作者感谢国家科学基金会在"第1号赠款"下给予的支持。CMMI-00748094和 ONR N000141110629。

协议文本分为三个主要部分：1） PDMS （聚二甲基硅氧烷） 柱子的制造，2） 柱子顶部的功能化，以及毛细管桥的形成和特征。
1. PDMS 支柱的制造
本节详细介绍了使用硅/SU-8模具压铸的 PDMS 柱子的制造。
<ol><li>
硅/SU-8模具的制造
	<ol>
<li>将干净的 4 在硅晶圆中放在皮雷克斯培养皿中。</li>
		<li>在单独的烧嘴中将硫酸与过氧化氢（食人鱼）溶液进行 4：1（按体积）。 注意：在准备和使用食人鱼溶液时需要非常谨慎。反应是高度外热和绝缘手套将需要处理烧嘴。皮兰哈对有机物反应激烈。在处置之前，让食人鱼溶液冷却到室温。只需准备足够的溶液才能将晶圆浸入菜中。</li>
		<li>将食人鱼溶液缓慢地倒入硅晶片中，直到它完全被淹没。让我们坐15分钟。</li>
		<li>从培养皿中取出晶圆，在一条溪流下冲洗：除离子（DI）水2分钟，乙醇30秒，乙酮30秒，然后用氮吹干。 注意：如果来自 Atone 的残留物是个问题，则建议使用 IPA 进行额外的冲洗</li>
		<li>在 150 °C 的热板上干燥晶圆 15 分钟。</li>
		<li>从热板中取出，冷却至室温。</li>
		<li>旋转涂层SU-8 2002到晶圆表面40秒在500转速。</li>
		<li>旋转涂层SU-8 2050到晶圆与两步旋转涂层程序。步骤1：40秒在500转/ 点。第2步：1分钟，1，500转/分钟。</li>
		<li>从旋转涂层中取出晶圆，放在预热的热板（65 °C）上10分钟。</li>
		<li>冷却至室温，然后将面罩放在晶圆上。</li>
		<li>置于紫外线灯下，在200瓦处暴露30秒。</li>
		<li>取下面膜，将晶圆放在预热的热板（95 °C）上10分钟。</li>
		<li>放在SU-8开发人员解决方案中，轻轻搅拌，直到所有未开发的SU-8都被移除。然后在异丙醇流中冲洗30秒，用氮吹干。</li>
		<li>放在预热的热板（95°C）上30分钟，进行最后的硬盘。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
PDMS 柱子的模具铸造
	<ol>
<li>大力混合 PDMS sylgard-184 碱基与烧嘴固化剂的 10：1 质量比。</li>
		<li>在真空室中除气 PDMS，直到所有气泡都消失。</li>
		<li>将在第 1.1 节中制造的模具放在塑料称重盘的大 4 中，然后倒入 PDMS。</li>
		<li>将带有 PDMS 的菜肴和模具放回真空室。再次德加斯，直到所有的泡沫都消失了。</li>
		<li>将整个菜放入烤箱（预热至75°C）至少2小时。然后让冷却到室温。</li>
		<li>用直剃刀刀片将盘子从 PDMS 和硅晶片中切开。</li>
		<li>用散装的柱子切出 PDMS 区域，并存放在干净的培养皿中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 支柱顶部的功能化
这一三步过程首先涉及在硅晶片上蒸发金膜，然后将金膜的印记将16 号光刻传输到 PDMS 柱子上（在第 1 节中制作），最后使用自组装的单层金膜功能化，使其具有亲水性。
<ol><li>硅晶片上用于印记转移光刻的黄金制造 
	<ol>
<li>使用玻璃切割机将 4 个圆形硅晶圆切成 4 个大小相等的碎片。注意：可以使用步骤 1.1.2-1.1.4 清洁晶圆并重复使用。</li>
		<li>将20纳米的黄金直接蒸发到硅晶片上。</li>
		<li>将晶圆留在蒸发室（或干燥器中），直到下面的第 3 节完成。这将保持晶圆尽可能清洁。</li>
		<li>准备一个8μl：20毫升，（3-甲基丙基）-三氧西兰（MPTS）：在干净的玻璃瓶中的甲苯溶液。</li>
		<li>在清洁烧嘴中准备 200 毫升 16 m 盐酸 （HCl）。</li>
		<li>将含金膜的晶圆放入等离子反应器中。</li>
		<li>使用氧气等离子体在300mTorr的压力下清洁晶圆，功率为50W，功率为10分钟。 注：对于此过程，使用了自建等离子反应堆。</li>
		<li>将晶圆放入装满 200 种证明乙醇的 Pyrex 培养皿中至少 10 分钟。 注意：此步骤旨在去除因氧等离子体而在黄金上形成的任何不稳定氧化物。</li>
		<li>用乙醇冲洗晶圆，然后用氮气吹干。</li>
		<li>在 500 rpm 的 30 秒内将 MPTS 解决方案旋转到晶圆上，然后以 2，750 rpm 的速度旋转 1 分钟。 注意：MPTS 用作 PDMS 和金层16之间的粘附层。</li>
		<li>将晶圆从旋转涂层中取下，在乙醇流下冲洗。然后，用DI水冲洗，用氮气吹干。 注意：轻轻冲洗以避免从硅晶片上剥落金层。</li>
