通讯作者要感谢科技国家科学技术委员会的墨西哥政府的全国委员会为提供奖学金。

注意:下面的说明适用于协议A（ 图1）。修改为协议B，C和D被列出。 1.铝棒准备<ol><li>将一大块 - 商业纯度铝锭（500克1-千克）放在坩埚。 </li><li>将坩埚置于一炉中，在800℃进行约1小时，直至熔融。 </li><li>取坩埚从炉和熔融铝倒入圆柱形模具中为50毫米的直径，比腔室的最终直径稍小用于浸润英寸（51毫米），得到的约半毫米的间隙。 </li><li>等待1小时了吧降温。 </li><li>取下模具吧。 </li><li>用带锯，切成4相同大小的块。 </li><li>砂每片的边缘，以确保良好的配合在浸润模具中。 </li></ol> 2.炉准备<ol><li>计划炉达到740＆＃176;Ç高原至少2小时。 </li><li>设置在炉的加热速率20℃/分。 </li></ol> 3.瓶坯准备注:根据在泡沫旨在用于的高度，变化到用于浸润百克和300克之间的氯化钠的量。 <ol><li>选择渗透的NaCl来使用，与对应于所要求的孔尺寸范围内的直径（例如在1.4毫米和1.7毫米一个范围）。该材料可从化学品供应商中的高纯度获得，或超市购买食盐可以使用（这样的材料将具有添加剂如碘和抗结块剂，但这些并不在实践影响的过程中，以一显著程度）。 </li><li>选择一个适当的尺寸范围的筛子和栈上在底部较小开口尺寸的基容器。 </li><li>从供应商的袋子氯化钠，需要约500克，在堆叠的筛子倒。 </li><li>搅动筛子手动或使用摇筛机，1分钟任。 </li><li>丢弃氯化钠留在较大的光圈大小筛和底容器中，氯化钠留在小孔径筛用于浸润。 </li><li>权衡浸润的NaCl获得的量。 </li><li>如果该量不足，重复步骤3.4至3.7。 注:对于协议B，C或D，得到100g精致的NaCl（&lt;500微米）。这会在模具中的空气渗透的情况下，空气中的预型体不会逃脱室充分期间截留在预型件的额外空间。 </li></ol> 4.模具准备: <ol><li>使用砂纸和实验室纸辊，清洁所述模筒（ 图2），同时特别考虑为顶部和底部边缘，并保持在模具自由的从先前使用的任何明显的杂质。 </li><li>喷洒在模具缸氮化硼气溶胶喷雾的内部，产生一个薄涂层覆盖模具的内部。 注意:这是当模具的原始颜色替换为喷雾的白色层实现;没有必要测量其特定的浓度。 </li><li>让模具气缸干燥在RT至少5分钟（加热至约100℃达1小时，可以适用于进一步的干燥如果需要的话）。 </li><li>用细砂纸，从模具气缸的边缘除去氮化硼的任何残基，以提高模具缸和模具基座之间的密封。 注:接下来的3个步骤是协议甲乙;对于协议C和D砍只有一个密封圈的盖子。 </li><li>切从1mm厚的石墨片2垫圈环（外径= 60毫米，ID = 51mm）的，一个用于模具气缸的顶部边缘和模具盖导致到阀系统之间的结合，另一种为联合模具气缸的底部边缘与所述模具基体之间。 </li><li>放置在模具基座槽的垫片中的一个。 </li><li>将博特嗡模具气缸与所述密封垫的槽的。 </li><li>用在模具气缸的顶部的槌轻轻敲击来固定底部到基座槽。 注:对于方案B，C或D，添加以下的步骤。 <ol><li>倒入100克细的NaCl（&lt;500微米）的入模筒和扁平的顶部，一个未切割的铝棒与槌敲击它的顶部轻轻以确保优良的NaCl被打包到一个高密度。 注:对于协议ð添加下面的步骤。 </li><li>切2圈软厚2​​毫米的陶瓷高维的咧模具直径英寸（51毫米）的大小，并将其放置在精致的NaCl的顶部，使用未切割的铝条和槌按他们对精氯化钠。 </li></ol></li><li>倒入氯化钠待渗透到模具气缸。 注:对于协议ð添加下面的步骤。 <ol><li>附着在模具和基座到振动台，确保模具气缸不从基座槽移动。颤动在50赫兹与0.01米振幅1分钟。 </li></ol></li><li>保持在适当位置的圆筒的顶部，拿起基和摇动轻轻直到氯化钠内的模具形成一平的表面在顶部。 </li><li>放置在预型体的NaCl的顶部制备的铝条。 </li><li>放置石墨垫圈在模具盖的槽。 </li><li>用手拧4不锈钢螺柱到基底，并用扳手固定它们与4台不锈钢螺母和垫圈在基部的顶部，并放置在模具气缸的顶部的模盖通过螺栓。 </li><li>用扭矩扳手设定在16 N·m的，螺杆的4套钢螺母和垫圈的上拧入底座并穿过盖，其中所述螺母拧紧锁定模具盖子就位向上延伸的4个螺纹杆。 </li><li>附加盖的顶部到阀系统与垫圈，夹钳，螺栓和蝶形螺母。 </li><li>关闭该系统的所有的阀门。 </li><li>打开阀门导致T他真空泵和所述模具（阀3）。 </li><li>开启真空泵上直到阀系统的千分表表示可能的最低压力。 </li><li>关掉真空泵。 </li><li>如果真空系统中的损失比关停真空泵密封后的第一个10秒的速率在50乇/秒下为浸润足够好的。 </li><li>离开该盖阀门打开（阀3），以保持系统在环境压力和关闭真空泵阀（阀1）。 </li><li>未经分离的阀系统，放置在预热炉中的模具，并等待1小时。 </li></ol> 5.渗透<ol><li>关闭系统（ 图3）的所有的阀门。 </li><li>打开阀通向氩气缸（阀2）。 </li><li>打开在氩气箱中的主阀和设置在调节器阀的渗透压力（对于范围为1.4mm至1.7毫米NaCl粒子大小，使用3.5巴的压力）。 注:对于方案B，3巴的渗透压力被使用。使用1条为协议C和D.压力</li><li>在迅速的方式，打开盖子阀（阀3）。 </li><li> 1分钟后，从炉中取出模具，并放置在一个冷却的表面（在此情况下的铜块）的顶部。 注:在冷却，在该系统中的压力将发生变化。前5分钟，此过程中，密切注意由调节所指示的压力，并在必要时调整回渗透压力。 </li></ol> 6.样品提取<ol><li> 30分钟后，当模具是足够冷却，以处理与抗光热手套后，分离阀系统，并放置在模具基座上的工作台台钳。从气缸的顶部拧开盖子。 </li><li>与盖脱落，轻轻敲击模具圆筒的顶部，在一个垂直方向上的台钳的把手木槌松开从基座槽模筒。 </li><l我&gt;从老虎钳取出模座，并放置在模具缸台钳抓地力。 </li><li>与槌敲击在样品的顶部，其余的铝来推出模具缸。 </li><li>用带锯，切泡沫样品的底部，除去剩余的铝。 </li><li>根据所需泡沫的高度，其中，切割所需的，接近样品的顶部。 </li><li>将渗透的泡沫与水的烧杯中，并在搅拌下加热板上以溶解氯化钠预型磁性搅拌棒。 </li><li>设置的热板的温度升高到60℃。换水每隔10分钟，直到没有盐留在泡沫。 注:为了确保没有盐留在泡沫，大约换水10次。另外，也可以短暂的干燥阶段后，使样品重量的定期检查。当此不再进一步浸没显著变化，氯化钠，必须完全除去。 </li><li>最后用电动空气干燥器除去所有残留在泡沫中的水。该泡沫体样品已准备就绪。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

