这项工作是由德意志研究联合会资助项目（AF:379-8/1; 379-10/1，379-11/1和DFG-EXC-257，UL:423/1-1），该Bundesministerium皮毛教化UND Forschung（自动对焦:FKZ0315673A和01GY1144;自动对焦和MM:01EO0801），德意志学术交流中心（AF:DAAD-54391829），GO8澳大利亚 - 德国联合研究合作计划（DC:2011001430），在Else-克朗费森尤斯基金会（自动对焦:2009-141; RL:2011-119）和澳大利亚研究理事会（DC:ARC FT100100976，MM:ARC FT120100608）。我们感谢凯特Riggall的编辑协助。

1，禁忌和特殊注意事项<ol><li>彻底筛选参与者MRI检查禁忌症（ 如心脏起搏器，幽闭恐惧症， 等等 ），并排除如果必要的。收购标准问卷在那工作核磁共振成像扫描仪的临床或科研机构。总是进入扫描仪的房间时，切记遵守标准的安全程序。 </li><li>彻底筛选参与者禁忌TDCS的。这些可能重叠与禁忌MRI检查。举一个例子见VILLAMAR 等[20]。 </li><li>请咨询当地的有关安全和伦理规范经营设施，并获得必要的权限。测试由刺激电流或TDCS的设备开始实际实验（ 例如，通过检测在信号与噪声的比值17，18 TDCS的影响）的前诱发电位成像伪影。 </li></ol> 2，FMRI设置，实验设计和材料注:核磁共振成像扫描仪内使用TDCS的，需要特殊的设备。特别是，具体的MRI兼容的电缆，过滤器箱，电极和肩带电极附着到受试者的头部是必需的。 图2示出了（A）的标准TDCS的设备和（B）成分与MRI用。后者元件是必要的，以防止加热引起的磁共振成像过程中发出的射频脉冲，在电极下的可能性。此外，高频成像伪影可能由TDCS的设备来诱导。既可以通过使用位于外侧，并且扫描仪的房间的内部过滤器箱，配有电阻器和专用的MRI兼容的导电橡胶电极的电缆来防止。 <ol><li>在功能磁共振成像实验中执行一般的实验装置和序列。既取决于研究的目的。注意:下面的协议是speciFIC到该实验中，但也可以修改，以适用于多种不同的实验条件。 </li><li>使用桌上型电脑与刺激呈现软件安装，涉及扫描仪内部的语义类别的视觉呈现语言任务。通过连接到计算机和反射镜的系统的投影呈现在扫描仪内部的屏幕上这些刺激。 </li><li>使用核磁共振成像兼容麦克风公开的口头回应的传输。收购期间TDCS的两个功能序列:一个五分钟的任务缺席的RS-序列和显性语义词的生成任务。注:在实验装置的其他详细信息，功能磁共振成像序列和刺激先前已详细14,15描述和图1示出了实验。 </li><li>成立TDCS的设备，程序装置提供的1 mA为20分钟的恒定直流电流以覆盖两个功能扫描的整个持续时间秒，其中包括短暂的休息和时间在扫描14，15之间的指令。确保确定刺激电量充足;否则可能在实验过程中关闭。 </li><li>确保所有必要的材料可供选择（ 图2）。 </li></ol> 3，TDCS的设置外部和内部的扫描仪（ 见图3为示意图） <ol><li>放置外过滤箱附近的射频滤波器（RF）的管子（ 即穿透点在MRI扫描仪，它可以用来从扫描器的外面插入电缆的射频屏蔽）。刺激器连接使用刺激电缆的外包装盒。内，外滤框不能混淆。注意: 图4A示出了扫描仪的外TDCS的设置。外包装盒都标明在图4B。 </li><li>测量连接客栈所需的电缆长度呃使用电缆盒外箱（见有关电缆的扫描仪室内定位下一个点）。插入盒连接线插入射频管从扫描仪的外部并与外滤框（ 图4A）。 </li><li>将内部滤盒扫描器孔（ 图5）的后端内;用胶带将其固定到位。接箱电缆与内部滤盒，避免任何电缆回路，因为这些可能诱发射频加热。