		<li>将晶圆放入包含足够 16 mM HCl 解决方案的 Pyrex 培养皿中，以完全淹没晶圆。在HCl中离开至少5分钟。 注意：轻轻地放入溶液中，以防止金子剥落。 注意：这样做是为了改善PDMS和金层16之间的粘附性。</li>
		<li>从 HCl 溶液中取出晶圆，用氮气吹干。 注意：此步骤完成后，晶圆的使用应不超过 15-20 分钟。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将黄金的印记从晶圆转为 PDMS 柱子
	<ol>
<li>通过用乙醇、DI 水冲洗，为每个 PDMS 样品准备一个 25 mm x 75 mm 玻璃滑梯，用氮气吹干。</li>
		<li>将 PDMS 柱子放入等离子室中，在 300 mTorr 的压力下执行氧等离子体，功率为 50 W，时间为 30 秒。 注意：PDMS过度暴露在氧血浆中会导致开裂。相应地调整等离子体条件。</li>
		<li>将 PDMS 基板的背面与清洁的玻璃滑梯绑定，使其施加光压。玻璃滑梯可促进 PDMS 柱子的操作，并安装在第 3 步所述设备上。</li>
		<li>翻转玻璃背 PDMS 基板，将柱子压到 MPTS 功能化的金膜上（第 2.1 步）。首先施加中等压力，然后在玻璃滑梯上放置重量（约 100 克），以确保符合性接触。</li>
		<li>将基板与硅晶片接触至少 12 小时。</li>
		<li>将 PDMS 基板与晶圆分离。如果 PDMS 基板卡住，请使用直剃须刀刀片小心地撬开晶圆上的 PDMS 边缘。</li>
		<li>此时，PDMS 柱子顶部应有统一的金膜。使用光学显微镜验证金膜未破裂或柱子沿线没有缺失部件。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>PDMS 柱子顶部的黄金功能化
	<ol>
<li>在二甲基硫氧化物 （DMSO） 中准备足够的 1 mM 甲基酸 （MHA），以充分浸入 PDMS 柱子顶部的黄金。 注意：DMSO 用于其低 PDMS 膨胀因子17。</li>
		<li>将 PDMS 基板放置在 MHA 解决方案中，并将其保存在那里至少 24 小时。</li>
		<li>从 MHA 溶液中取出基板，用 DI 水冲洗，然后用氮气吹干。</li>
		<li>放置在真空室（压力<100 mTorr在25°C）至少12小时。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>注意：为了验证功能化过程是否成功，第 2 步可以在大量 PDMS（无柱子）上执行，并且可以在气压计中测试润湿角度。MHA 金膜应分别具有<15°和+0°的水接触角度。18
3. 毛细金桥的形成和特征
本节详细介绍了如何在两个基材之间引入液态桥，然后通过不同高度和流体体积的成像进行特征描述。
<ol><li>使用两个支柱基板（按步骤 1-2 制成），将一个放在顶部，一个放在底部支架中。使用侧张力螺丝固定基板。 注意：有关设备详细信息，请参阅 图 1 和具有代表性的结果。</li>
	<li>通过将顶部基板阶段连接到面包板上来组装设备，使顶部基板大致高于底部基板。将两个面柱之间的高度降低到约 1mm。</li>
	<li>粗对齐：使用底部基板舞台上的 x、y 和旋转旋钮（通过眼睛）对齐两个基材的金条，以便它们平行（通过顶部基板自上而下看）。</li>
	<li>精细对齐：定位摄像机以向下看 PDMS 柱的长度。使用计算机屏幕上的实时摄像机馈送，进一步调整底部基板的位置，使支柱平行。</li>
	<li>将相机移到设备的对面，然后重复步骤 3.4。</li>
	<li>减少两根柱子之间的分离，直到顶部柱子与底部柱子接触（使用现场摄像机馈送）。数字微舞台为零。这将被定义为零孔高。</li>
	<li>将孔隙高度增加到约 200 μm。</li>
	<li>用80%甘油、20%水溶液的1-5μl准备注射器。将 30 G 针连接到注射器的末端，确保没有气泡卡在针内。 注意：水/甘油混合物用于减少实验期间的蒸发。也可以用水。</li>
	<li>用机械夹将注射器安装到注射器 xyz 翻译阶段。</li>
	<li>调整注射器定位台上的微米，使针头适合狭缝孔（与柱子的长度平行）。</li>
	<li>降低狭缝孔高，使顶部和底部表面轻轻接触针头。这将确保液体会接触两个表面，并自发地形成毛细桥。</li>
	<li>将注射器中的液体慢慢分配到狭缝孔中。</li>
	<li>使用注射器定位台上的微米将针头从狭缝孔中取出。 注意：此时，狭缝孔的高度可以变化，液桥可以成像。 注意：图片可以使用开源软件包 ImageJ 进行分析。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