这里所描述的基本方法已经被用于在不同的形式由其他研究人员。一些关键的变体允许创建不同类型的泡沫进行了讨论。在表征这些泡沫我们测量孔隙率，因为这是一个快速简便的评估的其他结构特征，如孔径大小，比表面积或支柱的厚度可能需要获得的泡沫特性有充分的认识作出的，但表征对于不同的应用程序。在实践中，用于生产泡沫塑料通过复制的，孔径是良好控制的氯化钠的粒径使用，?...

A journal reference was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52268">Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity</a>. Reference 21 and 22 were originally merged together as one reference. They have been separated into references 21 and 22 in the article. The reference numbers have been updated in the article to reflect this additional reference citation. It has been updated from:
<ol start="21"><li>LeMay, J.D., Hopper, R.W., Hrubesh, L.W., &#38; Pekala, R.W. Low-Density Microcellular Materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19&#8211;20 (1990).Seliger, H., &#38; Deuther U. Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium. Feiburger Forschungshefte. 103&#8211;129 (1965).</li></ol>
to:
<ol start="21"><li>LeMay, J.D., Hopper, R.W., Hrubesh, L.W., &#38; Pekala, R.W. Low-Density Microcellular Materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19&#8211;20 (1990).</li>
<li>Seliger, H., &#38; Deuther U. Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium. Feiburger Forschungshefte. 103&#8211;129 (1965).</li></ol>

