通讯作者要感谢科技国家科学技术委员会的墨西哥政府的全国委员会为提供奖学金。

注意:下面的说明适用于协议A（ 图1）。修改为协议B，C和D被列出。 1.铝棒准备<ol><li>将一大块 - 商业纯度铝锭（500克1-千克）放在坩埚。 </li><li>将坩埚置于一炉中，在800℃进行约1小时，直至熔融。 </li><li>取坩埚从炉和熔融铝倒入圆柱形模具中为50毫米的直径，比腔室的最终直径稍小用于浸润英寸（51毫米），得到的约半毫米的间隙。 </li><li>等待1小时了吧降温。 </li><li>取下模具吧。 </li><li>用带锯，切成4相同大小的块。 </li><li>砂每片的边缘，以确保良好的配合在浸润模具中。 </li></ol> 2.炉准备<ol><li>计划炉达到740＆＃176;Ç高原至少2小时。 </li><li>设置在炉的加热速率20℃/分。 </li></ol> 3.瓶坯准备注:根据在泡沫旨在用于的高度，变化到用于浸润百克和300克之间的氯化钠的量。 <ol><li>选择渗透的NaCl来使用，与对应于所要求的孔尺寸范围内的直径（例如在1.4毫米和1.7毫米一个范围）。该材料可从化学品供应商中的高纯度获得，或超市购买食盐可以使用（这样的材料将具有添加剂如碘和抗结块剂，但这些并不在实践影响的过程中，以一显著程度）。 </li><li>选择一个适当的尺寸范围的筛子和栈上在底部较小开口尺寸的基容器。 </li><li>从供应商的袋子氯化钠，需要约500克，在堆叠的筛子倒。 </li><li>搅动筛子手动或使用摇筛机，1分钟任。 </li><li>丢弃氯化钠留在较大的光圈大小筛和底容器中，氯化钠留在小孔径筛用于浸润。 </li><li>权衡浸润的NaCl获得的量。 </li><li>如果该量不足，重复步骤3.4至3.7。 注:对于协议B，C或D，得到100g精致的NaCl（&lt;500微米）。这会在模具中的空气渗透的情况下，空气中的预型体不会逃脱室充分期间截留在预型件的额外空间。 </li></ol> 4.模具准备: <ol><li>使用砂纸和实验室纸辊，清洁所述模筒（ 图2），同时特别考虑为顶部和底部边缘，并保持在模具自由的从先前使用的任何明显的杂质。 </li><li>喷洒在模具缸氮化硼气溶胶喷雾的内部，产生一个薄涂层覆盖模具的内部。 注意:这是当模具的原始颜色替换为喷雾的白色层实现;没有必要测量其特定的浓度。 </li><li>让模具气缸干燥在RT至少5分钟（加热至约100℃达1小时，可以适用于进一步的干燥如果需要的话）。 </li><li>用细砂纸，从模具气缸的边缘除去氮化硼的任何残基，以提高模具缸和模具基座之间的密封。 注:接下来的3个步骤是协议甲乙;对于协议C和D砍只有一个密封圈的盖子。 </li><li>切从1mm厚的石墨片2垫圈环（外径= 60毫米，ID = 51mm）的，一个用于模具气缸的顶部边缘和模具盖导致到阀系统之间的结合，另一种为联合模具气缸的底部边缘与所述模具基体之间。 </li><li>放置在模具基座槽的垫片中的一个。 </li><li>将博特嗡模具气缸与所述密封垫的槽的。 </li><li>用在模具气缸的顶部的槌轻轻敲击来固定底部到基座槽。 注:对于方案B，C或D，添加以下的步骤。 <ol><li>倒入100克细的NaCl（&lt;500微米）的入模筒和扁平的顶部，一个未切割的铝棒与槌敲击它的顶部轻轻以确保优良的NaCl被打包到一个高密度。 注:对于协议ð添加下面的步骤。 </li><li>切2圈软厚2​​毫米的陶瓷高维的咧模具直径英寸（51毫米）的大小，并将其放置在精致的NaCl的顶部，使用未切割的铝条和槌按他们对精氯化钠。 </li></ol></li><li>倒入氯化钠待渗透到模具气缸。 注:对于协议ð添加下面的步骤。 <ol><li>附着在模具和基座到振动台，确保模具气缸不从基座槽移动。颤动在50赫兹与0.01米振幅1分钟。 </li></ol></li><li>保持在适当位置的圆筒的顶部，拿起基和摇动轻轻直到氯化钠内的模具形成一平的表面在顶部。 </li><li>放置在预型体的NaCl的顶部制备的铝条。 </li><li>放置石墨垫圈在模具盖的槽。 </li><li>用手拧4不锈钢螺柱到基底，并用扳手固定它们与4台不锈钢螺母和垫圈在基部的顶部，并放置在模具气缸的顶部的模盖通过螺栓。 </li><li>用扭矩扳手设定在16 N·m的，螺杆的4套钢螺母和垫圈的上拧入底座并穿过盖，其中所述螺母拧紧锁定模具盖子就位向上延伸的4个螺纹杆。 </li><li>附加盖的顶部到阀系统与垫圈，夹钳，螺栓和蝶形螺母。 </li><li>关闭该系统的所有的阀门。 </li><li>打开阀门导致T他真空泵和所述模具（阀3）。 </li><li>开启真空泵上直到阀系统的千分表表示可能的最低压力。 </li><li>关掉真空泵。 </li><li>如果真空系统中的损失比关停真空泵密封后的第一个10秒的速率在50乇/秒下为浸润足够好的。 </li><li>离开该盖阀门打开（阀3），以保持系统在环境压力和关闭真空泵阀（阀1）。 </li><li>未经分离的阀系统，放置在预热炉中的模具，并等待1小时。 </li></ol> 5.渗透<ol><li>关闭系统（ 图3）的所有的阀门。 </li><li>打开阀通向氩气缸（阀2）。 </li><li>打开在氩气箱中的主阀和设置在调节器阀的渗透压力（对于范围为1.4mm至1.7毫米NaCl粒子大小，使用3.5巴的压力）。 注:对于方案B，3巴的渗透压力被使用。使用1条为协议C和D.压力</li><li>在迅速的方式，打开盖子阀（阀3）。 </li><li> 1分钟后，从炉中取出模具，并放置在一个冷却的表面（在此情况下的铜块）的顶部。 注:在冷却，在该系统中的压力将发生变化。前5分钟，此过程中，密切注意由调节所指示的压力，并在必要时调整回渗透压力。 </li></ol> 6.样品提取<ol><li> 30分钟后，当模具是足够冷却，以处理与抗光热手套后，分离阀系统，并放置在模具基座上的工作台台钳。从气缸的顶部拧开盖子。 </li><li>与盖脱落，轻轻敲击模具圆筒的顶部，在一个垂直方向上的台钳的把手木槌松开从基座槽模筒。 </li><l我&gt;从老虎钳取出模座，并放置在模具缸台钳抓地力。 </li><li>与槌敲击在样品的顶部，其余的铝来推出模具缸。 </li><li>用带锯，切泡沫样品的底部，除去剩余的铝。 </li><li>根据所需泡沫的高度，其中，切割所需的，接近样品的顶部。 </li><li>将渗透的泡沫与水的烧杯中，并在搅拌下加热板上以溶解氯化钠预型磁性搅拌棒。 </li><li>设置的热板的温度升高到60℃。换水每隔10分钟，直到没有盐留在泡沫。 注:为了确保没有盐留在泡沫，大约换水10次。另外，也可以短暂的干燥阶段后，使样品重量的定期检查。当此不再进一步浸没显著变化，氯化钠，必须完全除去。 </li><li>最后用电动空气干燥器除去所有残留在泡沫中的水。该泡沫体样品已准备就绪。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