注意:该电缆应与扫描仪的房间的墙壁对齐并附着有粘接带（ 图3）。 </li></ol> 4，参加者准备参加在扫描仪和定位 <ol><li>与传统的TDCS的调校，检查参与者的任何预先存在的病变皮肤，移动发走，清洁皮肤用酒精清除发胶，润肤露等 。改善皮肤电导电极12下方，&lt;燮&gt; 21。 </li><li>泡海绵口袋生理盐水和插入的MRI兼容的电极插入口袋（见DASILVA 21的参与者准备和电极定位的一般注意事项）。 </li><li>在使用笔不留任何痕迹铁磁（ 例如，不要用眼线笔）受测者头部标记电 ​​极位置。确定目标位置，使用10-20脑电图系统阳极（这里:左IFG，5×7厘米2）14，15。要做到这一点，找到T3-F3（一）路口和F7-C3及（b）F7-F3之间的中点。目标位置是在一条线的连接点（a）和（b）的。地方阴极（10×10 平方厘米）在右眶上位置（电极位置的详情，请参阅Meinzer 等 14，15）。连接电极头使用橡皮筋。 </li><li>引导扫描仪后面的参与者，并与内FILT连接电极电缆呃框。同时按刺激器的右上角和左下角的按钮开启刺激器和测试阻抗。如果阻抗达到限制，那么刺激器会自动停止。如果发生这种情况，请检查电极是否与头皮接触，清洁皮肤或再次申请更多的生理盐水，如果海绵已经变得太干，然后检查是否有电缆断线。注:阻抗通常较高相对于传统的调校，因为刺激和电极之间的额外电缆和滤盒。 </li><li>引导学员进入扫描仪的房间（在最后的安全检查）。放置在扫描仪上扫描架的参与者，并确保电极仍处于正确的位置。关闭头线圈。电极电缆应通过磁头线圈的左下部分或根据制造商的建议来供给（参见图6）。 </li><li>移动参与者进入扫描仪孔。确保电缆做上课不捉对龙门和突破（ 见图6电缆在这个阶段可能的安全位置）。当参与者已经达到扫描仪内的最终位置时，达到对电极电缆从扫描器的后端，并将其连接到内部过滤器箱。交出紧急按钮，参与者和离开扫描室。 </li></ol> 5，启动刺激 <ol><li>使用扫描仪对讲机通知参加者有关扫描会话的开始。启动结构性航向扫描（以确定参与者在扫描仪的头部位置并允许随后的功能和结构的扫描计划）采用扫描控制台。检查高频文物定位器扫描:收购期结束后航向扫描双击并按住鼠标右键并移动鼠标左，右调整对比度（西门子三重奏，例如参见图7A和图7B）。 </li><li>使用扫描仪对讲机沟通，该刺激将展开的主题，他/她可能会觉得头皮上的刺痛感很短的时间。重复说明先扫描功能。在这个例子中，指示参与者保持封闭扫描（5分钟）的时间眼中，移动尽可能少，想想没什么特别的。确保投影机处于关闭状态（扫描仪孔内屏幕是黑的），以避免在RS-扫描视觉刺激。 </li><li>启动刺激手动的第一功能的扫描（RS-扫描）的开始前约1-2分钟。使用电脑灯控制台加载RS-序列。 （FOV）视场中双击RS-序列打开，调整位置，以覆盖整个大脑，并与前后合缝对齐左右。开始第一次扫描（使用开始扫描按钮）。 </li><li>监测阻抗在整个实验。注意:如果EXPeriment是在一个双盲方式（参与者和研究者失明的刺激）进行，第二研究者可能需要监测阻抗。 </li><li>而在RS-序列被运行时，加载第二功能成像序列（用于后续任务语言），并调整视场，使用扫描器控制台上，以减少在扫描之间所需要的时间。对RS-序列结束后，打开投影机，以允许试验性刺激过程中的语言任务视觉显示。双击演示软件的图标并加载语言范式。使用扫描仪对讲重复指令与任务相关功能磁共振成像模式，并开始与任务14，15。 </li><li>刺激/功能磁共振成像实验结束后，继续与计划结构的扫描。请勿断开电极电缆，直到扫描会话结束。 </li><li>在实验结束时，从内滤盒移动参与者之前断开电极电缆扫描器孔。从扫描仪中删除参与者，分离头线圈，并要求参与者坐起来，并小心地取出电极。 </li></ol>