Erratum: Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

金属泡沫体已经吸引了大量的关注和努力研究，近年来，如图由大体工作的引用范围广泛的综述文章，如Banhart 1，孔德等 2个或更多最近古德尔和莫滕森3。在用于生产所述材料的方法中，在复制过程是通过它的实验的简单性和控制权，可以提供的最终泡沫结构的程度区分。应当指出的是，虽然在文献中这样的材料通常被描述为泡沫（和在此），因为它们不是由气体的气泡产生内的液体它们更恰当地称为多孔金属或微孔金属。 复制过程的第一份报告是在60年代初4，它已得到了进一步的发展，在从那以后的不同阶段，由研究小组莫滕森的显着进展，在巴黎高等利达hnique洛桑联邦在瑞士。 该过程依赖于金属的周围颗粒的预型件，它定义在最终材料中的孔隙的形状的铸件2,5。冷却后的预成型件可通过溶剂浸出或热解被除去，导致氧化。一种流行的使用这种技术利用的NaCl作为空间保持器，以产生铝5-10或铝合金泡沫11-14。氯化钠有几个优点，例如是容易获得的，无毒，可从该泡沫通过溶解在水中除去。由具有801℃的熔点，它可以使用具有熔点低于此值时，最常用的铝低的金属可以使用，但实施例也存在使用的材料，如金属玻璃，通过加湿的混合液体钯基大块金属玻璃合金和NaCl颗粒15。所述的NaCl替代具有较高熔点的材料也允许在production从较高熔点的金属16的泡沫。这可能包括其他水溶性材料，或不溶性的人包括不同类型的沙子。在这种形式的过程变得更象普通的砂型铸造，以去除沙，高压水射流17,18或不同形式的洗涤19或搅动20顷必需的。 的基本过程21前进通过取晶粒NaCl和将它们放置在一个模具4，22，23，其基本方法已经用于制造铝及铝合金泡沫24-26为广泛的泡沫行为的调查。额外的步骤已被引入，以进一步控制密度和增加的孔的互联;这些包括预成型体的致密化。致密的预成形件，烧结已使用27，28和13自已用于在不同的实验中，用的烧结行为氯化钠基于由古德尔等 29中所述的温度，颗粒大小和密度。用于此目的的另一种方法是冷等静压（CIP），5，30;这是一个快的技术，可以实现相当的密度较大的光谱。该过程也可在固态与金属粉末和NaCl颗粒进行，然后有时被称为烧结和溶解过程31。 使用复制技术更新，并与其他技术比较的完整的调查给出了古道尔和莫滕森3。 在这项工作中，我们报告了详细的设备和已用于金属泡沫体的处理由复制方法，该方法的实验方案都比较容易在一个研究实验室的设置来实现。重要的是要认识到其他版本的设备是很重要的，与在其他研究克存在不同的功能roups，并且，虽然这里介绍的设备适用于处理该材料，它不是唯一的版本或协议，可以进行工作。在任何情况下，彻底了解任何特定方法是用于实验的成功至关重要。 所使用的确切协议详述如下。该协议变形（A，B，C和D）在它们之间具有小的变化，主要是为了改变所产生的泡沫体的密度。孔隙率已经计算从散装重量的样品，它们的体积和铝的密度测量（2.7克/厘米3）。在显影铝泡沫塑料生产由复制所描述的方法，已经尝试减少先进设备的数量，以最小可能的程度上，使得该方法是容易实现成为可能。可以在不同的阶段可以使用其它变型将在稍后讨论。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Salt</td><td>Hydrosoft</td><td>Granular Salt 25 kg 855754</td><td>http://www.travisperkins.co.uk/p/hydrosoft-granular-salt-25kg/855754/3893446</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum</td><td>William Rowland</td><td>Aluminum Ingots 99.87% pure 25&amp;nbsp;kg drum</td><td>http://www.william-rowland.com/products/high-purity-metals#product-id-1</td></tr><tr><td>Crucible</td><td>Morgan Advance Materials</td><td>Syncarb Crucible</td><td>http://www.morganmms.com/crucibles-foundry-products/crucibles/syncarb/</td></tr><tr><td>Furnace</td><td>Elite Thermal Systems</td><td>TLCF10/27-3216CP &amp;amp; 2116 O/T</td><td>http://www.elitefurnaces.com/eng/products/furnaces/1200%20Top%20Loading%20Furnaces.php</td></tr><tr><td>Bar Mold</td><td>The University of Sheffield</td><td>Custom Made</td><td>Stainless Steel 304, 15&amp;nbsp;cm height, 5&amp;nbsp;cm inner diameter, 6&amp;nbsp;cm outer diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Band Saw</td><td>Clarke</td><td>CBS45MD (6&quot; x 4 1/2&quot;) 370W 060710025</td><td>http://www.machinemart.co.uk/shop/product/details/cbs45md-41-2in-x-6in-metal-cutting-ban</td></tr><tr><td>Sandpaper</td><td>Wickes</td><td>Specialist wet &amp;amp; dry sandpaper 501885</td><td>http://www.wickes.co.uk/Specialist-Wet+Dry-Sandpaper-PK4/p/501885</td></tr><tr><td>Sieves</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>Fisherbrand test sieves 200 mm diamater</td><td>http://www.fisher.co.uk/product/brand_listing.php/F/Fisherbrand/Sieve</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Precisa</td><td>XB 6200C</td><td>http://www.precisa.co.uk/precision_balances.php</td></tr><tr><td>Boron Nitride</td><td>Kennametal</td><td>500 ml spray can</td><td>http://www.kennametal.com/content/dam/kennametal/kennametal/common/Resources/Catalogs-Literature/Advanced%20Materials%20and%20Wear%20Components/B-13-03401_ceramic_powders&lt;br/&gt; _brochure_EN.pdf</td></tr><tr><td>Infiltration Mold, Base and Lid</td><td>The University of Sheffield</td><td>Custom Made</td><td>Stainless Steel 304, 15&amp;nbsp;cm height, 5.1&amp;nbsp;cm inner diameter, 6&amp;nbsp;cm outer diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Cylindrical Mold</td><td>The University of Sheffield</td><td>Custom Made</td><td>Low carbon steel 1020, 15 cm height, 5 cm inner diameter, 6 cm outer diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Graphite Gasket</td><td>Gee Graphite</td><td>Geegraf Stainless Steel Reinforced Graphite 1&amp;nbsp;mm thick</td><td>http://www.geegraphite.com/steel_reinforced.html</td></tr><tr><td>Mallet</td><td>Thor Hammer Co. Ltd.