作者要感谢达盖拉德的接种和后续的动物实验。这项工作是由ANSES（法语局食品，环境和职业健康安全），并从基金会法国帕金森的赠款支持。

所有的程序和涉及动物的协议是根据欧盟86/609 / EEC和来的时候，考虑在动物实验（协议11-0043）道德的法国国家委员会批准。动物饲养和照顾在ANSES的认可实验设施在里昂（许可B 69387 0801）。 1.准备小鼠<ol><li>通过腹膜内注射致死剂量的戊巴比妥钠的安乐死的小鼠。 </li><li>检索来自小鼠头盖骨的整个大脑，并放置在35毫米的塑料培养皿中在冰上直到萃取。 </li><li>提取脊髓型颈椎病。 注 ：提取αS无论是从一个接矢状切片或从解剖小鼠大脑脑半部，可在表1中列出的实验之后。 </li></ol><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> ExperimenŤ </td><td> 老鼠 物（相当于大脑） </td><td> 生存期 （DPI） </td><td> 平均/最大生存 （天） </td><td> αS 三维检测用ELISA / WB / IHC </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td>未接种小鼠</td><td> 441±166 </td><td>七百三十六分之四百十九</td><td> 8/8 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td>接种小鼠（0.2毫克） </td><td> 150±52 </td><td> 241分之140 </td><td> 9/9 </td></tr></tbody></table> 。预防接种在6个星期进行表1中的对M83小鼠进行的实验清单实验2中的纹状体-皮质区与20μl的患病小鼠的脑匀浆（1％重量/体积的葡萄糖5％），后6周龄纯合子小鼠M83异氟烷吸入3％麻醉。 DPI：天后inocul通货膨胀。 2.αS提取脑减半<ol><li>矢状切开大脑，得到两半。每个重达半含磨球一个ribolysis管。 </li><li>制备含有50mM Tris-盐酸，pH为7.5，750 mM氯化钠，5mM的EDTA，1mM的DTT，1％磷酸和蛋白酶抑制剂鸡尾酒高盐（HS）的缓冲器。添加高盐缓冲到大脑半部，以获得20％（重量/体积）匀浆。 </li><li>制备从使用机械均化器大脑半部样品为6.0米/秒的23秒两次。前23秒均化之后，将包含第二23秒周期之前在冰上2分钟的匀浆管。 </li><li>离心样品在1000×g离心5分钟以消除未磨制脑片段。回收上清液，分成200微升的等分试样，并保持在-80℃下用于随后的ELISA分析。 </li></ol> 3.αS提取解剖脑区<ol><li>解剖全脑在35毫米的塑料培养皿在冰上与使用两个forcipes的两端放在一起解剖海马时除外低倍放大镜（8倍放大）。不要超过10分钟，以保持大脑的完整性。将大脑右侧朝上和检索下列顺序的脑区： <ol><li>使用置于仅次于灯泡镊子两个嗅球中单独之一。由向下运动的大脑分离。重复此操作，对于在第二灯泡。 </li><li>轻轻楔镊子在两皮质之间并移动其转发到促进两个皮层解离。保持大脑到位与一种钳子，使用另一个皮层从海马中分离出来。 </li><li>定位钳2毫米皮层下面。保持对钳子轻柔压力直到海马的顶部可见。剥离皮质的第一部分，并重复与第二部分。使用镊子分开的两个皮层起始于海马和移向大脑的前部。 </li><li>围绕定位海马的一个开放的镊子。关闭钳在海马的底部，然后轻轻将其删除，恢复尽可能。重复该过程的第二个海马。 </li><li>定位低于芨之一的开放镊子轻轻它从大脑中分离出来。使用镊子从纹状体删除任何剩余的皮质。重复此过程的第二纹状体。 </li><li>使用镊子至2毫米的小脑的轮廓轻踏以有利于从大脑小脑的分离。将镊子仅次于小脑和通过移动镊子向前卸下。 </li><li>使用镊子的宽部，以提高中脑，以便清楚地看到，它加入脑干。使在路口一纵切口，然后取出脑干。 </li><li>定位钳脑后面，我Ş由四个圆形结构。