作者感谢联办Hornkohl先生的兴趣和对双原子分子的谱线强度的计算探讨。这项工作是在部分由中心的激光应用在田纳西州空间研究院的支持。

1。光学系统设置<ol><li>放置一个光束分离器在激光的出射，从而允许1,064 nm的波长的光通过，并反射所有其他瞬态激光辐射转换成一个光束转储。 </li><li>放置一个高速PIN光电二极管检测器来记录激光辐射反射离开分束器的一部分。此检测器连接到示波器与同轴电缆监视光脉冲相对于触发由函数发生器和发生在Q-开关中的Nd：YAG激光器装置。 </li><li>排列3的IR反射镜定位平行于光谱仪的狭缝的光束。 </li><li>位置上方的平移阶段的透镜聚焦光束，以便产生光学击穿等离子体平行于分光计狭缝。对齐两个石英透镜成像的等离子体到狭缝的目的。这两个聚焦透镜最佳匹配光谱仪的设计，这意味着最终的镜头具有光圈TURE实现AF＃相同的F＃的光谱仪内部的光学元件。 </li><li>用于测量上述380nm处，放置一个切口上过滤器的两个透镜之间的用于阻断辐射380纳米以下的目的。切割式滤波器抑制可能的紫外线贡献（由于光栅的二阶）所测得的光谱。 </li></ol> 2。数据采集​​设置<ol><li>连接一个波形函数发生器提供，在50 Hz的三角波到自定义内置分频五块电路得到10赫兹。光学多通道分析仪（OMA）在50 Hz和Nd组成的闪光灯被操作：YAG激光器同步地在10赫兹操作。一个可代替的OMA的使用ICCD，同步操作的脉冲激光辐射的速率为好。 </li><li>连接定制的分频电路5的输出中的一个为数字延迟发生器。使用一个输出同步的Nd：YAG闪光灯和另一个输出到CONTROL线性二极管阵列增强器和光学多道分析仪的触发。代替加剧线性二极管阵列和OMA再次，可以使用一个ICCD。 </li><li>中继该激光装置的可调触发输出到示波器和一个脉冲发生器。示波器将被用于监控当脉冲激光辐射将可用于光学击穿代或激光烧蚀。 </li><li>数字脉冲发生器的高压输出连接到愈演愈烈线性二极管阵列。 </li><li>脉冲发生器的另一个输出连接到示波器。 </li><li>集约化线性二极管阵列的输出连接到OMA。 </li></ol> 3。同步和测量<ol><li>该波形函数发生器设置为输出一个三角形脉冲在50±1赫兹运行。此函数发生器提供了主频率。自定义内置分频五块电路和数字延迟发生器是用于交流副牧师同步。 </li><li>启动水冷却系统和激光设备的电源。激活激光。 </li><li>确定时间为激光辐射从钕的出口孔的旅行：YAG激光器在光谱仪狭缝的前部的面积如下：测量光路的距离和使用的光的速度，计算渡越时间。考虑到这一点传输时间在设定的门延迟时间在下一步骤。 </li><li>在数字脉冲发生器，设置了测量，并从光学击穿或激光烧蚀脉冲的延迟时间的栅极宽度，并用示波器监视的延迟时间。延迟时间将决定多久故障发生后，等待数据收集。栅极宽度决定了二极管阵列多长时间暴露于等离子体辐射。 </li><li>产生光学击穿的空气和/或将样品上的平移阶段，这样会发生烧蚀。图像上微电浆光谱仪的狭缝。 </li><li>开始测量和记录数据用的强化线性二极管阵列和光学多道分析仪（或与ICCD）。 </li></ol> 4。波长校准<ol><li>霓虹灯，汞和氢灯：从标准校准灯记录光谱。使用实验安排，把在那里等离子体产生的地方的灯。 </li><li>使用已知波长的灯，进行线性或三次拟合，以获得像素波长对应。精确校准的目的是纠正了通常与光谱的测量相关的非线性。 </li><li>重复校准为H，C 2，CN，和感兴趣的TiO光谱区域。 </li></ol> 5。强度校准<ol><li>打开钨校准灯，等待它来热身。 </li><li>使用光学高温计来测量活性灯的温度。 </li><li>使用该实验装置对rECORD活性灯的光谱。 </li><li>计算由使用测得的温度作为输入参数普朗克辐射定律的黑体曲线。 </li><li>拟合曲线计算到有源灯的光谱。确定因素其中所记录的强度从所计算的曲线。应用这些因素来校正拍摄的光谱检测器的波长相关的灵敏度。 </li><li>重复此为光谱仪中使用的每个区域。 </li></ol> 6。数据传输<ol><li>准备介质文件传输。 </li><li>对于每个数据测量，记录它到介质上。 </li><li>借此介质上的文件上传到电脑工作。 </li></ol> 7。文件准备<ol><li>对于每个文件，解析成几个部分，一个包含记录的数据，以及其他指定起始波长和每个数据点的平均波长移位。 </li><li>使用这些部分来创建一个新的文件，以配合波长与记录的数据。 </li></ol> 8。双原子分子分析<ol><li>选择波长文件和相应的线强度文件。 </li><li>选择基线偏移。 <ol><li>设置偏移是否是恒定的，线性的，或二次。 </li><li>设置相应的系数，以固定或可变值。 </li></ol></li><li>设置分辨率和温度，这两者可以是固定的或变化的。 </li><li>设置合适的容差为综合频谱是适合于所测量的光谱。 </li><li>适合计算来使用内尔德 - 米德算法的实验谱。 </li><li>利用所计算的光谱每个测量的最佳拟合参数，推断出在所使用的各种时间延迟和栅极宽度所观察到的微等离子体参数。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miziolek, A. W., Palleschi, V., Schechter, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Cremers, D. E., Radziemski, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Singh, J. P., Thakur, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2007).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+I:+review+of+basic+diagnostics+and+plasma-particle+iterations:+still-challenging+issues+within+the+analytical+plasma+community.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: review of basic diagnostics and plasma-particle iterations: still-challenging issues within the analytical plasma community.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 64, (2010).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+II:+review+of+instrumental+and+methodological+approaches+to+material+analysis+and+applications+to+different+fields.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 66, 347 (2012).</li><li>Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+and+molecular+emissions+in+laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">Atomic and molecular emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 79, 4-16 (2013).</li><li>Konjevi&#263;, N., Lesage, A., Fuhr, J. R., Wiese, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Stark+widths+and+shifts+for+spectral+lines+of+neutral+and+ionized+atoms.">Experimental Stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of neutral and ionized atoms.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 31, 819-927 (2002).</li><li>Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stark+broadening+of+hydrogen+and+hydrogen-like+spectral+lines+in+plasmas:+the+physical+insight.">Stark broadening of hydrogen and hydrogen-like spectral lines in plasmas: the physical insight.