这里所描述的基本方法已经被用于在不同的形式由其他研究人员。一些关键的变体允许创建不同类型的泡沫进行了讨论。在表征这些泡沫我们测量孔隙率，因为这是一个快速简便的评估的其他结构特征，如孔径大小，比表面积或支柱的厚度可能需要获得的泡沫特性有充分的认识作出的，但表征对于不同的应用程序。在实践中，用于生产泡沫塑料通过复制的，孔径是良好控制的氯化钠的粒径使用，?...

A journal reference was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52268">Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity</a>. Reference 21 and 22 were originally merged together as one reference. They have been separated into references 21 and 22 in the article. The reference numbers have been updated in the article to reflect this additional reference citation. It has been updated from:
<ol start="21"><li>LeMay, J.D., Hopper, R.W., Hrubesh, L.W., &#38; Pekala, R.W. Low-Density Microcellular Materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19&#8211;20 (1990).Seliger, H., &#38; Deuther U. Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium. Feiburger Forschungshefte. 103&#8211;129 (1965).</li></ol>
to:
<ol start="21"><li>LeMay, J.D., Hopper, R.W., Hrubesh, L.W., &#38; Pekala, R.W. Low-Density Microcellular Materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19&#8211;20 (1990).</li>
<li>Seliger, H., &#38; Deuther U. Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium. Feiburger Forschungshefte. 103&#8211;129 (1965).</li></ol>

