This paper is dedicated to my beloved wife Maren and our little Karl.

1.准备牛眼睛<ol><li>获得牛眼中的动物屠宰后直接。 </li><li>输送保护眼睛“Sickel溶液”含有120mM氯化钠，2mM的氯化钾，0.1mM的MgCl 2的，0.15毫氯化钙 ，1.5mM的的NaH 2 PO 4，13.5毫的Na 2 HPO 4和5mM葡萄糖在一个特殊的介质RT。 </li><li>用昏暗红光暗适应的条件下进行视网膜的制备。 </li><li>取出眼睛的前部。执行赤道切口长约4毫米后的角膜缘。此后在一块除去角膜，虹膜，睫状体和透镜。请Sickel-解决方案的视网膜。 </li><li>机械地松开玻璃体附着物视网膜表面，并从打开的眼杯除去玻璃体。 </li><li>随后划分眼睛成四个象限和切出圆约领域直径7mm使用环钻。 </li><li>轻轻分开视网膜从色素上皮，并将其放置在记录设备上的内避光的盒子。该记录装置由一个塑料维护者在中间的网格的;放置在网格的视网膜，然后用一个塑料环，直接在电极上固定。 注：塑料维护者有两个通道，以允许介质的恒定流速。 </li></ol> 2.录音电图（ERG） <ol><li>为了记录的电图，使用两个银/氯化银电极在视网膜上的任一侧和灌注的视网膜在大约恒定的灌注速度1毫升/分钟和37℃的恒温。使用与氧饱和“Sickel-的解决方案”。 </li><li>开始测量之前，暗适应视网膜（在所有测量保护其不受光），并使用了5分钟的刺激间隔。使用1赫兹单一白色氙气闪光灯的刺激强度设定为6.3 MLX在视网膜表面。 </LI&gt; <li>使用校准的中性密度滤光片和10微秒的光刺激由计时器为了具有最佳的反应进行控制。 </li><li>测量和处理数据，过滤的ERG，并用草RPS312RM放大器放大它（100赫兹的高通滤波器，50赫兹的陷波滤波器，100,000×放大）。试图筛选出可能的干扰频率，可能会干扰信号。为了处理数据，使用模拟 - 数字数据采集板的台式计算机（PC兼容）上。 </li><li>在恒定灌注的暗适应期后，测量的电信号的幅度，直到稳定b波振幅被记录。 注：振幅被认为是稳定的，如果五个单测量达到一个平均值和偏差小于10％。单次测量的一个很好的例子是在图1。 </li><li>开始测试，无论是纯氮气代替纯氧（单实验数n = 5）来测试缺氧或250微米谷氨酸（N = 5）。 </li><li>记录电反应，每5分钟45分钟。 </li><li>在测试期结束后，灌注的视网膜与氧饱和75分钟的标准培养基，并期待在b-波振幅的变化。这是洗出阶段。测量从一个波到b-波的峰值的波谷的b-波幅度。 </li><li>调查低氧或谷氨酸上暗的条件下的感光体电位的效果，抑制b-波通过加入1mM至所述营养液。 </li><li>记录一个稳定的光感受器电位30分钟后，执行程序和以前一样，露出了视网膜45分钟，以不同的冲洗液以1 mM的天门冬氨酸。使用相同的洗脱期（步骤2.8）正如前面提到的。 </li></ol> 3.数据分析<ol><li>为了统计评估数据，确保正常的分布所有的数据， 如使用柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫测试15。 </li><li>计算的a-和b-波振幅的百分比在曝光阶段之后的减少相比，最后一次测量的论述之前。 45分钟后，比较ERG-振幅的减小 - 在暴露时段的结束 - 到ERG应用之前测量。 </li><li>比较在冲洗阶段相应幅度的论述之前结束的A股和B超波，研究可能的复苏。 </li><li>进行统计分析，使用该软件JMP统计软件SPSS或软件。整个计算的平均值±标准差的数据。估计由相应的统计检验的意义。 注：这些测试可能会根据不同的实验范围。在这种背景下，使用学生的配对t检验。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

在这项研究中，在缺氧的45分钟后的b波振幅的显著影响被发现。本次减持仍是冲洗阶段后显著。可以观察到在感光体电位类似的效果。 结果被其他公布的数据16，给我们研究缺氧后可能神经保护作用的机会的支持。 后45分钟的论述250μM谷氨酸，我们没有发现只在b-波振幅为完全可逆的清除期的结束在统计学显著影响。感光体电位不是由250μM谷氨酸?...