切开垂直直到脑已完全从剩余的脑分离。 </li></ol></li><li>准备的变量％（重量/体积）中的HS缓冲器，这取决于可用的组织的量， 即，5％的匀浆为10至30毫克的重量，为30和80毫克之间的重量的10％，和20％匀浆对于高于80毫克的重量。 <ol><li>加入的HS缓冲区足够的容量来解剖大脑区域获得匀浆的预期％。 </li><li>涡和检查组织被完全沉浸在HS缓冲区。 </li><li>均匀化从解剖大脑区域或颈髓制备用组织研磨机硼硅玻璃管和两个杵，A和B组成的样品</li><li>倾每个大脑区域直接粉碎成管。将杵进管和收回它。重复此动作大约十倍以离解的组织。然后用杵b到continue研磨组织与另外的20的运动。转移匀浆到1.5毫升管与1毫升移液管。 </li></ol></li><li>离心样品在1000×g离心5分钟，在4℃下，以消除任何未磨制脑片段。检索上清液，它们划分成200μl的等分试样，并保持在-80℃下用于随后的ELISA分析。 </li></ol> 4.检测αS的通过ELISA <ol><li>稀释涂料抗体0.01纳克/毫升。使用任一抗αS兔多克隆或单克隆的克隆42抗体在50mM的Na 2 CO 3 / 碳酸氢钠缓冲液（pH 9.6）。 </li><li>涂层的96孔板，每该涂覆溶液的孔100μl，并在4℃CO / N离开。使用抗αS兔多克隆抗体在用于使用抗体检测syn514 ELISA中的涂布液，克隆42，LB509，AS11，4D6或8A5。使用抗αS单克隆抗体克隆42作为涂布液在与抗pSer129αS检测抗体结合。 注 ：如果需要的话，板可以保持在4℃下进行一周的ELISA之前进行。 </li><li>使用洗板与每孔0.05％吐温20（PBST）洗涤板五次用300μl磷酸盐缓冲盐水。从该步骤起，孵育是在室温。 </li><li>加入200μl的PBS T20阻止每口井的缓冲区。摇1小时以150rpm。用PBST洗平板五次。 </li><li>稀释脑匀浆（稀释1：100的20％匀浆，1:50 10％匀浆并在PBST中的BSA 1％5％匀浆1:25），并添加100微升到每个孔中。然后孵育2小时，在150转速下晃动。用PBST洗平板五次。 </li><li>添加不同αS检测抗体在PBST与BSA 1％的材料清单中提到的稀释液。孵育1小时以150rpm。用PBST洗平板五次。 </li><li>无论是添加抗-mouse或抗兔IgG HRP结合物稀释1：8000在PBST中补充有BSA的1％1小时以150rpm摇动。用PBST洗平板五次。 </li><li>加入100微升3,3&#39;，5,5&#39;-四甲基联苯胺（TMB）溶液至每个孔，并孵育在黑暗中15分钟以150rpm摇动。 </li><li>停止加入100微升1N HCl中，每孔然后测量450nm处的吸光度与酶标仪反应。 </li><li>进行数据分析，减去在井与除从测量每个所分析的样品的OD值的任何小鼠大脑样品（空白孔）中的所有的试剂中得到的OD值。 </li></ol> 5.表位作图<ol><li>根据由奥斯曼16中记载的方法进行表位作图。简言之，将包含在硝酸纤维素12个氨基酸的10个重叠氨基酸的人类α突触核蛋白序列的点的肽。 </li><li>用50mM的Tris / 150mM的NaCl的缓冲液1方框0含0.05％吐温20和5％奶粉。孵育抗体在阻断以每毫升2微克抗体的浓度的溶液在2-10°CO / N。 </li><li>洗膜用的50mM Tris / 150含有0.05％Tween 20的孵育与山羊抗 - 小鼠IgG HRP缀合物mM氯化钠缓冲液pH 10三次。洗用同样的缓冲液然后另一个五次染色用Western印迹TMB染色试剂盒的膜。 </li></ol> 6.统计分析<ol><li>使用R软件和NLME包进行混合效应回归模型OD。对于每一个对比，进行混合效应回归模型。使用固定的效果，从无症状群体区分症状。 </li><li>使用随机效果来反映重复的变异用于给定鼠标。查同方差通过检查残差和如果需要的话，可以使用方差函数来符合皮涅罗和贝茨1组内的错误的方差结构的模型7，设置0.05作为P的意义门槛</li></ol>