</td><td>Round Solid Super Plastic Mallet</td><td>http://www.thorhammer.com/Mallets/Round/</td></tr><tr><td>Wrench</td><td>Kennedy Professional</td><td>13 mm Ratchet Combination Wrench KEN5822166K</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/KEN5822166K</td></tr><tr><td>Nuts</td><td>Matlock</td><td>M8 Steel hex full nut galvanized</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6400068J</td></tr><tr><td>Washers</td><td>Matlock</td><td>M8 Form-A steel washer bzp</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6451208H</td></tr><tr><td>SS Nuts</td><td>Matlock</td><td>M8 A2 st/st hex full nut</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6423008F</td></tr><tr><td>SS Washers</td><td>Matlock</td><td>M8 A2 st/st Form-A washer</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6464008H</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Studding</td><td>Cromwell</td><td>M8 x 1 Mtr A2 Stainless Steel Studding QFT6397080K</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/QFT6397080K</td></tr><tr><td>Valves</td><td>Edwards</td><td>C33205000 SP16K, Nitrile Diaphragm</td><td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=C33205000</td></tr><tr><td>Fitting Cross</td><td>Edwards</td><td>C10512412 NW16 Cross Piece Aluminum</td><td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/C10512412/View.aspx</td></tr><tr><td>Fitting T</td><td>Edwards</td><td>C10512411 NW16 T-Piece Aluminum</td><td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/C10512411/View.aspx</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum Pump</td><td>Edwards</td><td>A36310940 E2M18 200-230/380-415V, 3-ph, 50 Hz</td><td>http://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=A36310940</td></tr><tr><td>Dial Gauge</td><td>Edwards</td><td>D35610000 CG16K, 0-1,040 mbar</td><td>http://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=D35610000</td></tr><tr><td>Argon Gas</td><td>BOC</td><td>Pureshield Argon Gas</td><td>http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/industrial-gases/inert-gases/pureshield-argon/pureshield-argon.html</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Hose</td><td>BOC</td><td>Stainless Steel Hose</td><td>http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/speciality-equipment/hoses-and-pigtails/index.html</td></tr><tr><td>Regulator</td><td>BOC</td><td>HP 1500 Series Regulator</td><td>http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/speciality-equipment/regulators/single-stage-regulators/hp1500-series/hp1500-series.html</td></tr><tr><td>Copper Block</td><td>William Rowland</td><td>Copper Ingot 25 kg</td><td>http://www.william-rowland.com/products/high-purity-metals#product-id-18</td></tr><tr><td>Vise</td><td>Record</td><td>T84-34 H/Duty Eng Vice 4 1/2&quot; Jaws REC5658326K</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/REC5658326K</td></tr><tr><td>Beaker</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11567402 - Beaker, squat form, with graduations and spout 800 ml</td><td>https://webshop.fishersci.com/insight2_uk/getProduct.do;jsessionid=16D5812&lt;br/&gt; D71B8CB37B475E94281E2BEA&lt;br/&gt; 5.ukhigjavappp11?productCode=11567402&amp;amp;resultSet&lt;br/&gt; Position=0</td></tr><tr><td>Stirring Hot Plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>Corning stirring hot plate Model 6798-420d</td><td>http://www.corning.com/lifesciences/us_canada/en/technical_resources/product_guid/shp/shp.aspx</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td>Stir Bar</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11848862 - PTFE Stir bar + Ring 25x6 mm</td><td>https://webshop.fishersci.com/insight2_uk/getProduct.do;jsessionid=16D5812&lt;br/&gt; D71B8CB37B475E94281E2BEA&lt;br/&gt; 5.ukhigjavappp11?productCode=11848862&amp;amp;resultSet&lt;br/&gt; Position=0</td></tr><tr><td>Air dryer</td><td>V05</td><td>V05 Max Air Turbo Dryer DR-120-GB</td><td>http://reviews.boots.com/2111-en_gb/1120627/v05-v05-max-air-turbo-hair-dryer-dr-120-gb-reviews/reviews.htm</td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic Sheet</td><td>Morgan Advance Materials</td><td>Kaowool Blanket 2 mm thick</td><td>http://www.morganthermalceramics.com/downloads/datasheets?f[0]=field_type%3A84</td></tr><tr><td>Vibrating Table</td><td>Peveril Machinery</td><td>Pevco Vibrating Table 1.25&amp;nbsp;m x 0.625&amp;nbsp;m x 0.6&amp;nbsp;m</td><td>https://peverilmachinery.co.uk/equipment/vibrating-tables</td></tr></tbody></table>