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<li>Floel, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Short-term+anomia+training+and+electrical+brain+stimulation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Stroke%22%5BJournal%5D)">Short-term anomia training and electrical brain stimulation.</a> Stroke. 42, 2065-2067 (2011).</li>
<li>Baker, J. M., Rorden, C., Fridriksson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Using+transcranial+direct-current+stimulation+to+treat+stroke+patients+with+aphasia%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Stroke%22%5BJournal%5D)">Using transcranial direct-current stimulation to treat stroke patients with aphasia.</a> Stroke. 41, 1229-1236 (2010).</li>
</ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

TDCS的同时用功能磁共振成像的联合应用表现出的潜力为阐明的整个大脑的刺激与高空间分辨率13-19的直接影响的神经基础。在未来，这样的研究可以通过组合脑电图TDCS的研究进行补充，以利用后者的技术的优越的时间分辨率。此外，intrascanner刺激使头皮上的验证电极的正确定位的（ 例如使用T-加权图像，参见图10）。这可以帮助减少在实验研究中不必要的差异是由于?...

经颅直流电刺激（TDCS的）是脑刺激的非侵入性方法，其中皮质功能是由两个头皮固定电极之间伸出的弱电流（通常为1-2毫安）来调制。生理上，TDCS的诱导目标皮质区域内通过的钠和钙通道的操纵极性依赖性转变神经元静息膜电位（RMP），从而促进改变大脑皮质的兴奋性1。具体地，正极的刺激（atDCS）已被证明通过神经RMP的去极化增加皮质活动，而阴极刺激（ctDCS）降低皮质兴奋2。相对于其他类型的脑刺激（ 如经颅磁刺激）安全性已经确立，因此至今没有严重的副作用，甚至在弱势群体3，4报道。还有，至少对于罗WER刺激强度（高达1 mA），一个有效的安慰剂（"假"）的刺激条件存在5，让参与者和研究者的有效致盲的刺激条件下，使TDCS的实验和临床研究设置一个有吸引力的工具。 许多研究迄今已经表明，这些变化在皮层的兴奋性，可能导致行为上的调制。在电机系统，一致的极性依赖性作用已报道1,6两个atDCS和ctDCS。在认知研究中，大多数研究认为采用atDCS提高认知功能上的报道7性能的有利影响，而ctDCS往往没有造成损害认知加工。后者可以通过相关的认知6神经处理资源的更大的冗余解释。多数TDCS的研究都采用交叉设计研究刺激的直接影响，而经久的电流仅持续1短周期的终止。然而，有人认为，反复对蛋白质合成的刺激影响， 即神经机制基本技能的获得8。事实上，运动或认知训练成功时，可能会反复TDCS的会话和这些改进长期稳定性已报告持续长达数月的健康成人8-10相结合得到增强。这些发现也引发了兴趣，在临床背景和初步数据使用TDCS的的建议，也可能是在各种临床人口3主要或辅助治疗的方法是有用的。然而，当相对大量的研究，在电机系统解决TDCS的神经生理学作用，鲜为人知的是对健康和疾病的认知脑功能TDCS的影响相关的神经机制。更好地了解TDCS的作用的模式是一个必要的前提TDCS的在研究和临床设置更有针对性的应用。 这个问题可以通过结合TDCS的与像脑电图（EEG）或功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）功能性脑成像技术来解决。大多数研究调查相关的认知和运动功能的神经机制已选择采用功能磁共振成像11。特别地，功能磁共振成像是使用最广泛的脑成像技术来调查相关的认知和运动功能11的神经机制。此外，当与TDCS的并发应用程序相结合，功能性磁振造影检查可基本行为TDCS的效果与整个大脑更高的空间分辨率相比，脑电图的神经机制（近期联合TDCS的脑电图的说明，请参阅Schestatsky 等。12）。本手稿描述日TDCS的过程中同时进行功能磁共振成像É联合使用。这种新颖的技术已经被成功地用于研究相关 ​​的运动和认知功能13-19 TDCS的诱导调制的神经机制。在未来，这一合并协议将产生新的见解的健康和疾病TDCS的作用机制。了解TDCS的对大型神经网络的影响为评估这种技术可能会奠定了基础研究和临床的设置更有针对性的应用TDCS的的。 这份手稿将集中于行为TDCS的实验和TDCS的过程中同时进行功能磁共振成像的结合使用之间的差异，与特定的重点放在硬件要求，实现技术，以及安全方面的考虑。作为一个例子，在任务没有静息状态（RS）和功能磁共振成像在语言任务14，15瓦特给予左额下回（IFG）TDCS的单个会话病进行描述，但许多其它应用是可能的16，19。实验设计，参与者的特征和功能磁共振成像数据分析程序的详情，已详列于原出版物14,15描述，并超出了本手稿的范围。此外，在这些研究中，一个额外的功能磁共振成像扫描，涉及假TDCS的收购和比较atDCS会议的成果（见"代表性成果"一节）。本次会议是相同的，在目前的手稿中描述的，不同之处在于刺激被中断的扫描工作阶段（ 见图1节）开始之前。本程序已经成功实施在3特斯拉西门子三重奏核磁 ​​共振成像扫描仪在柏林中心的高级成像（蒂大学医学院，德国柏林），并原则上应适用于其他扫描仪，以及13。