神经保护一直在调查研究的眼科在过去几十年的强场。视网膜是氧合显著取决于并强烈地受到其周围细胞的代谢的影响高度敏感的神经元网络。涉及神经细胞的损伤大眼病症是视网膜血管闭塞，青光眼和视网膜脱离。 视网膜动脉闭塞，作为网膜血管闭塞症，例如，导致视力突然损失，由于视网膜内层1缺氧。它通常与一般的血管病理学2和导线的持久视觉损失相关联，只有8％的患者恢复视力显著1。虽然动脉纤溶 ​​已建议作为一种治疗选择，好处不能显示在一个随机临床试验3。 青光眼和视网膜脱离都有增加谷氨酸浓度4-6。生理条件下，谷氨酸遇到作为兴奋性发射机在整个中枢神经系统和视网膜内层7,8。提高谷氨酸含量已经发现不仅在青光眼和视网膜脱离5,6而且在增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变9。谷氨酸的增加可能会导致兴奋性毒性，因此，神经细胞的损伤10。在视网膜脱离和在某些情况下在视网膜上（玻璃体）增生性糖尿病性视网膜病的手术大多数情况下是必要的。在玻璃体机械操纵，明亮的光线光纤或在长期的经营中灌溉解决方案的高流速产生的剪切应力对视网膜11,12施加了额外的压力。 所有的提到的疾病的共同之处在于所述病理定位于雷廷一个单独构成的眼科界的挑战，想方设法保护视网膜神经上一个系统。 电图（ERG）是用于在体内光感受器功能（一个波）和内视网膜（b波）的功能的评价的标准方法。 ERG的被引入到角膜银电极来测量和眼睛正在刺激光的增加的水平，以检测在杆或视锥细胞或视网膜内层缺陷。在视网膜的不同的缺陷可以通过改变幅度（响应的强度）或ERG的延迟（时间到响应的时间间隔）来检测。不同的ERG协议和测量方法（模式-ERG，多焦-ERG或明场ERG）允许缺陷进一步分化。分离的视网膜的技术最近已经引入，使得可以评估，而不脱离如一个研究动物的干扰在视网膜上的影响一般反应13,14。 正是这种研究，评估和引进定义和标准化应力模型的缺氧和谷氨酸应力的隔离灌流视网膜的目的。因此，我们希望能为今后的某些代理商或眼内冲洗液的保护作用的研究奠定了基础。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">120 mM NaCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1,064,041,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">2 mM KCl,&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1,050,010,250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">0.1 mM MgCl2,&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">58,330,250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">0.15 mM CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">111 TA106282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">1.5 mM NaH2PO4/13.5 mM Na2HPO4&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1,065,860,500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">5 mM glucose</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">40,741,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

glutamate and hypoxia as a stress model for the isolated perfused vertebrate retina

神经保护已调查的一个强电场在眼科研究在过去的几十年，并影响疾病如青光眼，视网膜血管阻塞症，视网膜脱落，以及糖尿病视网膜病变。它是本研究引入一个标准化应力模型为未来的临床前治疗试验的对象。 制备牛视网膜和灌注的饱和氧标准溶液中，ERG记录。记录稳定的B-波，缺氧（纯的N 2）或谷氨酸应力（250微米谷氨酸）后施加45分钟。调查于光感受器功能单独的影响，1毫天冬氨酸加到得到波。 ERG恢复75分钟进行监测。 对于缺氧，在为87.0％，波幅下降注意到（P &lt;0.01），后45分钟（减少36.5％的冲刷P = 0.03结束后）博览会时间。此外，初始DECR缓解的记录87.23％b波振幅，即达到统计学意义（p &lt;0.01，减少了25.5％，在冲洗结束时，p值= 0.03）。 为250微米的谷氨酸，初始还原，随后还原了1.9％（P&gt; 0.05）a-波振幅（P&gt; 0.05）7.8％。减少b波振幅（P &lt;0.01），指出了83.7％;减少了75分钟的冲洗后为2.3％（P = 0.62）。在这项研究中，一个标准化的应力模型被呈现，可能是有用的，以确定在未来可能的神经保护作用。

1小时视网膜制剂与氧饱和标准溶液（ 图1A和B）的灌注后ERG-振幅表现出稳定和单次测量之间的振幅的变化较小。 pH值，渗透压，温度和PO 2（除了低氧测试）保持恒定为所有测试。 为了隔离从内视网膜的信号的感光信号，1mM的天冬氨酸加入到标准溶液来抑制b-波（ 图1A）。在缺氧的效果测试，为87.0％，波幅下降注意到（P &lt;0.01），后45分钟的曝光时间?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina at JoVE.com

Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina

有了这个研究中，我们实行规范的应力模型的隔离灌流牛视网膜对未来临床治疗试验。要么缺氧（纯的N 2）或谷氨酸应力（250μM谷氨酸）对由a-和b-波振幅为代表视网膜功能的效果进行了评价。

谷氨酸和缺氧作为离体脊椎动物视网膜应力模型

Neuroprotection has been a strong field of investigation in ophthalmological research in the past decades and affects diseases such as glaucoma, retinal ...

glutamate-hypoxia-as-stress-model-for-isolated-perfused-vertebrate

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.8K 次观看.  University Eye Hospital Tübingen. 有了这个研究中，我们实行规范的应力模型的隔离灌流牛视网膜对未来临床治疗试验。要么缺氧（纯的N 2）或谷氨酸应力（250μM谷氨酸）对由a-和b-波振幅为代表视网膜功能的效果进行了评价。 

视频: Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina

Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

The unilaterally lesioned 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has proved to be invaluable in advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms, since it recapitulates the changes in basal ganglia circuitry and pharmacology observed in parkinsonian patients1-4. However, the precise cellular and molecular changes occurring at cortico-striatal synapses of the output pathways within the striatum, which is the major input region of the basal ganglia remain elusive, and this is believed to be site where pathological abnormalities underlying parkinsonian symptoms arise3,5.
In PD, understanding the mechanisms underlying changes in basal ganglia circuitry following degeneration of the nigro-striatal pathway has been greatly advanced by the development of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mice over-expressing green fluorescent proteins driven by promoters specific for the two striatal output pathways (direct pathway: eGFP-D1; indirect pathway: eGFP-D2 and eGFP-A2a)8, allowing them to be studied in isolation. For example, recent studies have suggested that there are pathological changes in synaptic plasticity in parkinsonian mice9,10. However, these studies utilised juvenile mice and acute models of parkinsonism. It is unclear whether the changes described in adult rats with stable 6-OHDA lesions also occur in these models. Other groups have attempted to generate a stable unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA adult mouse model of PD by lesioning the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), unfortunately, the mortality rate in this study was extremely high, with only 14% surviving the surgery for 21 days or longer11. More recent studies have generated intra-nigral lesions with both a low mortality rate &gt;80% loss of dopaminergic neurons, however expression of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia11,12,13,14 was variable in these studies. Another well established mouse model of PD is the MPTP-lesioned mouse15. Whilst this model has proven useful in the assessment of potential neuroprotective agents16, it is less suitable for understanding mechanisms underlying symptoms of PD, as this model often fails to induce motor deficits, and shows a wide variability in the extent of lesion17, 18.
Here we have developed a stable unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse model of PD by direct administration of 6-OHDA into the MFB, which consistently causes &gt;95% loss of striatal dopamine (as measured by HPLC), as well as producing the behavioural imbalances observed in the well characterised unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD. This newly developed mouse model of PD will prove a valuable tool in understanding the mechanisms underlying generation of parkinsonian symptoms.

Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

A protocol for performing unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in mice is described. This method has a low mortality rate (13.3 %) with 89% of the surviving animals showing &#62;95% loss of striatal dopamine and 90.63&#177;-4.02 % ipsiversive rotational bias towards the side of the lesion.

1单侧损毁6  - 羟基多巴胺帕金森病小鼠模型的发展

The unilaterally lesioned 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has proved to be invaluable in advancing our ...

科研

医学

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting. Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological pathways of the stress response in health and disease are fundamental to the progress of research in stress and anxiety.1 Although numerous protocols exist for inducing stress response in the laboratory, many neglect to provide a naturalistic context or to incorporate aspects of social and psychological stress. Of psychological stress protocols, meta-analysis suggests that the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most useful and appropriate standardized protocol for studies of stress hormone reactivity.2 In the original description of the TSST, researchers sought to design and evaluate a procedure capable of inducing a reliable stress response in the majority of healthy volunteers.3 These researchers found elevations in heart rate, blood pressure and several endocrine stress markers in response to the TSST (a psychological stressor) compared to a saline injection (a physical stressor).3 Although the TSST has been modified to meet the needs of various research groups, it generally consists of a waiting period upon arrival, anticipatory speech preparation, speech performance, and verbal arithmetic performance periods, followed by one or more recovery periods. The TSST requires participants to prepare and deliver a speech, and verbally respond to a challenging arithmetic problem in the presence of a socially evaluative audience.3 Social evaluation and uncontrollability have been identified as key components of stress induction by the TSST.4 In use for over a decade, the goal of the TSST is to systematically induce a stress response in order to measure differences in reactivity, anxiety and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis during the task.1 Researchers generally assess changes in self-reported anxiety, physiological measures (e.g. heart rate), and/or neuroendocrine indices (e.g. the stress hormone cortisol) in response to the TSST. Many investigators have adopted salivary sampling for stress markers such as cortisol and alpha-amylase (a marker of autonomic nervous system activation) as an alternative to blood sampling to reduce the confounding stress of blood-collection techniques. In addition to changes experienced by an individual completing the TSST, researchers can compare changes between different treatment groups (e.g. clinical versus healthy control samples) or the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions.1