casting protocols for the production of open cell aluminum foams by the replication technique and the effect on porosity

金属泡沫是从两个基本理解和实际应用的角度来看感兴趣的材料。用途已被提出，并在许多情况下实验验证，对于轻重量或冲击能量吸收结构中，作为高表面积的换热器或电极，如植入到体内，等等。尽管很大的进步已取得理解它们的结构，性能的关系，大量不同的处理技术，各有不同的特点和结构，生产材料，意味着结构的各个方面的个人的影响的理解是不完整的。在复制过程中，在那里熔融金属颗粒可移除预成型件材料之间渗透，允许控制的一个显着高的程度，并已被使用，效果良好澄清一些这些关系。然而，该方法具有许多步骤，这取决于个人"诀窍"，并本文的目的是提供1该处理方法的实施例的各个阶段的详细描述，使用的材料和设备，这将是相对容易设置在一个研究环境。这个协议及其变体的目标是生产金属泡沫以有效和简单的方法，使通过修改过程中的某些步骤，以调节样品的结果的可能性。按照此，开孔泡沫铝与1-2.36毫米直径和61％至77％的孔隙率的孔尺寸可制得。

在图4中的NaCl颗粒的形态可以看出（角和球形），为了说明的目的。与协议A得到的泡沫用方型谷物制成，其余则用球形颗粒制成。结果发现，使用不同的形状的NaCl颗粒对样品中所获得的孔隙度无作用。 从结果中，我们可以判断样品的a，b，和c（与协议A制备），是平均为63％的多孔（ 图5），从它们的散装重量和体积来确定。通过改变的技术中，例如?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity at JoVE.com

Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

铸造协议的开孔泡沫铝通过复制技术的生产和孔隙率的影响

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many ...

casting-protocols-for-production-open-cell-aluminum-foams-replication

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.5K 次观看.  The University of Sheffield. Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

视频: Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Microfabrication of Chip-sized Scaffolds for Three-dimensional Cell cultivation

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell cultivation. These technologies offer a wide spectrum of advantages not only for manufacturing but also for different applications. The size and shape of formed cell clusters can be influenced by the exact and reproducible architecture of the microfabricated scaffold and, therefore, the diffusion path length of nutrients and gases can be controlled.1 This is unquestionably a useful tool to prevent apoptosis and necrosis of cells due to an insufficient nutrient and gas supply or removal of cellular metabolites.
Our polymer chip, called CellChip, has the outer dimensions of 2 x 2 cm with a central microstructured area. This area is subdivided into an array of up to 1156 microcontainers with a typical dimension of 300 m edge length for the cubic design (cp- or cf-chip) or of 300 m diameter and depth for the round design (r-chip).2
So far, hot embossing or micro injection moulding (in combination with subsequent laborious machining of the parts) was used for the fabrication of the microstructured chips. Basically, micro injection moulding is one of the only polymer based replication techniques that, up to now, is capable for mass production of polymer microstructures.3 However, both techniques have certain unwanted limitations due to the processing of a viscous polymer melt with the generation of very thin walls or integrated through holes. In case of the CellChip, thin bottom layers are necessary to perforate the polymer and provide small pores of defined size to supply cells with culture medium e.g. by microfluidic perfusion of the containers.
In order to overcome these limitations and to reduce the manufacturing costs we have developed a new microtechnical approach on the basis of a down-scaled thermoforming process. For the manufacturing of highly porous and thin walled polymer chips, we use a combination of heavy ion irradiation, microthermoforming and track etching. In this so called "SMART" process (Substrate Modification And Replication by Thermoforming) thin polymer films are irradiated with energetic heavy projectiles of several hundred MeV introducing so-called "latent tracks" Subsequently, the film in a rubber elastic state is formed into three dimensional parts without modifying or annealing the tracks. After the forming process, selective chemical etching finally converts the tracks into cylindrical pores of adjustable diameter.

We present two processes for the microfabrication of porous polymer chips for three-dimensional cell cultivation. The first one is hot embossing combined with a solvent vapour welding process. The second one uses a recently developed microthermoforming process combined with ion track technology leading to a significant simplification of manufacture.

芯片尺寸支架的三维细胞培养的微细

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell ...

科研

生物学

Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo

Metallic implants, especially titanium implants, are widely used in clinical applications. Tissue in-growth and integration to these implants in the tissues are important parameters for successful clinical outcomes. In order to improve tissue integration, porous metallic implants have being developed. Open porosity of metallic foams is very advantageous, since the pore areas can be functionalized without compromising the mechanical properties of the whole structure. Here we describe such modifications using porous titanium implants based on titanium microbeads. By using inherent physical properties such as hydrophobicity of titanium, it is possible to obtain hydrophobic pore gradients within microbead based metallic implants and at the same time to have a basement membrane mimic based on hydrophilic, natural polymers. 3D pore gradients are formed by synthetic polymers such as Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) by freeze-extraction method. 2D nanofibrillar surfaces are formed by using collagen/alginate followed by a crosslinking step with a natural crosslinker (genipin). This nanofibrillar film was built up by layer by layer (LbL) deposition method of the two oppositely charged molecules, collagen and alginate. Finally, an implant where different areas can accommodate different cell types, as this is necessary for many multicellular tissues, can be obtained. By, this way cellular movement in different directions by different cell types can be controlled. Such a system is described for the specific case of trachea regeneration, but it can be modified for other target organs. Analysis of cell migration and the possible methods for creating different pore gradients are elaborated. The next step in the analysis of such implants is their characterization after implantation. However, histological analysis of metallic implants is a long and cumbersome process, thus for monitoring host reaction to metallic implants in vivo an alternative method based on monitoring CGA and different blood proteins is also described. These methods can be used for developing in vitro custom-made migration and colonization tests and also be used for analysis of functionalized metallic implants in vivo without histology.

Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo

In this video, we will demonstrate modification techniques for porous metallic implants to improve their functionality and to control cell migration. Techniques include development of pore gradients to control cell movement in 3D and production of basement membrane mimics to control cell movement in 2-D. Also, a HPLC-based method for monitoring implant integration in-vivo via analysis of blood proteins is described.

多尺度孔梯度，聚电解质和间接监测改性金属植入物<em&gt;在体内</em

Metallic implants, especially titanium implants, are widely used in  clinical applications. Tissue in-growth and integration to these implants in  the ...

生物工程

Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

After reporting on the two-step anodization, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides (AAOs) have been widely utilized in the versatile fields of fundamental sciences and industrial applications owing to their periodic arrangement of nanopores with relatively high aspect ratio. However, the techniques reported so far, which could be only valid for mono-surface anodization, show critical disadvantages, i.e., time-consuming as well as complicated procedures, requiring toxic chemicals, and wasting valuable natural resources. In this paper, we demonstrate a facile, efficient, and environmentally clean method to fabricate nanoporous AAOs in sulfuric and oxalic acid electrolytes, which can overcome the limitations that result from conventional AAO fabricating methods. First, plural AAOs are produced at one time through simultaneous multi-surfaces anodization (SMSA), indicating mass-producibility of the AAOs with comparable qualities. Second, those AAOs can be separated from the aluminum (Al) substrate by applying stair-like reverse biases (SRBs) in the same electrolyte used for the SMSAs, implying simplicity and green technological characteristics. Finally, a unit sequence consisting of the SMSAs sequentially combined with SRBs-based detachment can be applied repeatedly to the same Al substrate, which reinforces the advantages of this strategy and also guarantees the efficient usage of natural resources.

A protocol for fabricating nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides via simultaneous multi-surfaces anodization followed by stair-like reverse biases detachments is presented. It can be applied repeatedly to the same aluminum substrate, exhibiting a facile, high-yield, and environmentally clean strategy.

阳极氧化铝在硫酸和草酸电解质中的同时多表面 Anodizations 和阶梯式反向偏置剥离

After reporting on the two-step anodization, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides (AAOs) have been widely utilized in the versatile fields of fundamental ...

工程学

Procedure for the Transfer of Polymer Films Onto Porous Substrates with Minimized Defects

The fabrication of devices containing thin film composite membranes necessitates the transfer of these films onto the surfaces of arbitrary support substrates. Accomplishing this transfer in a highly controlled, mechanized, and reproducible manner can eliminate the creation of macroscale defect structures (e.g., tears, cracks, and wrinkles) within the thin film that compromise device performance and the usable area per sample. Here, we describe a general protocol for the highly controlled and mechanized transfer of a polymeric thin film onto an arbitrary porous support substrate for eventual use as a water filtration membrane device. Specifically, we fabricate a block copolymer (BCP) thin film on top of a sacrificial, water-soluble poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) layer and silicon wafer substrate. We then utilize a custom-designed, 3D-printed transfer tool and drain chamber system to deposit, lift-off, and transfer the BCP thin film onto the center of a porous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) support disc. The transferred BCP thin film is shown to be consistently placed onto the center of the support surface due to the guidance of the meniscus formed between the water and the 3D-printed plastic drain chamber. We also compare our mechanized transfer-processed thin films to those that have been transferred by hand with the use of tweezers. Optical inspection and image analysis of the transferred thin films from the mechanized process confirm that little-to-no macroscale inhomogeneities or plastic deformations are produced, as compared to the multitude of tears and wrinkles produced from manual transfer by hand. Our results suggest that the proposed strategy for thin film transfer can reduce defects when compared to other methods across many systems and applications.

We present a procedure for highly controlled and wrinkle-free transfer of block copolymer thin films onto porous support substrates using a 3D-printed drain chamber. The drain chamber design is of general relevance to all procedures involving transfer of macromolecular films onto porous substrates, which is normally done by hand in an irreproducible fashion.

聚合物薄膜在多孔基板上的转移程序,具有最小化的缺陷

The fabrication of devices containing thin film composite membranes necessitates the transfer of these films onto the surfaces of arbitrary support ...

A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate Poly(Lactic Acid) Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size

Over the recent years, functionally graded scaffolds (FGS) gaineda crucial role for manufacturing of devices for tissue engineering. The importance of this new field of biomaterials research is due to the necessity to develop implants capable of mimicking the complex functionality of the various tissues, including a continuous change from one structure or composition to another. In this latter context, one topic of main interest concerns the design of appropriate scaffolds for bone-cartilage interface tissue. In this study, three-layered scaffolds with graded pore size were achieved by melt mixing poly(lactic acid) (PLA), sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Pore size distributions were controlled by NaCl granulometry and PEG solvation. Scaffolds were characterized from a morphological and mechanical point of view. A correlation between the preparation method, the pore architecture and compressive mechanical behavior was found. The interface adhesion strength was quantitatively evaluated by using a custom-designed interfacial strength test. Furthermore, in order to imitate the human physiology, mechanical tests were also performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at 37 &#176;C. The method herein presented provides a high control of porosity, pore size distribution and mechanical performance, thus offering the possibility to fabricate three-layered scaffolds with tailored properties by following a simple and eco-friendly route.