<table><tbody><tr><td>DC-Stimulator Plus</td><td>NeuroConn, Illmenau, Germany</td><td>21</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hardware extension DC-Stimulator MR (2 MRI compatible rubber electrodes, electrode and box cable and inner filter box; outer filter box and stimulator cable)</td><td>NeuroConn, Illmenau, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 Sponge pads for rubber electrodes (7 cm x 5 cm and 10 cm x 10 cm)</td><td>NeuroConn, Illmenau, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rubber head band</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl solution</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Measurement tape</td><td></td><td></td><td>To determine electrode position using the EEG 10-20 system</td></tr><tr><td>Pen</td><td></td><td></td><td>Used during electrode positioning</td></tr></tbody></table>

transcranial direct current stimulation and simultaneous  functional magnetic resonance imaging

经颅直流电刺激（TDCS的）是使用施用于头皮操纵皮质兴奋性弱的电流，因此，行为和脑功能的非侵入性脑刺激技术。在过去十年中，大量的研究已经解决了TDCS的关于在运动和认知任务的行为表现不同的措施短期和长期影响，无论是在健康个体，并在许多不同的患者人群。到目前为止，然而，很少有人知道的TDCS的作用在人类对于大规模的大脑网络的神经基础。这个问题可以通过结合TDCS的与像功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）或脑电图（EEG），脑功能成像技术来解决。 特别地，功能磁共振成像是使用最广泛的脑成像技术来调查相关的认知和运动功能的神经机制。 APPLICATI在功能磁共振成像在TDCS的允许相关行为TDCS的效果与整个大脑的高空间分辨率的神经机制的分析。使用这种技术最近的研究确定了在现场的刺激与任务相关的脑功能活动，也是在更遥远的大脑区域的刺激引起的变化，这与行为的改善有关。此外，在静息状态功能磁共振管理TDCS的可识别的全脑功能连接广泛的变化。 使用此协议相结合今后的研究应该产生新的见解的健康和疾病，并用于研究和临床设置更有针对性的应用TDCS的新的选择TDCS的作用机制。本稿件描述了这一新技术在一步一步的时尚，侧重于功能性磁振造影过程中给予TDCS的技术方面。

