决于测量抽象的数量如时间大脑机制，数量，期限，利率，概率，风险和空间位置。例如，收购巴甫洛夫条件反射的速度取决于增强活动（通常是食物交付），平均潜伏期为加固后的发病信号为即将到来的钢筋5-7之间的平均间隔之间的比率。用于第二examp乐，探访在一个匹配的协议2供给料斗的平均持续时间之比近似等于钢筋的速率在 ​​这两个料斗8-10的比例。 目前广泛使用的行为测试方法，有兴趣的底层机制是神经科学家，在大多数情况下，低容量，低通放，劳动密集型26。此外，它们没有测量数量时，可以用由电生理学和生物化学方法测定量进行比较，如，例如，昼夜振荡器的行为上测量周期和相位进行比较，以昼夜周期和相位的电生理和生化的措施。目前的行为测试方法注重学习，如空间学习，学习时间，或恐惧学习，而不是底层机制的类别。空间学习11-15的广泛使用水迷宫测试这些SH的一个例子ortcomings。空间学习是一类。在该类别中的学习依赖于许多机制，其中之一是航位推算16,17的机制。航位推算又取决于里程表，测量长跑18的机制。同样的，学习时间为一类。生物钟是在其学习这一类依赖的机制之一，因为具有约24小时周期的振荡所需的动物学习一天中的事件发生17,19的时间。使食品预期的时钟还没有被发现的19。 时钟是一个时间测量机构。内源性振荡器具有广泛的时期让大脑通过记录这些时钟16,17的阶段来定位的时间事件。在时间记录的位置的能力使得持续时间的测量，也就是，在时间位置之间的距离。联想学习取决于T他持续时间5,6,20,21的大脑的测量。计数器是数字测量机制。数测量使概率估计，因为一个概率的子集的numerosity和超集的numerosity之间的比例。数的测量和时间测量启动速度的估计，因为速率是由事件的时间间隔是多少，测定在其上的持续时间划分的数目。持续时间的测量，编号，速度和概率使行为的调整，以不断变化的风险。22,23我们的方法侧重于衡量这些基本机制的准确度和精密度。精度是其大脑的措施对应一个客观的衡量的程度。精度是在一个固定的客观价值大脑的措施的变化或不确定性，例如，一个固定的持续时间。韦伯定律是最古老和最安全的结果建立在心理物理学。它声称的精度一数量的大脑的措施是数量的固定分数。韦伯分数，这是变异的统计学家的系数分布（σ/μ），测量精度。心理物理学的均值（ 如平均值判断时间）到目标均值的比值（平均目标持续时间）是精度的措施。 同时最大限度地降低人体的量这里介绍的方法最大限度地提高音量（动物被筛选在任一时间在实验室空间一定量的多少）和吞吐量（金额获得由单一动物的筛选的平均期限划分信息）需要进行测量，并最大限度地提高劳动直接与该筛查成为众所周知的结果。 这里提出的数据分析软件体系结构会自动将原始数据和所有的汇总结果，并从数据中得出一起在一个单一的D统计ATA结构，字段标题的渲染数的理解浩瀚的大海当中所载。该分析软件只能运行在该结构的数据，并始终存储在同一个结构中的字段其经营业绩。这将确保一个完整的路径，从原始数据到汇总发布和图表。 该软件会自动写入到结构，治理全自动化的测试实验控制程序，它会自动显示其原始数据来自哪个程序来了。因此，它保留了一个无可挑剔的数据跟踪，没有疑问，这实验条件为在每个动物的力量在每个测试点，并没有关于如何汇总统计均来自原始数据无疑。数据保存这个方法大大促进了标准​​化的行为筛查数据基地的发展，从而有可能为其他实验室进一步分析这些丰富的数据集。 <p cl屁股=“jove_content”&gt;这种方法最大限度地减少对固件和软件所依赖的支持损失的风险。测试设备是由一个历史悠久的商业来源平凡修改。编程语言是由硬件制造商，用于协议控制提供了自定义语言，并进行数据分析和绘图，一个专用的，非商业的，开源工具箱（TSsystem）写的很广泛支持的商业科学规划，数据分析和图形语言。该工具箱包含了高层面的命令从漫长的时间标记的事件记录中提取结构信息和汇总统计。该协议的实施程序和数据分析程序是开源的，全面记录。 该筛选系统是系统化于图1。十柜，每个包含8测试环境可以被设置在一个10英尺×15英尺实验室房间，使80吨的小鼠Ø可以在同一时间运行。电缆穿过的共用墙一个端口应的环境连接到电子/电气接口卡和电脑在另一个房间。在PC上运行的协议控制程序。一台电脑需要每2箱（16测试环境）。该PC必须通过局域网连接到正在运行的数据分析和绘图软件的服务器。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="881">>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">SmartCtrl Connection Panel</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">SG-716B (115)</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">control panel for inputs/outputs</td>
			<td style="width:67px;">8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">SmartCtrl Interface Module</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DIG-716B (114)</td>
			<td>smart card for each chamber</td>
			<td>8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Universal Cable</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">SG-210CB (115)</td>
			<td>cable from smart card to control panel</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Tabletop Interface Cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">SG-6080C (109)</td>
			<td>cabinet to hold smart cards</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Rack Mount Power Supply</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">SG-500 (112)</td>
			<td>28 volt power</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Wide Mouse Test Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ENV-307W (31)</td>
			<td>test chamber</td>
			<td>8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Filler Panel Package</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ENV-307W-FP (32)</td>
			<td>various-size panels for test chamber</td>
			<td>8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Wide Mouse Modular Grid Floor</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ENV-307W-GF (31)</td>
			<td>test chamber floor grid</td>
			<td>8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Head Entry Detector</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ENV-303HDW (62)</td>
			<td>head entry/pellet entry into hopper</td>
			<td>40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pellet Dispenser</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ENV-203-20 (73)</td>
			<td>feeder</td>
			<td>16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pellet Receptacle</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ENV-303W (61)</td>
			<td>hopper</td>
			<td>24</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pellet Receptacle Light</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ENV-303RL (62)</td>
			<td>hopper light</td>
			<td>24</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">House Light</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ENV-315W (43)</td>
			<td>house light</td>
			<td>8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">IR Controller</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ENV-253B (77)</td>
			<td>entry detector for tube between nest and test</td>
			<td>16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Fan</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ENV-025F28 (42)</td>
			<td>exhaust fan for each chamber</td>
			<td>8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polypropylene Nest Tub</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>nest box</td>
			<td>8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acrylic Connection Tube</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>connection between nest and test areas</td>
			<td>8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Steel Cabinet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>cabinet to hold test chambers (78&#34;H, 48&#34;W, 24&#34;D)</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Windows computer</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:136px;"> </td>
			<td>running MedPC experiment-control software</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Server</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:136px;"> </td>
			<td>running Matlab, linked to exper-control computer by LAN</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:127px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:136px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:136px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">MedPC software</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"> </td>
			<td>proprietary process-control programming language</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Matlab w Statistics Toolbox</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"> </td>
			<td>proprietary data analysis and graphing programing system</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:213px;">TSsystem</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:136px;">in Supplementary Material w updates from senior author</td>
			<td>Open-source Matlab Toolbox</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="189">
			<td height="189" style="height:189px;width:213px;">Note: This is the euipment needed for one cabinet, containing 8 test environments. Hardware must be replicated for each such cabinet. However one computer can control 2 cabinets (16 test environments)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:136px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated, quantitative cognitive/behavioral screening of mice: for genetics, pharmacology, animal cognition and undergraduate instruction