A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate PolyLactic Acid Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size

In this work, poly(lactic acid)/polyethylene glycol (PLA/PEG) scaffolds were prepared by using a combination of melt mixing and selective leaching. The method herein discussed permitted to develop three-layer scaffolds by highly controlling both porosity and pore size. The mechanical properties were also evaluated in a physiological environment.

的简便和环保路线制造聚乳酸支架与分级孔径

Over the recent years, functionally graded scaffolds (FGS) gaineda crucial role for manufacturing of devices for tissue engineering. The importance of ...

Fabrication of Extracellular Matrix-derived Foams and Microcarriers as Tissue-specific Cell Culture and Delivery Platforms

Cell function is mediated by interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which has complex tissue-specific composition and architecture. The focus of this article is on the methods for fabricating ECM-derived porous foams and microcarriers for use as biologically-relevant substrates in advanced 3D in vitro cell culture models or as pro-regenerative scaffolds and cell delivery systems for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Using decellularized tissues or purified insoluble collagen as a starting material, the techniques can be applied to synthesize a broad array of tissue-specific bioscaffolds with customizable geometries. The approach involves mechanical processing and mild enzymatic digestion to yield an ECM suspension that is used to fabricate the three-dimensional foams or microcarriers through controlled freezing and lyophilization procedures. These pure ECM-derived scaffolds are highly porous, yet stable without the need for chemical crosslinking agents or other additives that may negatively impact cell function. The scaffold properties can be tuned to some extent by varying factors such as the ECM suspension concentration, mechanical processing methods, or synthesis conditions. In general, the scaffolds are robust and easy to handle, and can be processed as tissues for most standard biological assays, providing a versatile and user-friendly 3D cell culture platform that mimics the native ECM composition. Overall, these straightforward methods for fabricating customized ECM-derived foams and microcarriers may be of interest to both biologists and biomedical engineers as tissue-specific cell-instructive platforms for in vitro and in vivo applications.

The tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key mediator of cell function. This article describes methods for synthesizing pure ECM-derived foams and microcarriers that are stable in culture without the need for chemical crosslinking for applications in advanced 3D in vitro cell culture models or as pro-regenerative bioscaffolds.

细胞外基质衍生的泡沫和微载体如组织特异性细胞培养和交付平台的制造

Cell function is mediated by interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which has complex tissue-specific composition and architecture. The focus ...

Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block co-polymers featuring cholesterol units as side-chain pendant groups, resulting in smectic-A (SmA) liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Foam-like scaffolds, prepared using metal templates, feature interconnected microchannels, making them suitable as 3D cell culture scaffolds. The combined properties of the regular structure of the metal foam and of the elastomer result in a 3D cell scaffold that promotes not only higher cell proliferation compared to conventional porous templated films, but also better management of mass transport (i.e., nutrients, gases, waste, etc.). The nature of the metal template allows for the easy manipulation of foam shapes (i.e., rolls or films) and for the preparation of scaffolds of different pore sizes for different cell studies while preserving the interconnected porous nature of the template. The etching process does not affect the chemistry of the elastomers, preserving their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. We show that these smectic LCEs, when grown for extensive time periods, enable the study of clinically relevant and complex tissue constructs while promoting the growth and proliferation of cells.

This study presents a methodology to prepare 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffolds based on biocompatible side-chain liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Confocal microscopy experiments show that foam-like LCEs allow for cell attachment, proliferation, and the spontaneous alignment of C2C12s myoblasts.

生物相容的液晶弹性体泡沫的合成中用作细胞支架的三维空间细胞培养

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block ...

Fabrication of Gradient Nanopattern by Thermal Nanoimprinting Technique and Screening of the Response of Human Endothelial Colony-forming Cells

Nanotopography can be found in various extracellular matrices (ECMs) around the body and is known to have important regulatory actions upon cellular reactions. However, it is difficult to determine the relation between the size of a nanostructure and the responses of cells owing to the lack of proper screening tools. Here, we show the development of reproducible and cost-effective gradient nanopattern plates for the manipulation of cellular responses. Using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as a master mold, gradient nanopattern plates with nanopillars of increasing diameter ranges [120-200&#8239;nm (GP 120/200), 200-280&#8239;nm (GP 200/280), and 280-360&#8239;nm (GP 280/360)] were fabricated by a thermal imprinting technique. These gradient nanopattern plates were designed to mimic the various sizes of nanotopography in the ECM and were used to screen the responses of human endothelial colony-forming cells (hECFCs). In this protocol, we describe the step-by-step procedure of fabricating gradient nanopattern plates for cell engineering, techniques of cultivating hECFCs from human peripheral blood, and culturing hECFCs on nanopattern plates.

Here, we present a protocol for the fabrication of gradient nanopattern plates via thermal nanoimprinting and the method of screening responses of human endothelial progenitor cells to the nanostructures. By using the described technology, it is possible to produce a scaffold that can manipulate cell behavior by physical stimuli.

热 Nanoimprinting 技术制备梯度 Nanopattern 及其对人血管内皮细胞菌落形成的响应筛选

Nanotopography can be found in various extracellular matrices (ECMs) around the body and is known to have important regulatory actions upon cellular ...