功能性磁共振成像是使用最广泛的功能性成像技术来解决的运动或认知功能相关的神经机制。最近，磁共振成像也被用来评估对皮质活性和连通TDCS的影响。然而，这些研究大多给予TDCS的扫描仪之外，并评估了刺激离线效应（ 即 ，扫描前22，23投TDCS的）。只有少数的研究，到目前为止已经在同时fMRI的管理TDCS的，使用不同的血氧水平依赖对比（BOLD）14-17，24或灌注成像序列<s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

经颅直流电刺激（TDCS的）是一种无创性脑刺激技术。它已经成功地被用于基础研究和临床设置，以调节在人类大脑功能。本文介绍了TDCS的实施和同步功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术，探讨TDCS的影响的神经基础。

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

transcranial-direct-current-stimulation-simultaneous-functional

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

21.7K 次观看.  University of Queensland. 经颅直流电刺激（TDCS的）是一种无创性脑刺激技术。它已经成功地被用于基础研究和临床设置，以调节在人类大脑功能。本文介绍了TDCS的实施和同步功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术，探讨TDCS的影响的神经基础。 

视频: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

科研

行为学

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

结合经颅磁刺激和功能磁共振成像检查默认模式网络

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

神经科学

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. This protocol describes different brain stimulation approaches for modulation of the human motor system.

非侵入电脑刺激蒙太奇的人体运动功能的调节

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, ...

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs frequency-specific stimulation of the human brain through current applied to the scalp with surface electrodes. Most current knowledge of the technique is based on behavioral studies; thus, combining the method with brain imaging holds potential to better understand the mechanisms of tACS. Because of electrical and susceptibility artifacts, combining tACS with brain imaging can be challenging, however, one brain imaging technique that is well suited to be applied simultaneously with tACS is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In our lab, we have successfully combined tACS with simultaneous fMRI measurements to show that tACS effects are state, current, and frequency dependent, and that modulation of brain activity is not limited to the area directly below the electrodes. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with visual task fMRI studies, which can lend to understanding oscillatory brain function as well as the effects of tACS on the brain.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations, though its effects are not completely understood. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can increase understanding oscillatory brain function and effects of tACS.

同时经颅交替电流刺激和功能磁共振成像

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

磁共振波谱的用途，用于对初级运动皮层新陈代谢双半球经颅电刺激效果的测量工具一

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in humans is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Less frequently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) or transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range, is used. The increase of noninvasive electrical brain stimulation research in humans, both for experimental and clinical purposes, has yielded an increased need for basic, mechanistic, safety studies in animals. This article describes a model for transcranial electrical brain stimulation (tES) through the intact skull targeting the motor system in alert rodents. The protocol provides step-by-step instructions for the surgical set-up of a permanent epicranial electrode socket combined with an implanted counter electrode on the chest. By placing a stimulation electrode into the epicranial socket, different electrical stimulation types, comparable to tDCS, tACS, and tRNS in humans, can be delivered. Moreover, the practical steps for tES in alert rodents are introduced. The applied current density, stimulation duration, and stimulation type may be chosen depending on the experimental needs. The caveats, advantages, and disadvantages of this set-up are discussed, as well as safety and tolerability aspects.

This protocol describes a surgical set-up for a permanent epicranial electrode socket and an implanted chest electrode in rodents. By placing a second electrode into the socket, different types of transcranial electrical brain stimulation can be delivered to the motor system in alert animals through the intact skull.