我们描述了一种高通量，高容量，完全自动化，住在评估遗传性和药理操作对认知的基本机制的影响，并学习在小鼠七分之二十四行为测试系统。一个标准的聚丙烯鼠标外壳浴缸是通过一个亚克力管连接到一个标准的商用鼠标测试盒。测试盒具有3料斗，其中2个被连接以沉淀馈线。所有在内部可发光的具有LED和头项通过红外（IR）监视梁。老鼠生存的环境，从而消除筛查过程中处理。他们在通过执行操作性（器乐）和巴甫洛夫（古典）的协议，为此，我们编写了协议控制软件和准实时的数据分析和绘图软件两个或更多的日常喂养期间获得他们的食物。数据分析和图形程序都写在创造，大大简化大量时间，S的分析基于MATLAB语言夯实行为和生理活动的记录，并从原始数据通过所有中间分析，以一个单一的数据结构中公布的图表和统计数据来保存一个完整的数据跟踪。数据分析代码收割的数据，每天和它科目的统计和图形分析，这是自动存储在“云”上，并在实验室的计算机几次。因此，个体小鼠的进展被可视化和每日定量。数据分析代码会谈的协议控制代码，允许自动从预先协议，个别科目的协议。实施行为的协议匹配，autoshaping，定时料斗切换，定时料斗切换，冲动的测量，以及昼夜预期粮食供应的风险评估。开源协议控制和数据分析代码使得增加新的协议简单。八测试环境容纳在一个48英寸x 24英寸x 78柜;两个这样的驾驶室inets（16环境）可以由一个计算机来控制。