Erratum: Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

金属泡沫体已经吸引了大量的关注和努力研究，近年来，如图由大体工作的引用范围广泛的综述文章，如Banhart 1，孔德等 2个或更多最近古德尔和莫滕森3。在用于生产所述材料的方法中，在复制过程是通过它的实验的简单性和控制权，可以提供的最终泡沫结构的程度区分。应当指出的是，虽然在文献中这样的材料通常被描述为泡沫（和在此），因为它们不是由气体的气泡产生内的液体它们更恰当地称为多孔金属或微孔金属。 复制过程的第一份报告是在60年代初4，它已得到了进一步的发展，在从那以后的不同阶段，由研究小组莫滕森的显着进展，在巴黎高等利达hnique洛桑联邦在瑞士。 该过程依赖于金属的周围颗粒的预型件，它定义在最终材料中的孔隙的形状的铸件2,5。冷却后的预成型件可通过溶剂浸出或热解被除去，导致氧化。一种流行的使用这种技术利用的NaCl作为空间保持器，以产生铝5-10或铝合金泡沫11-14。氯化钠有几个优点，例如是容易获得的，无毒，可从该泡沫通过溶解在水中除去。由具有801℃的熔点，它可以使用具有熔点低于此值时，最常用的铝低的金属可以使用，但实施例也存在使用的材料，如金属玻璃，通过加湿的混合液体钯基大块金属玻璃合金和NaCl颗粒15。所述的NaCl替代具有较高熔点的材料也允许在production从较高熔点的金属16的泡沫。这可能包括其他水溶性材料，或不溶性的人包括不同类型的沙子。在这种形式的过程变得更象普通的砂型铸造，以去除沙，高压水射流17,18或不同形式的洗涤19或搅动20顷必需的。 的基本过程21前进通过取晶粒NaCl和将它们放置在一个模具4，22，23，其基本方法已经用于制造铝及铝合金泡沫24-26为广泛的泡沫行为的调查。额外的步骤已被引入，以进一步控制密度和增加的孔的互联;这些包括预成型体的致密化。致密的预成形件，烧结已使用27，28和13自已用于在不同的实验中，用的烧结行为氯化钠基于由古德尔等 29中所述的温度，颗粒大小和密度。用于此目的的另一种方法是冷等静压（CIP），5，30;这是一个快的技术，可以实现相当的密度较大的光谱。该过程也可在固态与金属粉末和NaCl颗粒进行，然后有时被称为烧结和溶解过程31。 使用复制技术更新，并与其他技术比较的完整的调查给出了古道尔和莫滕森3。 在这项工作中，我们报告了详细的设备和已用于金属泡沫体的处理由复制方法，该方法的实验方案都比较容易在一个研究实验室的设置来实现。重要的是要认识到其他版本的设备是很重要的，与在其他研究克存在不同的功能roups，并且，虽然这里介绍的设备适用于处理该材料，它不是唯一的版本或协议，可以进行工作。在任何情况下，彻底了解任何特定方法是用于实验的成功至关重要。 所使用的确切协议详述如下。该协议变形（A，B，C和D）在它们之间具有小的变化，主要是为了改变所产生的泡沫体的密度。孔隙率已经计算从散装重量的样品，它们的体积和铝的密度测量（2.7克/厘米3）。在显影铝泡沫塑料生产由复制所描述的方法，已经尝试减少先进设备的数量，以最小可能的程度上，使得该方法是容易实现成为可能。可以在不同的阶段可以使用其它变型将在稍后讨论。

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casting protocols for the production of open cell aluminum foams by the replication technique and the effect on porosity

金属泡沫是从两个基本理解和实际应用的角度来看感兴趣的材料。用途已被提出，并在许多情况下实验验证，对于轻重量或冲击能量吸收结构中，作为高表面积的换热器或电极，如植入到体内，等等。尽管很大的进步已取得理解它们的结构，性能的关系，大量不同的处理技术，各有不同的特点和结构，生产材料，意味着结构的各个方面的个人的影响的理解是不完整的。在复制过程中，在那里熔融金属颗粒可移除预成型件材料之间渗透，允许控制的一个显着高的程度，并已被使用，效果良好澄清一些这些关系。然而，该方法具有许多步骤，这取决于个人"诀窍"，并本文的目的是提供1该处理方法的实施例的各个阶段的详细描述，使用的材料和设备，这将是相对容易设置在一个研究环境。这个协议及其变体的目标是生产金属泡沫以有效和简单的方法，使通过修改过程中的某些步骤，以调节样品的结果的可能性。按照此，开孔泡沫铝与1-2.36毫米直径和61％至77％的孔隙率的孔尺寸可制得。