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The authors have no competing interests to disclose.

采用ELISA检测法被证明特别是从小鼠脑组织匀浆检测αSÐ直接的病在M83转基因小鼠模型中。事实上，这ELISA可以很容易地分辨健康M83小鼠在高盐缓冲只使用全脑组织匀浆病鼠M83。 使用这种ELISA成功的结果的最重要的步骤是：正确地制定必要的手巧，以防止在切除损坏解剖老鼠大脑的不同区域;执行样本稀释只在HS缓冲区;和抗体的选择，因为并非所有的抗体将工作在ELISA格?...

Most current methods for detecting disease-associated &#945;-synuclein (&#945;SD) in experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as immunohistochemistry or Western blot, are time-consuming and not quantitative. This neurodegenerative disease is characterized by alpha-synuclein aggregation mainly in the form of inclusions containing an aggregated form of the normally soluble presynaptic protein &#945;S1,2 (Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites). Normally only marginally phosphorylated, &#945;S is hyperphosphorylated at its serine 129 residue in these inclusions3 and can be monitored by antibodies specifically directed against Ser129 phosphorylated &#945;S, thus providing a reliable marker of the pathology. 
Recent research suggests that a &#8220;prion-like&#8221; mechanism could be involved in the propagation of &#945;S aggregation within the nervous system of an affected patient4,5. These studies reported the acceleration of a synucleinopathy by inoculating brain extracts containing &#945;SD into a transgenic mouse model (M83) expressing an A53T mutated human &#945;S protein associated with a severe motor impairment occurring as the mice age6. In the same manner, intra-cerebral inoculation of aggregated recombinant &#945;S in the same M83 mouse model confirmed the acceleration of aggregation5. The induction of deposits of phosphorylated &#945;S has also been reported after inoculation of C57Bl/6 wild-type mice with either fibrillar recombinant &#945;S or brain extracts from human DLB patients7,8. Sacino et al.9 recently pointed out that after injection of fibrillar human &#945;S, a widespread and progressive cerebral &#945;S inclusion formation could be induced in M83 mice, but not in E46K transgenic mice or non-transgenic mice in which induced &#945;S inclusions were transient, and mainly restricted to the site of injection. Recent studies on monkeys confirmed propagation of &#945;S aggregates after inoculation of PD-derived extracts in species closer to humans10.
The link between &#945;S alterations and Parkinson&#8217;s disease suggest that &#945;SD is a potential biomarker for Parkinson&#8217;s disease11. A recent study showed the detection of oligomeric soluble aggregates of &#945;-synuclein in human cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) and plasma as a potential biomarker for Parkinson&#8217;s disease based on a conventional sandwich system ELISA using the same antibody to capture and detect &#945;S12. Based on the same method, multimeric proteins were recognized in biological samples, including the brain, because there are multiple copies of epitopes present in the assembled forms13. Very recently, pathological &#945;S in the CSF of patients with a proven Lewy body pathology was detected using both an ELISA kit with a highly specific antibody against &#945;SD (5G4) and an immunoprecipitation assay14. These methods could differentiate patients with PD/DLB from other types of dementia.
The &#8220;prion-like&#8221; propagation of &#945;S aggregation was further studied in transgenic mouse model M83 using an ELISA approach that was designed to specifically identify &#945;SD15. In this study, we report the detailed ELISA protocol used to quantitatively detect &#945;SD in sick mice (whether or not inoculated with &#945;SD from sick M83 mice) and more especially in the brain regions specifically targeted by the pathological process in this M83 transgenic mouse model4.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<colgroup>
		<col span="2" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>LB509&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>&#160;ab27766</td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AS11</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Produced at Anses</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4D6&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abcam&#160;</td>
			<td>ab1903</td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PSer129&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abcam&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;ab59264</td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PSer129&#160;EP1536Y</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abcam&#160;</td>
			<td>ab51253</td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>syn514&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abcam&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;ab24717</td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>clone 42</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BD Biosciences&#160;</td>
			<td>610787</td>
			<td>Coating and detection antibody (1/2000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8A5&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided by Dr. Anderson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyclonal anti-&#945;syn antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>&#160;AB5038P</td>
			<td>Coating&#160; antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse&#160; IgG HRP conjugate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>1010-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>4010-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse&#160; IgG HRP conjugate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>115-035-164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="4">HS buffer</td>
			<td>Tris-HCl 50 mM&#160;</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>26-128-3094-B</td>
			<td rowspan="4">Adjust at pH 7.5 and keep at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 750 mM&#160;</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>1112-A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA 5 mM&#160;</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>EU0007-B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT 1 mM&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>43815</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="4">PBS</td>
			<td>Na2HPO4 1 mM</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>1309</td>
			<td rowspan="4">Adjust at pH 7.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4 1,5 mM</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>2018</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl&#160; 137 mM</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>1112-A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl 2,7 mM</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>P017</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>2001-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT 1 mM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>43815</td>
			<td>stock solution 100 mM, toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% phosphatase cocktail</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>78428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>04&#160;693&#160;132&#160;001</td>
			<td>50 X concentrated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate MaxiSorpTM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>442404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Tampon carbonate 50 mM pH 9.6&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;Na2CO3, 10H2O&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71360</td>
			<td>2.86 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;NaHCO3&#160;</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>6329</td>
			<td>3.36 g/L, pH9.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superblock T20 PBS blocking buffer&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>E6423H</td>
			<td>10 X concentrated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T0440</td>
			<td>Used for ELISA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Analytik Jena AG</td>
			<td>847-0104200302</td>
			<td>Used for epitope mapping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl 1N&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Chimie plus</td>
			<td>40030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ribolyser</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>Fast prep FP120</td>
			<td>keep on ice at this step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grinding tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>355-1197</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate washer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>Columbus Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>Model 680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low power magnifier&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>630-1062</td>
			<td>X8 magnification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps Dumont#7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>14097</td>
			<td>For dissection steps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipette 1ml Samso</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Samso</td>
			<td>043231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,5 ml tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>033290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of disease-associated &#945;-synuclein by enhanced elisa in the brain of transgenic mice overexpressing human a53t mutated &#945;-synuclein