这里介绍的方法提供了在狭缝孔几何中创建毛细金桥的方法，也是成像这些桥梁的方法，以便分析它们的形态，并将其与模拟和理论进行比较。
该方法结合了物理缓解和选择性化学模式，以创建不对称的润湿特性。如果只存在化学异质性，液体滴将保持在异质性上，直到接触角度超过湿度较低的（低表面能量）区域。当 PDMS 是低表面能量区域时，亲水/疏水边界的最大可实现?...

毛细细桥的形状和产生的力的研究一直是广泛研究的主题2-7。最初，由于其简单性，大多数努力都集中在轴对称毛细桥上。毛细管桥通常发生在自然系统中，例如在颗粒和多孔介质8，9中发现的桥和用于技术应用的桥梁，例如用于翻转芯片技术10-15 的毛细管自组装，与交互表面的非单位式润湿特性不对称。改进的平版印刷技术与简单数值工具的可访问性相结合，可模拟流体接口，从而能够创建和建模日益复杂的毛细细桥。
狭缝孔几何中的毛细管桥提供了一个有趣的妥协：定向润湿特性导致非轴对称桥保留一些对称平面（这简化了分析）。它们作为多孔介质的案例研究，在理论和数字上进行了研究。然而，对狭缝孔几何毛细金桥的系统实验研究受到限制。在这里，我们介绍了一种方法，以创建和描述毛细孔几何毛细桥。简言之，该方法包括1）制造柱子以产生化学和物理异质性;2） 设计微舞台对齐和操纵桥梁;3） 从正面或两侧对毛细管桥进行成像，以描述其形态。桥梁形态的特征，以及表面进化器模拟的比较，在一个单独的出版物1提供。