3D Printed Porous Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffolds

This work demonstrates the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing to produce porous cubic scaffolds using cellulose nanocomposite hydrogel ink, with controlled pore structure and mechanical properties. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs, 69.62 wt%) based hydrogel ink with matrix (sodium alginate and gelatin) was developed and 3D printed into scaffolds with uniform and gradient pore structure (110-1,100 &#181;m). The scaffolds showed compression modulus in the range of 0.20-0.45 MPa when tested in simulated in vivo conditions (in distilled water at 37 &#176;C). The pore sizes and the compression modulus of the 3D scaffolds matched with the requirements needed for cartilage regeneration applications. This work demonstrates that the consistency of the ink can be controlled by the concentration of the precursors and porosity can be controlled by the 3D printing process and both of these factors in return defines the mechanical properties of the 3D printed porous hydrogel scaffold. This process method can therefore be used to fabricate structurally and compositionally customized scaffolds according to the specific needs of patients.&#160;

The three critical steps of this protocol are i) developing the right composition and consistency of the cellulose hydrogel ink, ii) 3D printing of scaffolds into various pore structures with good shape fidelity and dimensions and iii) demonstration of the mechanical properties in simulated body conditions for cartilage regeneration.

三维印刷多孔纤维素纳米复合水凝胶脚手架

This work demonstrates the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing to produce porous cubic scaffolds using cellulose nanocomposite hydrogel ink, with ...

Fabricating Highly Open Porous Microspheres (HOPMs) via Microfluidic Technology

Compared to bulk scaffolds and direct injection of cells alone, the injectable modular units have garnered enormous interest in repairing malfunctioned tissues due to convenience in the packaging of cells, improved cell retention, and minimal invasiveness. Moreover, the porous conformation of these microscale carriers could enhance the medium exchange and improve the level of nutrients and oxygen supplies. The present study illustrates the convenient fabrication of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based highly open porous microspheres (PLGA-HOPMs) by the facile microfluidic technology for cell delivery applications. The resultant monodispersed PLGA-HOPMs possessed particle sizes of ~400 &#181;m and open pores of ~50 &#181;m with interconnecting windows. Briefly, the emulsified oil droplets (PLGA solution in dichloromethane, DCM), wrapped with the 7.5% (w/v) gelatin aqueous phase, were introduced into the 1% (w/v) continuous flowing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aqueous solution through the coaxial nozzle in the customized microfluidic setup. Subsequently, the microspheres were subjected to solvent extraction and lyophilization procedures, resulting in the production of HOPMs. Notably, various formulations (concentrations of PLGA and porogen) and processing parameters (emulsifying power, needle gauge, and flow rate of dispersed phase) play crucial roles in the qualities and characteristics of the resulting PLGA HOPMs. Moreover, these architectures might potentially encapsulate various other biochemical cues, such as growth factors, for extended drug discovery and tissue regeneration applications.

Fabricating Highly Open Porous Microspheres HOPMs via Microfluidic Technology

The present protocol describes the fabrication of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based highly open porous microspheres (HOPMs) via the single-emulsion formulation based facile microfluidic technology. These microspheres have potential applications in tissue engineering and drug screening.

通过微流控技术 制造 高度开放的多孔微球（HOPM）

Compared to bulk scaffolds and direct injection of cells alone, the injectable modular units have garnered enormous interest in repairing malfunctioned ...

铸造协议的开孔泡沫铝通过复制技术的生产和孔隙率的影响

摘要

探索更多视频

芯片尺寸支架的三维细胞培养的微细

多尺度孔梯度，聚电解质和间接监测改性金属植入物

阳极氧化铝在硫酸和草酸电解质中的同时多表面 Anodizations 和阶梯式反向偏置剥离

聚合物薄膜在多孔基板上的转移程序,具有最小化的缺陷

的简便和环保路线制造聚乳酸支架与分级孔径

细胞外基质衍生的泡沫和微载体如组织特异性细胞培养和交付平台的制造

生物相容的液晶弹性体泡沫的合成中用作细胞支架的三维空间细胞培养

热 Nanoimprinting 技术制备梯度 Nanopattern 及其对人血管内皮细胞菌落形成的响应筛选

三维印刷多孔纤维素纳米复合水凝胶脚手架

通过微流控技术制造高度开放的多孔微球（HOPM）

铸造协议的开孔泡沫铝通过复制技术的生产和孔隙率的影响

摘要

探索更多视频

芯片尺寸支架的三维细胞培养的微细

多尺度孔梯度，聚电解质和间接监测改性金属植入物

阳极氧化铝在硫酸和草酸电解质中的同时多表面 Anodizations 和阶梯式反向偏置剥离

聚合物薄膜在多孔基板上的转移程序,具有最小化的缺陷

的简便和环保路线制造聚乳酸支架与分级孔径

细胞外基质衍生的泡沫和微载体如组织特异性细胞培养和交付平台的制造

生物相容的液晶弹性体泡沫的合成中用作细胞支架的三维空间细胞培养

热 Nanoimprinting 技术制备梯度 Nanopattern 及其对人血管内皮细胞菌落形成的响应筛选

三维印刷多孔纤维素纳米复合水凝胶脚手架

通过微流控技术 制造 高度开放的多孔微球（HOPM）

通过微流控技术制造高度开放的多孔微球（HOPM）