除了 ​​像Western印迹确定的方法，需要新的方法来快速并容易地量化疾病相关α突触核蛋白（αSD）在突触核蛋白病的实验模型。转基因小鼠线（M83）过表达人类A53TαS和自发发展8和22个月的年龄，特点是症状包括体重下降，虚脱，和严重运动功能障碍之间的戏剧性的临床表型，被用于这项研究。为αSD（疾病相关αS）在这些小鼠中的分子分析，将ELISA被设计成特异性量化αS中的D患病小鼠。中枢神经系统在该小鼠模型的分析表明αSD的存在主要是在尾部脑区域和脊髓。有不同的实验条件之间αS 二维分布无显着差异，导致临床疾病， 即在uninoculated和正常老化的转基因小鼠在接种与患病小鼠大脑提取物的小鼠。的αSð使用免疫抗体对抗Ser129的特异性检测磷酸化ELISAαS与Western blot和免疫组化基本得到相关。出乎意料的是，类似的结果，观察对αS的C-末端部分的几个其它抗体。 αSD的传播，这表明了“朊病毒样”机制的参与，因此，可以容易地监测和定量用ELISA方法该小鼠模型。

在这项研究中，所用的ELISA中具体鉴定疾病相关αS（αSD）在从患病M83小鼠高盐缓冲液中制备脑匀浆。使用抗体特异性识别pSer129αS（p值= 0.0074），酶联免疫吸附容易从年轻（2-5个月大），健康M83小鼠（ 图1）区分老，病小鼠（&gt; 8月龄）。其他几个抗体显示类似的高信号（&gt; 0.6 OD）仅在从患病老鼠脑组织匀浆。这是129-140的情况下为4D6（p值= 0.01），LB509（p值= 0.0047）和8A5（P &lt;...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Disease-associated Î±-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated Î±-synuclein at JoVE.com

Detection of Disease-associated &amp;#945;-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated &amp;#945;-synuclein

An ELISA offering a novel quantitative approach is described. It specifically detects disease-associated &#945;-synuclein (&#945;SD) in a transgenic mouse model (M83) of synucleinopathy using several antibodies against either the Ser129 phosphorylated &#945;S form or the C-terminal part of the protein.

发现疾病相关的α突触核蛋白通过增强ELISA在转基因小鼠表达人A53T的突变脑α突触核蛋白

In addition to established methods like Western blot, new methods are needed to quickly and easily quantify disease-associated &#945;-synuclein (&#945;SD) ...

detection-disease-associated-synuclein-enhanced-elisa-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Detection of Disease-associated &#945;-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated &#945;-synuclein

10.6K 次观看.  ANSES - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety. An ELISA offering a novel quantitative approach is described. It specifically detects disease-associated α-synuclein (αSD) in a transgenic mouse model (M83) of synucleinopathy using several antibodies against either the Ser129 phosphorylated αS form or the C-terminal part of the protein.