</a> Alpha Science Int. , (2006).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Dackman, M., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+spectroscopy+measurements+of+hydrogen-alpha,+-beta,+and+-gamma+emissions.">Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of hydrogen-alpha, -beta, and -gamma emissions.</a> Appl. Opt. 47, (2008).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+Balmer+series+spectroscopy+in+laser-induced+breakdown+plasmas.">Hydrogen Balmer series spectroscopy in laser-induced breakdown plasmas.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 13-23 (2010).</li><li>Lucena, A. D., Tobaria, L. M., Laserna, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+challenges+and+insights+in+the+detection+and+spectral+identification+of+organic+explosives+by+laser+induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">New challenges and insights in the detection and spectral identification of organic explosives by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 66 (1), 12-20 (2011).</li><li>Swafford, L. D., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+hydrogen+Balmer+Series+lines+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+laboratory+air.">Measurement of hydrogen Balmer Series lines following laser-induced optical breakdown in laboratory air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Hornkohl, J. O., Nemes, L., Parigger, C. G., Nemes, L., Irle, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopy+of+Carbon+Containing+Diatomic+Molecules.">Spectroscopy of Carbon Containing Diatomic Molecules.</a> Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Molecular Theory of Carbon Plasmas and Vapor. , 113-165 (2011).</li><li>Parigger, C., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diatomic+molecular+spectroscopy+with+standard+and+anomalous+commutators.">Diatomic molecular spectroscopy with standard and anomalous commutators.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 25-43 (2010).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computation+of+AlO+emission+spectra.">Computation of AlO emission spectra.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 81, 404-411 (2011).</li><li>Hermann, J., Peronne, A., Dutouquet, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+TiO-&#947;+System+for+temperature+measurements+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Analysis of the TiO-&#947; System for temperature measurements in laser-induced plasma.</a> J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, 153-164 (2001).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+and+analysis+of+titanium+monoxide+spectra+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Measurements and analysis of titanium monoxide spectra in laser-induced plasma.</a> Opt. Lett. 37, 5139-5141 (2012).</li><li>Witte, M. J., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+and+analysis+of+carbon+Swan+spectra+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+air.">Measurement and analysis of carbon Swan spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown in air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Surmick, D. M., Parigger, C. G., Woods, A. C., Donaldson, A. B., Height, J. L., Gill, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+emission+Spectra+of+Aluminum+Monoxide+in+a+Solid+Propellant+Flame.">Analysis of emission Spectra of Aluminum Monoxide in a Solid Propellant Flame.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 2-137 (2012).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+Temperature+Inferences+Utilizing+the+TiO+A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916;+Band+in+Laser-induced+Plasma.">Time-resolved Temperature Inferences Utilizing the TiO A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916; Band in Laser-induced Plasma.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 103-111 (2012).</li></ol>