在图4中的NaCl颗粒的形态可以看出（角和球形），为了说明的目的。与协议A得到的泡沫用方型谷物制成，其余则用球形颗粒制成。结果发现，使用不同的形状的NaCl颗粒对样品中所获得的孔隙度无作用。 从结果中，我们可以判断样品的a，b，和c（与协议A制备），是平均为63％的多孔（ 图5），从它们的散装重量和体积来确定。通过改变的技术中，例如?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity at JoVE.com

Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

铸造协议的开孔泡沫铝通过复制技术的生产和孔隙率的影响

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many ...

casting-protocols-for-production-open-cell-aluminum-foams-replication

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Engineering

14.5K 次观看.  The University of Sheffield. Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

视频: Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials offering a superior control over the spatial distribution of charge carriers across material interfaces. As this study demonstrates, a combination of donor-acceptor nanocrystal (NC) domains in a single nanoparticle can lead to the realization of efficient photocatalytic1-5 materials, while a layered assembly of donor- and acceptor-like nanocrystals films gives rise to photovoltaic materials.
Initially the paper focuses on the synthesis of composite inorganic nanocrystals, comprising linearly stacked ZnSe, CdS, and Pt domains, which jointly promote photoinduced charge separation. These structures are used in aqueous solutions for the photocatalysis of water under solar radiation, resulting in the production of H2 gas. To enhance the photoinduced separation of charges, a nanorod morphology with a linear gradient originating from an intrinsic electric field is used5. The inter-domain energetics are then optimized to drive photogenerated electrons toward the Pt catalytic site while expelling the holes to the surface of ZnSe domains for sacrificial regeneration (via methanol). Here we show that the only efficient way to produce hydrogen is to use electron-donating ligands to passivate the surface states by tuning the energy level alignment at the semiconductor-ligand interface. Stable and efficient reduction of water is allowed by these ligands due to the fact that they fill vacancies in the valence band of the semiconductor domain, preventing energetic holes from degrading it. Specifically, we show that the energy of the hole is transferred to the ligand moiety, leaving the semiconductor domain functional. This enables us to return the entire nanocrystal-ligand system to a functional state, when the ligands are degraded, by simply adding fresh ligands to the system4.
To promote a photovoltaic charge separation, we use a composite two-layer solid of PbS and TiO2 films. In this configuration, photoinduced electrons are injected into TiO2 and are subsequently picked up by an FTO electrode, while holes are channeled to a Au electrode via PbS layer6. To develop the latter we introduce a Semiconductor Matrix Encapsulated Nanocrystal Arrays (SMENA) strategy, which allows bonding PbS NCs into the surrounding matrix of CdS semiconductor. As a result, fabricated solids exhibit excellent thermal stability, attributed to the heteroepitaxial structure of nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, and show compelling light-harvesting performance in prototype solar cells7.

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

通过电荷分离纳米晶及其固体收获太阳能

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

科研

工程学

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

In the field of fluid mechanics, many dynamical processes not only occur over a very short time interval but also require high spatial resolution for detailed observation, scenarios that make it challenging to observe with conventional imaging systems. One of these is the drop impact of liquids, which usually happens within one tenth of millisecond. To tackle this challenge, a fast imaging technique is introduced that combines a high-speed camera (capable of up to one million frames per second) with a macro lens with long working distance to bring the spatial resolution of the image down to 10 &#181;m/pixel. The imaging technique enables precise measurement of relevant fluid dynamic quantities, such as the flow field, the spreading distance and the splashing speed, from analysis of the recorded video. To demonstrate the capabilities of this visualization system, the impact dynamics when droplets of non-Newtonian fluids impinge on a flat hard surface are characterized. Two situations are considered: for oxidized liquid metal droplets we focus on the spreading behavior, and for densely packed suspensions we determine the onset of splashing. More generally, the combination of high temporal and spatial imaging resolution introduced here offers advantages for studying fast dynamics across a wide range of microscale phenomena.

Drop impact of non-Newtonian fluids is a complex process since different physical parameters influence the dynamics over a very short time (less than one tenth of a millisecond). A fast imaging technique is introduced in order to characterize the impact behaviors of different non-Newtonian fluids.

快速成像技术来研究非牛顿流体的跌落冲击动力学

In the field of fluid mechanics, many dynamical processes not only occur over a very short time interval but also require high spatial resolution for ...