This article describes a protocol for inducing psychological stress in participants, which enables researchers to measure psychological, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress within single participants or between groups.

特里尔社会压力诱发心理应激的测试协议

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

在动物模型揭示神经，血液，创伤后应激障碍和行为相关因素的生物标志物

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for personalized medicine after stratification, explaining the current interest in developing a reproducible and low-cost xenotransplant model for this disease. The chick chorioallantoic membrane is a natural immunodeficient host capable of sustaining grafted tissues and cells without species-specific restrictions. In addition, it is easily accessed, manipulated and imaged using optical and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. Histology further allows detailed analysis of heterotypic cellular interactions.
This protocol describes in detail the in ovo grafting of the chorioallantoic membrane with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines (Saos-2 and SW1353). The chick survival rates are up to 75%. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior. For localized grafting of single cell suspensions, ECM gel provides significant advantages over inert containment materials. The Ki67 proliferation index is related to the distance of the cells from the surface of the CAM and the duration of application on the CAM, the latter determining a time frame for the addition of therapeutic products.

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

The in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is grafted with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior.

该<em&gt;在OVO</em&gt; CAM作为一个肉瘤Xenograftmodel的检测

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Creating experimental retinal detachments with a reproducible and sustained height of detachment, and without subretinal hemorrhage, is important for studying the pathophysiology of photoreceptor cell loss in retinal disease and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we report such a method in detail.

视网膜脱离模型鼠害由透明质酸钠的视网膜下注射

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

脑Microslices的兴奋性刺激作为<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;中风模型

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent melphalan. Briefly, the procedure starts with the setup of a percutaneous veno-venous bypass from the femoral vein to the external jugular vein. Via a laparotomy, catheters are then inserted into the proper hepatic artery and the caval vein. The portal vein and the caval vein, both supra- and infrahepatically, are then clamped. The arterial and venous catheters are connected to a heart lung machine and the liver is perfused with melphalan (1 mg/kg body weight) for 60 min. This way it is possible to locally perfuse the liver with a high dose of a chemotherapeutic agent, without leakage to the systemic circulation.
In previous studies including patients with isolated liver metastases of uveal melanoma, an overall response rate of 33-100% and a median survival between 9 and 13 months, have been reported. The aim of this protocol is to give a clear description of how to perform the procedure and to discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

Here, we present a protocol how to perform an isolated liver perfusion (IHP) with melphalan and we also discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

隔离肝脏灌注作为治疗葡萄膜黑色素瘤肝转移

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

基于短暂性脑缺氧缺血性血栓性中风模型

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases. To avoid damage to hypoxia sensitive organs such as the brain, compensatory circulatory mechanisms help to maintain an adequate oxygen supply. This is mainly achieved by increased cerebral blood flow. Intermittent hypoxia is a commonly seen phenomenon in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Acute airway obstruction can also result in hypoxia and hypercapnia. Until now, no adequate model has been established to simulate these dynamics in humans. Previous investigations focusing on human hypoxia used inhaled hypoxic gas mixtures. However, the resulting hypoxia was combined with hyperventilation and is therefore more representative of high altitude environments than of apnea. Furthermore, the transferability of previously performed animal experiments to humans is limited and the pathophysiological background of apnea induced physiological changes is poorly understood. In this study, healthy human apneic divers were utilized to mimic clinically relevant hypoxia and hypercapnia during apnea. Additionally, pulse-oximetry and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) were used to evaluate changes in cerebral and peripheral oxygen saturation before, during, and after apnea.

Hypoxia simulation in humans has usually been performed by inhaling hypoxic gas mixtures. For this study, apneic divers were used to simulate dynamic hypoxia in humans. Additionally, physiological changes in desaturation and re-saturation kinetics were evaluated with non-invasive tools such as Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy (NIRS) and peripheral oxygenation saturation (SpO2).

一个模型来模拟人类临床相关性缺氧

In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases. To avoid damage to ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...