所有的作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

分辨测量协议和代表性成果的时间进一步讨论。它以同步的激光脉冲，产生10赫兹的速率，与增强线性二极管阵列和OMA（或ICCD）的50赫兹的工作频率是很重要的。此外，激光脉冲和开口的加剧线性二极管阵列（或备选ICCD）的栅极的精确的时序是至关重要的。波发生器，在本实验的原理图所示，是用于同步的激光脉冲，并加强其是通过光学多通道分析仪的线性二极管阵列的读出。脉冲发生器是用来?...

激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）技术，具有1-5原子6-12和应用等离子13-20激光辐射产生的分子生物学研究。时间分辨光谱法是测定血浆的瞬态特性是必不可少的。温度和电子密度的名称，但两个等离子参数，可以测量所提供的等离子击穿合理的理论模型是可用的。从原子和分子分离排放的自由电子辐射使我们能够准确地探索瞬态现象。通过专注于一个特定的时间窗口，人们可以“冻结”等离子体衰变，从而获得精确的光谱指纹。 LIBS有各种应用，最近在LIBS诊断的兴趣显示了一个相当大的增加，当研究人员发表在该领域的数量来衡量。皮秒和飞秒产生的微束是正在进行研究兴趣，然而，历史上的实验LIBS安排利用纳秒激光辐射。 图1显示一个典型的实验装置为激光诱导击穿光谱。此协议中，功能击穿能量为初始束为75毫焦耳的脉冲的顺序，在1064纳米的红外线波长。此脉冲能量可以根据需要进行调整。该等离子体是由光谱仪分散并具有增强的线性二极管阵列和OMA或者，成像到一个强化2维电荷耦合器件（ICCD）测定图2示出了用于时间分辨实验的时序图：脉冲同步激光辐射与读出，激光脉冲触发，激光火了，门打开延时。 成功的时间分辨光谱，需要不同的校准程序。这些程序包括波长校准，回地校正，并且最重要的是，检测器的灵敏度校正。灵敏度校正数据是用于测量和模型化的光谱的比较重要的。为增加了信号 - 噪声比，多个激光诱导击穿事件记录。

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			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Custom Box</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">UTSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">None</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Signal divider and conditioner. An oscilloscope can be used in place of this</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Four Channel Digital Delay/Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Stanford Research Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model DG535</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Tequipment, diyAudio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Four Channel Color Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TDS 3054</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 MHz - 5 GS/sec, Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">Wavetek FG3C Function Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Wavetek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FG3C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Tequipment, Stanford Research Systems, BK Precision</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
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			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Quanta-Ray</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DCR-2A(10) PS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Laser radiation, Class IV.&#160; Companies: Lambda Photometrics, Continuum, Ellipse, Newport</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Si Biased Detector</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DET10A/M</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">200-1,100 nm, with ND10A reflective filter. Companies: Canberra, Edmund Optics</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser Line Mirror, 1,064 nm</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NB1-K13</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Newport</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">1 in Fused Silica Bi-Convex Lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SBX031</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">2 in Fused Silica Plano-Convex lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPX049</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Convex lens, f/4.&#160; Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HR 640</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Newport, Horiba</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 980028</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Mega 4000</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Mega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 129709</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Computer interface for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Gateway 2000 Crystal Scan 1024 monitor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gateway</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PMV14AC</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Monitor for computer interface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">20 MHz Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BK Precision</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 2125</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 6040</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Agilent Technologies, Tektronix, Quantum Composers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 202 H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">ICCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 46113</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Standford Computer Optics, LaVision, Hamamatsu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">OMA III</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 1460</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Spectral data acquisition and analysis. Unit discontinued, replaced by software installed on computers.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement and analysis of atomic hydrogen and diatomic molecular alo, c2, cn, and tio spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown

在这项工作中，我们提出了原子和双原子光谱下激光诱导光学击穿时间分辨测量。一个典型的LIBS安排使用。这里我们采取了Nd：YAG激光器在10赫兹时的1064纳米的基波波长的频率。在14纳秒脉冲anenergy 190兆焦耳/脉冲都集中到一个50微米的光斑大小，以从光学击穿或在空气中激光烧蚀等离子体。该微束成像到0.6米光谱仪的入射狭缝，和光谱使用的是1,800条/ mm的光栅线性加剧二极管阵列和光学多道分析仪（OMA）或ICCD记录。令人感兴趣的是氢巴尔末一系列斯塔克展宽谱线来推断电子密度。我们还详细说明温度测量从铝一氧化碳（ALO）的双原子发射光谱，碳（C 2），氰（CN），和一氧化钛（二氧化钛）。 实验步骤包括瓦特avelength和灵敏度校准。所记录的分子光谱的分析，通过与表列线的长处数据的拟合来完成。此外，蒙特卡罗模拟型执行估计误差范围。时间分辨的测量是必需的瞬态等离子体中LIBS经常遇到的。

LIBS技术利用脉冲激光照射充分离子化试样，形成等离子体。的气态物质的激光诱导击穿将创建为中​​心的激发光束的焦点区域等离子体，而在固体表面上的激光烧蚀将产生样品的表面上方的等离子体。等离子体是由聚焦的光辐射100 GW / cm 2的纳秒脉冲击穿的顺序生成的。以生产激光烧蚀等离子，通常为1毛/厘米2是绰绰有余了。感应等离子体辐射由分光仪分散。只有从光学击穿具...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown at JoVE.com

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

时间分辨原子和双原子分子种类正在使用激光诱导击穿光谱测量。光谱被收集在不同的时间延迟后生成的光学击穿等离子体用的Nd：YAG激光器的辐射，并进行分析，以推断出的电子密度和温度。

测量和原子氢和双原子分子ALO，C分析<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;，CN和二氧化钛光谱承接激光诱导光学击穿

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement ...

measurement-analysis-atomic-hydrogen-diatomic-molecular-alo-c2-cn-tio

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

14.1K 次观看.  University of Tennessee Space Institute. 时间分辨原子和双原子分子种类正在使用激光诱导击穿光谱测量。光谱被收集在不同的时间延迟后生成的光学击穿等离子体用的Nd：YAG激光器的辐射，并进行分析，以推断出的电子密度和温度。 

视频: Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

钮扣电池锂离子电池的建设和测试

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

科研

工程学

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) performed on thin sections of rodent tissues: kidneys and tumor, allows the detection of inorganic elements such as (i) Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, P, and Fe, naturally present in the body and (ii) Si and Gd, detected after the injection of gadolinium-based nanoparticles. The animals were euthanized 1&#160;to 24 hr&#160;after intravenous injection of particles. A two-dimensional scan of the sample, performed using a motorized micrometric 3D-stage, allowed the infrared laser beam exploring the surface with a lateral resolution less than 100 &#956;m. Quantitative chemical images of Gd element inside the organ were obtained with sub-mM sensitivity. LIBS offers a simple and robust method to study the distribution of inorganic materials without any specific labeling. Moreover, the compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of the same biological tissue with different types of response:&#160;elemental, molecular, or cellular.

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle&#039;s Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy performed on thin organ and tumor tissue successfully detected natural elements and artificially injected gadolinium (Gd), issued from Gd-based nanoparticles. Images of chemical elements reached a resolution of 100 &#956;m and quantitative sub-mM sensitivity. The compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of a same biological tissue.

激光诱导击穿光谱：对于纳米粒子的映射和定量的器官组织的新方法

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

通过与核反应分析深度剖面的表面和界面层和颗粒材料氢含量的定量

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Laser-induced Forward Transfer of Ag Nanopaste

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of these processes such as inkjet3 and laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)4 have become increasingly popular as interest in printable electronics and maskless patterning has grown. These additive manufacturing processes are inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and well suited for rapid prototyping, when compared to more traditional semiconductor processing techniques. While most direct-write processes are confined to two-dimensional structures and cannot handle materials with high viscosity (particularly inkjet), LIFT can transcend both constraints if performed properly. Congruent transfer of three dimensional pixels (called voxels), also referred to as laser decal transfer (LDT)5-9, has recently been demonstrated with the LIFT technique using highly viscous Ag nanopastes to fabricate freestanding interconnects, complex voxel shapes, and high-aspect-ratio structures. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple yet versatile process for fabricating a variety of micro- and macroscale Ag structures. Structures include simple shapes for patterning electrical contacts, bridging and cantilever structures, high-aspect-ratio structures, and single-shot, large area transfers using a commercial digital micromirror device (DMD) chip.