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			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">99.999% Gold wire</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Kurt J. Lesker</td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Pharmco-AAPER</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">C1107283</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:167px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">D128-500</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Ethanol (200 proof)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Pharmco-AAPER</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">111000200</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">HX0603-4</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Hydrogen peroxide (30%)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">HX0635-3</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">L-13597</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Mercapto hexadecanoic acid (90%)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">448303-1G</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:167px;">Mercapto-propyl-trimethoxy-silane (MPTS)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Gelest</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Sim6476-O-100GM</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:167px;">Milli-Q DI water</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Milli-Q</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Nitrogen (gas)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Airgas</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">UN1066</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Oxygen (gas)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Airgas</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">UN1072</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Silicon wafers (4 in)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">WRS Materials</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">CC8506</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">SU-8 2002 (negative photo resist)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">MicroChem</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">SU82002</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">SU-8 2050 (negative photoresist)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">MicroChem</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">SU82050</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">SU-8 Developer solution</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">MicroChem</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Y020100 4000L1PE</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:167px;">Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">9681-03</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Poly dimethy sulfoxide (PDMS)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Sylgard -184</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:167px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Omnisolv</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">TX0737-1</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication and visualization of capillary bridges in slit pore geometry

介绍了在狭缝孔几何中创建和成像毛细金桥的程序。高纵横比疏水柱被制造和功能化，使其顶部表面亲水。物理特征（柱子）与化学边界（柱子顶部的亲水膜）的结合提供了物理和化学异质性，固定三重接触线，这是创建稳定长而窄的毛细管桥的必要特征。带有柱子的基板连接到玻璃滑梯上，并固定在定制支架上。然后，将支架安装在四轴微台上，并定位柱子并行并朝对方。毛细细金桥是在两个基材之间的间隙中引入流体形成的，一旦面柱之间的分离减少到几百微米。然后使用自定义微舞台来改变毛细细桥的高度。CCD 摄像机定位为毛细细桥的长度或宽度，以描述流体界面的形态。宽度低至250μm，长度可达70毫米的柱子是用这种方法制造的，导致毛细桥的纵横比（长度/宽度）超过1001。

实验装置的描述
实验装置可分为四个主要部分：1）顶部基板阶段，2）底部基板阶段，3）注射器/注射器xyz转换阶段，4）相机/光学和相机支架。每个细节如下：
<ol><li>
顶部基板阶段。 数字翻译阶段通过自定义机接件连接到 P 系列安装夹。安装夹连接到可变高度 P 柱，通过 P 系列夹叉固定在面包板上。定制连接件连接到翻译阶段的定制加工玻璃滑梯支架上，在 z ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

介绍了在狭缝孔几何中创建和成像毛细金桥的程序。毛细管桥的创建依赖于柱子的形成，以提供定向物理和化学异质性来固定流体。 毛细金桥使用微舞台形成和操作，并使用 CCD 摄像机进行可视化。

狭缝孔几何中毛细金香桥的制造和可视化

A procedure for creating and imaging capillary bridges in slit-pore geometry is presented. High aspect ratio hydrophobic pillars are fabricated and ...

fabrication-visualization-capillary-bridges-slit-pore

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

6.1K 次观看.  Johns Hopkins University. 介绍了在狭缝孔几何中创建和成像毛细金桥的程序。毛细管桥的创建依赖于柱子的形成，以提供定向物理和化学异质性来固定流体。 毛细金桥使用微舞台形成和操作，并使用 CCD 摄像机进行可视化。

视频: Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we present the fabrication protocol for a multilayered SAW acoustic counterflow device. The device is fabricated starting from a lithium niobate (LN) substrate onto which two interdigital transducers (IDTs) and appropriate markers are patterned. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel cast on an SU8 master mold is finally bonded on the patterned substrate. Following the fabrication procedure, we show the techniques that allow the characterization and operation of the acoustic counterflow device in order to pump fluids through the PDMS channel grid. We finally present the procedure to visualize liquid flow in the channels. The protocol is used to show on-chip fluid pumping under different flow regimes such as laminar flow and more complicated dynamics characterized by vortices and particle accumulation domains.