警惕啮齿动物的经颅电脑刺激

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

侧前额叶皮质联合经颅磁刺激与脑电图的研究

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, causal evidence of brain area activation leading to a behavior is often left missing. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which can temporarily alter brain cortical excitability and activity, is a noninvasive neurophysiological tool used to study causal relationships in the human brain. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that produces a more focal current compared to conventional tDCS. Traditionally, the stimulation location has been roughly determined through the 10-20 EEG system, because determining precise stimulation points can be difficult. This protocol uses a 3D digitizer with HD-tDCS to increase accuracy in determination of stimulation points. The method is demonstrated using a 3D digitizer for more accurate localization of stimulation points in the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ).

Presented here is a protocol to achieve higher accuracy in determination of stimulation location combining a 3D digitizer with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation.

使用具有高清晰度颅内直接电流刺激的 3D 数字化仪确定刺激位置

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, ...

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has provided important insights into fundamental processes of the brain like cognition, learning, and motor control. However, this approach cannot provide causal evidence for the involvement of brain areas of interest. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful, noninvasive tool for studying the human brain that can overcome this limitation by transiently modifying brain activity. Here, we highlight recent advances using a paired-pulse, dual-site TMS method with two coils that causally probes cortico-cortical interactions in the human motor system during different task contexts. Additionally, we describe a dual-site TMS protocol based on cortical paired associative stimulation (cPAS) that transiently enhances synaptic efficiency in two interconnected brain areas by applying repeated pairs of cortical stimuli with two coils. These methods can provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive-motor function as well as a new perspective on manipulating specific neural pathways in a targeted fashion to modulate brain circuits and improve behavior. This approach may prove to be an effective tool to develop more sophisticated models of brain-behavior relations and improve diagnosis and treatment of many neurological and psychiatric disorders.

This article describes new approaches to measure and strengthen functionally specific neural pathways with transcranial magnetic stimulation. These advanced noninvasive brain stimulation methodologies can provide new opportunities for the understanding of brain-behavior relations and development of new therapies to treat brain disorders.

利用颅内磁刺激测量和操纵人体运动系统中功能特定的神经通路

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>神经导航 tDCS 提高 fMRI 研究中电极放置的准确性

Neuronavigated Focalized Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Administered During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that allows the modulation of the excitability and plasticity of the human brain. Focalized tDCS setups use specific electrode arrangements to constrain the current flow to circumscribed brain regions. However, the effectiveness of focalized tDCS can be compromised by electrode positioning errors on the scalp, resulting in significant reductions of the current dose reaching the target brain regions for tDCS. Electrode placement guided by neuronavigation based on the individual&#39;s head and brain anatomy derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data may be suited to improve positioning accuracy.
This protocol describes the method of neuronavigated electrode placement for a focalized tDCS setup, which is suitable for concurrent administration during functional MRI (fMRI). We also quantify the accuracy of electrode placement and investigate electrode drift in a concurrent tDCS-fMRI experiment. Critical steps involve the optimization of electrode positions based on current modeling that considers the individual&#39;s head and brain anatomy, the implementation of neuronavigated electrode placement on the scalp, and the administration of optimized and focal tDCS during fMRI.
The regional precision of electrode placement is quantified using the Euclidean norm (L2&#160;Norm) to determine deviations of the actual from the intended electrode positions during a concurrent tDCS-fMRI study. Any potential displacement of electrodes (drift) during the experiment is investigated by comparing actual electrode positions before and after the fMRI acquisition. In addition, we directly compare the placement accuracy of neuronavigated tDCS to that achieved by a scalp-based targeting approach (a 10-20 Electroencephalography (EEG) system). These analyses demonstrate superior placement accuracy for neuronavigation compared to scalp-based electrode placement and negligible electrode drift across a 20 min scanning period.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>在功能磁共振成像期间进行神经导航聚焦经颅直流电刺激

This protocol describes the method of neuronavigated electrode placement for focal, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) administered during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

在功能磁共振成像期间进行神经导航聚焦经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that allows the modulation of the excitability and plasticity ...