该系统可以而且应该用来执行针对个人调查或任课老师的目标协议。然而，我们已经开发了一套3通讯协定，应该证明在基因操纵小鼠和大型药理测试大规模筛选有用：匹配的协议中，2料斗autoshaping协议和交换机协议。匹配的协议测量小鼠的容量来估计收入（每单位时间的食物颗粒）在两个不同的位置，记住哪个位置的产量而收入，至其平均访问持续时间的比例相匹配的收入的比率，并与快速性它...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction at JoVE.com

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

用于测量介导空间定位，时间定位，持续时间，速率和概率估计，风险评估，冲动，和准确度和精密度的存储机制的生理学上有意义的特性，以评估遗传性和药理操作上的影响，完全自动化的系统认知小鼠基本机制。

小鼠自动化，定量认知/行为筛选：对于遗传学，药理学，动物认知与本科教学

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and ...

automated-quantitative-cognitivebehavioral-screening-mice-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

14.2K 次观看.  Rutgers University. 用于测量介导空间定位，时间定位，持续时间，速率和概率估计，风险评估，冲动，和准确度和精密度的存储机制的生理学上有意义的特性，以评估遗传性和药理操作上的影响，完全自动化的系统认知小鼠基本机制。 

视频: Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain regions involved in working memory and attention using transcranial electrical brain stimulation. Some researchers now believe the cerebellum supports cognition, possibly via a remote neuromodulatory effect on the prefrontal cortex. This paper describes a procedure for investigating a role for the cerebellum in cognition using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and a selection of information-processing tasks of varying task difficulty, which have previously been shown to involve working memory, attention and cerebellar functioning. One task is called the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the other a novel variant of this task called the Paced Auditory Serial Subtraction Task (PASST). A verb generation task and its two controls (noun and verb reading) were also investigated. All five tasks were performed by three separate groups of participants, before and after the modulation of cortico-cerebellar connectivity using anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. The procedure demonstrates how performance (accuracy, verbal response latency and variability) could be selectively improved after cathodal stimulation, but only during tasks that the participants rated as difficult, and not easy. Performance was unchanged by anodal or sham stimulation. These findings demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in cognition, whereby activity in the left prefrontal cortex is likely dis-inhibited by cathodal tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. Transcranial brain stimulation is growing in popularity in various labs and clinics. However, the after-effects of tDCS are inconsistent between individuals and not always polarity-specific, and may even be task- or load-specific, all of which requires further study. Future efforts might also be guided towards neuro-enhancement in cerebellar patients presenting with cognitive impairment once a better understanding of brain stimulation mechanisms has emerged.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum exerts a remote effect on the prefrontal cortex, which can modulate cognition and performance. This was demonstrated using two information-processing tasks of varying complexity, whereby only cathodal tDCS improved performance when the task was difficult, but not easy.

调节认知使用小脑经颅直流电刺激

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain ...

科研

行为学

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys maintained in semi-free ranging conditions. Data accumulated during the last five years have consistently demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol to investigate individual/physical cognition in monkeys, and have further shown that this procedure reduces stress level during animal testing3. This paper demonstrates that networks of ALDM can also be used to investigate different facets of social cognition and in-group expressed behaviors in monkeys, and describes three illustrative protocols developed for that purpose. The first study demonstrates how ethological assessments of social behavior and computerized assessments of cognitive performance could be integrated to investigate the effects of socially exhibited moods on the cognitive performance of individuals. The second study shows that batteries of ALDM running in parallel can provide unique information on the influence of the presence of others on task performance. Finally, the last study shows that networks of ALDM test units can also be used to study issues related to social transmission and cultural evolution. Combined together, these three studies demonstrate clearly that ALDM testing is a highly promising experimental tool for bridging the gap in the animal literature between research on individual cognition and research on social cognition.

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) aimed at testing individual cognitive abilities in semi-free ranging monkeys. The main goal of our protocol is to use a network of ALDM test units to study social cognition in non-human primates.