We demonstrate the use of the Laser-induced forward transfer technique (LIFT) for the printing of high-viscosity Ag paste. This technique offers a simple, low temperature, robust process for non-lithographically printing microscale 2D and 3D structures.

银纳米糊膏的激光诱导正向传输

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

介电微粒的光阱装载在空气中

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

就地氢气输送基础设施用普通高分子材料的高压氢摩擦学试验

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with wafer-scale uniformity and angstrom level control of thickness, the method of atomic-layer deposition was chosen. This ALD process enables high-quality, low-temperature (&#8804;150 &#176;C) growth of ultrathin films (100-1000 &#197;) of VO2. For this demonstration, the VO2 films were grown on sapphire substrates. This low temperature growth technique produces mostly amorphous VO2 films. A subsequent anneal in an ultra-high vacuum chamber with a pressure of 7x10-4 Pa of ultra-high purity (99.999%) oxygen produced oriented, polycrystalline VO2 films. The crystallinity, phase, and strain of the VO2 were determined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, while the stoichiometry and impurity levels were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and finally the morphology was determined by atomic force microscopy. These data demonstrate the high-quality of the films grown by this technique. A model was created to fit to the data for VO2 in its metallic and insulating phases in the near infrared spectral region. The permittivity and refractive index of the ALD VO2 agreed well with the other fabrication methods in its insulating phase, but showed a difference in its metallic state. Finally, the analysis of the films&#39; optical properties enabled the creation of a wavelength- and temperature-dependent model of the complex optical refractive index for developing VO2 as a tunable refractive index material.

Thin films (100-1000 &#197;) of vanadium dioxide (VO2) were created by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) on sapphire substrates. Following this, the optical properties were characterized through the metal-insulator transition of VO2. From the measured optical properties, a model was created to describe the tunable refractive index of VO2.

二氧化钒原子层沉积与温度依赖性光学模型

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with ...

Quantitative Analysis of Vacuum Induction Melting by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves several steps, include drawing samples, cooling, cutting, transport to the laboratory, and analysis. The whole analysis process requires more than 30 minutes, which hinders on-line process control. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is an excellent on-line analysis method that can satisfy the requirements of vacuum induction melting because it is fast and noncontact and does not require sample preparation. The experimental facility uses a lamp-pumped Q-switched laser to ablate melted liquid steel with an output energy of 80 mJ, a frequency of 5 Hz, a FWHM pulse width of 20 ns, and a working wavelength of 1,064 nm. A multi-channel linear charge coupled device (CCD) spectrometer is used to measure the emission spectrum in real time, with a spectral range from 190 to 600 nm and a resolution of 0.06 nm at a wavelength of 200 nm. The protocol includes several steps: standard alloy sample preparation and an ingredient test, smelting of standard samples and determination of the laser breakdown spectrum, and construction of the elements concentration quantitative analysis curve of each element. To realize the concentration analysis of unknown samples, the spectrum of a sample also needs to be measured and disposed with the same process. The composition of all main elements in the melted alloy can be quantitatively analyzed with an internal standard method. The calibration curve shows that the limit of detection of most metal elements ranges from 20-250 ppm. The concentration of elements, such as Ti, Mo, Nb, V, and Cu, can be lower than 100 ppm, and the concentrations of Cr, Al, Co, Fe, Mn, C, and Si range from 100-200 ppm. The R2 of some calibration curves can exceed 0.94.

During vacuum induction melting, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is used to perform real-time quantitative analysis of the main-ingredient elements of a molten alloy.

激光击穿光谱对真空感应熔融的定量分析

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

纤维素纸非接触式共振腔电谱研究的方法研究

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this paper, a method of measuring mode shapes of a vibrating plate based on an optical lever method is proposed. Three circular acrylic plates were employed in the measurement under different center harmonic excitations. Different from a traditional method, only an ordinary laser pen and a light screen made of ground glass are employed in this novel approach. The approach is as follows: the laser pen projects a beam to the vibrating plate perpendicularly, and then the beam is reflected to the light screen in the distance, on which a line segment made of the reflected spot is formed. Due to the principle of vision persistence, the light spot could be read as a bright straight line. The relationship between the slope of the mode shape, length of the light spot and the distance of the vibrating plate and the light screen can be obtained with algebraic operations. Then the mode shape can be determined by integrating the slope distribution with suitable boundary conditions. The full-field mode shapes of Chladni plate could also be determined further in such a simple way.

A simple method of measuring the Chladni mode shape on an elastic plate by the principle of an optical lever is proposed.

使用光学杠杆方法测量克拉德尼模式形状

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this ...