In this video we first describe fabrication and operation procedures of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) acoustic counterflow device. We then demonstrate an experimental setup that allows for both qualitative flow visualization and quantitative analysis of complex flows within the SAW pumping device.

制造，操作和表面声波驱动声逆流微流体流动可视化

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

制造和微流控光机振荡器测试

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and polar dielectric liquids. These bridges are unique from capillary bridges in that they exhibit extensibility beyond a few millimeters, have complex bi-directional mass transfer patterns, and emit non-Planck infrared radiation. A number of common solvents can form such bridges as well as low conductivity solutions and colloidal suspensions. The macroscopic behavior is governed by electrohydrodynamics and provides a means of studying fluid flow phenomena without the presence of rigid walls. Prior to the onset of a liquid bridge several important phenomena can be observed including advancing meniscus height (electrowetting), bulk fluid circulation (the Sumoto effect), and the ejection of charged droplets (electrospray). The interaction between surface, polarization, and displacement forces can be directly examined by varying applied voltage and bridge length. The electric field, assisted by gravity, stabilizes the liquid bridge against Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities. Construction of basic apparatus for both vertical and horizontal orientation along with operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

Horizontal and vertical electrohydrodynamic liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields and polar dielectric liquids. The construction of basic apparatus and operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

高压直流电桥从极地介电液的制备

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and ...

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space of a carbonate rock at pressures and temperatures representative of typical formations used for CO2 storage. Chemical equilibrium between the CO2, brine and rock phases was maintained using a high pressure high temperature reactor, replicating conditions far away from the injection site. Fluid flow was controlled using high pressure high temperature syringe pumps. To maintain representative in-situ conditions within the micro-CT scanner a carbon fiber high pressure micro-CT coreholder was used. Diffusive CO2 exchange across the confining sleeve from the pore-space of the rock to the confining fluid was prevented by surrounding the core with a triple wrap of aluminum foil. Reconstructed brine contrast was modeled using a polychromatic x-ray source, and brine composition was chosen to maximize the three phase contrast between the two fluids and the rock. Flexible flow lines were used to reduce forces on the sample during image acquisition, potentially causing unwanted sample motion, a major shortcoming in previous techniques. An internal thermocouple, placed directly adjacent to the rock core, coupled with an external flexible heating wrap and a PID controller was used to maintain a constant temperature within the flow cell. Substantial amounts of CO2 were trapped, with a residual saturation of 0.203 &#177; 0.013, and the sizes of larger volume ganglia obey power law distributions, consistent with percolation theory.

We present a methodology for the imaging of multiple fluid phases at reservoir conditions by the use of x-ray microtomography. We show some representative results of capillary trapping in a carbonate rock sample.

多重流体相储层孔隙条件级成像使用X射线微断层

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space ...

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve geologic seals and allow CO2 to escape. However, the dissolution processes at reservoir conditions are poorly understood. Thus, time-resolved experiments are needed to observe and predict the nature and rate of dissolution at the pore scale. Synchrotron fast tomography is a method of taking high-resolution time-resolved images of complex pore structures much more quickly than traditional &#181;-CT. The Diamond Lightsource Pink Beam was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 hours. The images were segmented and the porosity and permeability were measured using image analysis and network extraction. Porosity increased uniformly along the length of the sample; however, the rate of increase of both porosity and permeability slowed at later times.

Synchrotron fast tomography was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 h.

用同步快速反应层析成像动态孔隙规模油藏条件下成像碳酸盐

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for detection of light, quantum computing applications and materials characterization. This work presents a detailed procedure for fabrication and characterization of superconducting microwave resonator scattering parameters.

制备与表征超导谐振器的

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors ...

Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify their influence on void formation in composite parts. Wicking in a fibrous medium described by the Washburn equation was considered equivalent to a flow under the effect of capillary pressure according to the Darcy law. Experimental tests for the characterization of wicking were conducted with both carbon and flax fiber reinforcement. Quasi-unidirectional fabrics were then tested by means of a tensiometer to determine the morphological and wetting parameters along the fiber direction. The procedure was shown to be promising when the morphology of the fabric is unchanged during capillary wicking. In the case of carbon fabrics, the capillary pressure can be calculated. Flax fibers are sensitive to moisture sorption and swell in water. This phenomenon has to be taken into account to assess the wetting parameters. In order to make fibers less sensitive to water sorption, a thermal treatment was carried out on flax reinforcements. This treatment enhances fiber morphological stability and prevents swelling in water. It was shown that treated fabrics have a linear wicking trend similar to those found in carbon fabrics, allowing for the determination of capillary pressure.

An experimental method to measure geometrical parameters and the apparent advancing contact angles describing capillary wicking in unidirectional synthetic and natural fabrics is proposed. These parameters are mandatory for the determination of the capillary pressures that must be taken into account for liquid composite molding (LCM) applications.

吸湿排汗试验单向织物：毛细管参数的标准评价在液体复合成型工艺毛细管压力

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

用于光学谐振器和激光应用的聚合物微球的制造

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Color Films with Highly Absorbing Media Using Oblique Angle Deposition

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present an advanced method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics. The proposed process addresses several fabrication issues, including large area processing. Specifically, the protocol describes a process for fabricating ultra-thin color films using an electron beam evaporator for oblique angle deposition of germanium (Ge) and gold (Au) on silicon (Si) substrates.&#160; Film porosity produced by the oblique angle deposition induces color changes in the ultra-thin film. The degree of color change depends on factors such as deposition angle and film thickness. Fabricated samples of the ultra-thin color films showed improved color tunability and color purity. In addition, the measured reflectance of the fabricated samples was converted into chromatic values and analyzed in terms of color. Our ultra-thin film fabricating method is expected to be used for various ultra-thin film applications such as flexible color electrodes, thin film solar cells, and optical filters. Also, the process developed here for analyzing the color of the fabricated samples is broadly useful for studying various color structures.

We present a detailed method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics for optical coatings. The oblique angle deposition technique using an electron beam evaporator allows improved color tunability and purity. Fabricated films of Ge and Au on Si substrates were analyzed by reflectance measurements and color information conversion.

用斜角沉积法制备高吸收介质的超薄彩色薄膜

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present ...

Expression of Cementitious Pore Solution and the Analysis of Its Chemical Composition and Resistivity Using X-ray Fluorescence

The goal of this method is to determine the chemical composition and electrical resistivity of cementitious pore solution expressed from a fresh paste sample. The pore solution is expressed from a fresh paste sample using a pressurized nitrogen gas system. The pore solution is then immediately transferred to a syringe to minimize evaporation and carbonation. After that, assembled testing containers are used for the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurement. These containers consist of two concentric plastic cylinders and a polypropylene film which seals one of the two open sides. The pore solution is added into the container immediately prior to the XRF measurement. The XRF is calibrated to detect the main ionic species in the pore solution, in particular, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and sulfide (S2-), to calculate sulfate (SO42-) using stoichiometry. The hydroxides (OH-) can be calculated from a charge balance. To calculate the electrical resistivity of the solution, the concentrations of the main ionic species and a model by Snyder et al. are used. The electrical resistivity of the pore solution can be used, along with the electrical resistivity of concrete, to determine the formation factor of concrete. XRF is a potential alternative to current methods to determine the composition of pore solution, which can provide benefits in terms of reduction in time and costs.

This protocol describes the procedure to express fresh pore solution from cementitious systems and the measurement of its ionic composition using X-ray fluorescence. The ionic composition can be used to calculate pore solution electrical resistivity, which can be used, together with concrete electrical resistivity, to determine the formation factor.

胶孔溶液的表达及其化学成分和电阻率的 X 射线荧光分析

The goal of this method is to determine the chemical composition and electrical resistivity of cementitious pore solution expressed from a fresh paste ...