社会认知的非人类灵长类动物评估使用电脑自动学习设备（ALDM）测试系统的网络

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

在丰富环境的协议房屋小鼠

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as appropriate models, partly because the response to behaviorally relevant stimuli and the circuitry parsing stimulus-action outcomes is astonishingly similar between humans and rodents. In studying molecular substrates of complex behaviors, the microinjection of reagents that modify, augment, or silence specific systems is an invaluable technique. However, it is crucial that the microinjection site is precisely targeted in order to aid interpretation of the results. We present a method for the manufacture of surgical implements and microinjection needles that enables accurate microinjection and unlimited customizability with minimal cost. Importantly, this technique can be successfully completed in awake rodents if conducted in conjunction with other JoVE articles that covered requisite surgical procedures. Additionally, there are many behavioral paradigms that are well suited for measuring motivation. The progressive ratio is a commonly used method that quantifies the efficacy of a reinforcer to maintain responding despite an (often exponentially) increasing work requirement. This assay is sensitive to reinforcer magnitude and pharmacological manipulations, which allows reinforcing efficacy and/ or motivation to be determined. We also present a straightforward approach to program operant software to accommodate a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule.

Rodents are an appropriate model to investigate the molecular substrates of behavior and complex psychiatric disorders. Brain microinjection in awake rodents can be used to elucidate disease substrates. An efficient and customizable brain microinjection method as well as the execution of an operant paradigm that quantifies motivation is presented.

啮齿动物脑显微注射学习动机行为的分子基板

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

引进响片训练为实验室老鼠认知富集

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Battery of Behavioral Tests Assessing General Locomotion, Muscular Strength, and Coordination in Mice

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the animal&#39;s wellbeing and health. There are numerous behavioral tests that may be applied. We selected a test for general locomotion, the open field test (OFT); a test for muscular strength, the mesh test (MT); and a test for coordination, the rotarod test (RR). Testing can be accomplished on a weekly or monthly basis. As a test for general locomotion, the OFT works by objectively monitoring movement parameters while the mouse is in an open field apparatus. The field is generally a 2&#39; x 2&#39; box, and the movements are recorded through laser sensing or through video capture. The mouse is placed in the center of the open field and allowed to move freely for the test. The MT uses the latency for a mouse to fall off an inverted screen as a measure of muscular strength. A mouse is placed on a screen, which is inverted over a clear box, and is timed for their latency to fall. Three trials are performed, with the best of the three trials scored for that day. A score of 60 s is the maximum time a mouse is left inverted. Mice are given a 5-min rest period between mesh test trials. Lastly, an accelerated protocol on the RR assesses motor coordination and endurance. During a trial, a mouse walks on a rotating rod as it increases in speed from 4 rpm to 40 rpm over 5 min. The trial ends when the mouse touches the magnetized pressure sensor upon falling. Each mouse undergoes three trials, and the best trial is scored for that day. This combined behavioral data allows for the global assessment of mobility, coordination, strength, and movement of the test animals. At least two out of the three behavioral testing measures must show improvement for an animal to qualify as having overall improved motor function.

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects of a disease or treatment on an animal's wellbeing. In order to globally assess motor functioning, we selected tests for general locomotion, muscular strength, and coordination: the open field test, the mesh test, and the rotarod test, respectively.

用于评估一般运动、肌肉力量和小鼠协调性的行为测试电池

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the ...

Systematic Assessment of Well-Being in Mice for Procedures Using General Anesthesia

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal experimentation whenever possible. When there is no alternative to animal experimentation, the total number of laboratory animals used should be the minimum needed to obtain valuable data. Moreover, appropriate refinement measures should be applied to minimize pain, suffering, and distress accompanying the experimental procedure. The categories used to classify the degree of pain, suffering, and distress are non-recovery, mild, moderate, or severe (EU Directive 2010/63). To determine which categories apply in individual cases, it is crucial to use scientifically sound tools.
The well-being-assessment protocol presented here is designed for procedures during which general anesthesia is used. The protocol focuses on home cage activity, the Mouse Grimace Scale, and luxury behaviors such as burrowing and nest building behavior as indicators of well-being. It also uses the free exploratory paradigm for trait anxiety-related behavior. Fecal corticosterone metabolites as indicators of acute stress are measured over the 24-h post-anesthetic period.
The protocol provides scientifically solid information on the well-being of mice following general anesthesia. Due to its simplicity, the protocol can easily be adapted and integrated in a planned study. Although it does not provide a scale to classify distress in categories according to the EU Directive 2010/63, it can help researchers estimate the degree of severity of a procedure using scientifically sound data. It provides a way to improve the assessment of well-being in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

We developed a protocol to assess well-being in mice during procedures using general anesthesia. A series of behavioral parameters indicating levels of well-being as well as glucocorticoid metabolites were analyzed. The protocol can serve as a general aid to estimate the degree of severity in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

全身麻醉下小鼠幸福度的系统评价

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer&#039;s Disease, Using IntelliCage

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...