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

集成的三重态 - 三重态湮灭上转换系统，提高染料敏化太阳能电池的响应子带隙光

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

对于一个以离子门控碳纳米管共阴极的串联有机太阳能电池的生产环境法

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial layers of GaP grown on Si(001) substrates are characterized through use of electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ECCI allows for imaging of defects and crystallographic features under specific diffraction conditions, similar to that possible via plan-view transmission electron microscopy (PV-TEM). A particular advantage of the ECCI technique is that it requires little to no sample preparation, and indeed can use large area, as-produced samples, making it a considerably higher throughput characterization method than TEM. Similar to TEM, different diffraction conditions can be obtained with ECCI by tilting and rotating the sample in the SEM. This capability enables the selective imaging of specific defects, such as misfit dislocations at the GaP/Si interface, with high contrast levels, which are determined by the standard invisibility criteria. An example application of this technique is described wherein ECCI imaging is used to determine the critical thickness for dislocation nucleation for GaP-on-Si by imaging a range of samples with various GaP epilayer thicknesses. Examples of ECCI micrographs of additional defect types, including threading dislocations and a stacking fault, are provided as demonstration of its broad, TEM-like applicability. Ultimately, the combination of TEM-like capabilities &#8211; high spatial resolution and richness of microstructural data &#8211; with the convenience and speed of SEM, position ECCI as a powerful tool for the rapid characterization of crystalline materials.

The use of electron channeling contrast imaging in a scanning electron microscope to characterize defects in III-V/Si heteroexpitaxial thin films is described. This method yields similar results to plan-view transmission electron microscopy, but in significantly less time due to lack of required sample preparation.

电子通道造影的快速III-V异质特征

Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial layers of GaP grown on Si(001) substrates are characterized through use of electron channeling contrast imaging ...

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

通过与核反应分析深度剖面的表面和界面层和颗粒材料氢含量的定量

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Effect of Bending on the Electrical Characteristics of Flexible Organic Single Crystal-based Field-effect Transistors

The charge transport in an organic semiconductor depends highly on the molecular packing in the crystal, which influences the electronic coupling immensely. However, in soft electronics, in which organic semiconductors play a critical role, the devices will be bent or folded repeatedly. The effect of bending on the crystal packing and thus the charge transport is crucial to the performance of the device. In this manuscript, we describe the protocol to bend a single crystal of 5,7,12,16-tetrachloro-6,13-diazapentacene (TCDAP) in the field-effect transistor configuration and to obtain reproducible I-V characteristics upon bending the crystal. The results show that bending a field-effect transistor prepared on a flexible substrate results in nearly reversible yet opposite trends in charge mobility, depending on the bending direction. The mobility increases when the device is bent toward the top gate/dielectric layer (upward, compressive state) and decreases when bent toward the crystal/substrate side (downward, tensile state). The effect of bending curvature was also observed, with greater mobility change resulting from higher bending curvature. It is suggested that the intermolecular &#960;-&#960; distance changes upon bending, thereby influencing the electronic coupling and the subsequent carrier transport ability.

This manuscript describes the bending process of an organic single crystal-based field-effect transistor to maintain a functioning device for electronic property measurement. The results suggest that bending causes changes in the molecular spacing in the crystal and thus in the charge hopping rate, which is important in flexible electronics.

弯曲对基于晶体的柔性有机单场效应晶体管的电气特性的影响

The charge transport in an organic semiconductor depends highly on the molecular packing in the crystal, which influences the electronic coupling ...

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as aqueous solutions and biomaterials, with fast acquisition times. Here, we discuss the assembly and operation of a Brillouin spectrometer that uses stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) to measure stimulated Brillouin gain (SBG) spectra of water and lipid emulsion-based tissue-like samples in transmission mode with &lt;10 MHz spectral-resolution and &lt;35 MHz Brillouin-shift measurement precision at &lt;100 ms. The spectrometer consists of two nearly counter-propagating continuous-wave (CW) narrow-linewidth lasers at 780 nm whose frequency detuning is scanned through the material Brillouin shift. By using an ultra-narrowband hot rubidium-85 vapor notch filter and a phase-sensitive detector, the signal-to-noise-ratio of the SBG signal is significantly enhanced compared to that obtained with existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables measurement of SBG spectra with up to 100-fold faster acquisition times, thereby facilitating high spectral-resolution and high-precision Brillouin analysis of soft materials at high speed.

We describe the construction of a rapid continuous-wave-stimulated-Brillouin-scattering (CW-SBS) spectrometer. The spectrometer employs single-frequency diode-lasers and an atomic vapor notch-filter to acquire transmission spectra of turbid/non-turbid samples with high spectral-resolution at speeds up to 100-fold faster than those of existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables high-speed Brillouin material analysis.

用于材料分析的高速连续波受激布里渊散射光谱仪

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...