视频: Detection of Disease-associated &#945;-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated &#945;-synuclein

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

利用人类纤维原细胞线粒体表型的监测领域的帕金森氏病

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

科研

医学

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice:  A Model for Immunotherapy Development

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy. To induce bladder cancer, C57BL/6 mice (MUC1.Tg and wild type) were treated orally with the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) at 3.0 mg/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. To assess the effects of OH-BBN on serum cytokine profile during tumor development, whole blood was collected via submandibular bleeds prior to treatment and every four weeks. In addition, a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine and placebo were administered to groups of mice weekly for eight weeks. Multiplex fluorometric microbead immunoanalyses of serum cytokines during tumor development and following vaccination were performed. At termination, interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) ELISpot analysis for MUC1 specific T-cell immune response and histopathological evaluations of tumor type and grade were performed. The results showed that: (1) the incidence of bladder cancer in both MUC1.Tg and wild type mice was 67%; (2) transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) developed at a 2:1 ratio compared to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); (3) inflammatory cytokines increased with time during tumor development; and (4) administration of the peptide vaccine induces a Th1-polarized serum cytokine profile and a MUC1 specific T-cell response. All tumors in MUC1.Tg mice were positive for MUC1 expression, and half of all tumors in MUC1.Tg and wild type mice were invasive. In conclusion, using a team approach through the coordination of the efforts of pharmacologists, immunologists, pathologists and molecular biologists, we have developed an immune intact transgenic mouse model of bladder cancer that expresses hMUC1.

An N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder cancer model was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic mice for the purpose of testing MUC1-directed immunotherapy. After administering a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to MUC1 was confirmed by measuring serum cytokine levels and T-cell specific activity.

浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌中的完整的人MUC1转基因小鼠免疫诱导免疫治疗发展模型

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

脑Microslices的兴奋性刺激作为<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;中风模型

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Image-guided Convection-enhanced Delivery into Agarose Gel Models of the Brain

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. Neuroinfusion catheter CED allows for positive pressure bulk flow to deliver greater quantities of therapeutics to an intracranial target than traditional drug delivery methods. The clinical utility of real time MRI guided CED (rCED) lies in the ability to accurately target, monitor therapy, and identify complications. With training, rCED is efficient and complications may be minimized. The agarose gel model of the brain provides an accessible tool for CED testing, research, and training. Simulated brain rCED allows practice of the mock surgery while also providing visual feedback of the infusion. Analysis of infusion allows for calculation of the distribution fraction (Vd/Vi) allowing the trainee to verify the similarity of the model as compared to human brain tissue. This article describes our agarose gel brain phantom and outlines important metrics during a CED infusion and analysis protocols while addressing common pitfalls faced during CED infusion for the treatment of neurological disease.

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. In order to prepare health care professionals for adoption of CED, accessible training models are needed. We describe the use of agarose gel as such a model of the human brain for testing, research, and training.

图像引导的对流增强交付到大脑的琼脂糖凝胶模型

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. Neuroinfusion catheter CED allows ...

Acute Brain Trauma in Mice Followed By Longitudinal Two-photon Imaging

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no effective treatment for it yet. Limitations of currently used animal models impede understanding of the pathology mechanism. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying cells and tissues within intact animal brains longitudinally under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we describe two models of acute brain injury studied by means of two-photon imaging of brain cell behavior under posttraumatic conditions. A selected brain region is injured with a sharp needle to produce a trauma of a controlled width and depth in the brain parenchyma. Our method uses stereotaxic prick with a syringe needle, which can be combined with simultaneous drug application. We propose that this method can be used as an advanced tool to study cellular mechanisms of pathophysiological consequences of acute trauma in mammalian brain in vivo. In this video, we combine acute brain injury with two preparations: cranial window and skull thinning. We also discuss advantages and limitations of both preparations for multisession imaging of brain regeneration after trauma.

Acute brain trauma is a severe injury that has no adequate treatment to date. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying longitudinally the process of acute brain trauma development and probing therapeutical strategies in rodents. Two models of acute brain trauma studied with in vivo two-photon imaging of brain are demonstrated in this protocol.

急性脑外伤小鼠其次是纵向双光子成像

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no ...

Minimal Invasive Surgical Procedure of Inducing Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last decades. For clarification of the underlying mechanisms and the development of new therapeutic strategies, the availability of valid animal models are mandatory. Since we need new insights into pathomechanisms of cardiovascular diseases under in vivo conditions to combat myocardial infarction, the validity of the animal model is a crucial aspect. However, protection of animals are highly relevant in this context. Therefore, we establish a minimally invasive and simple model of myocardial infarction in mice, which assures a high reproducibility and survival rate of animals. Thus, this models fulfils the requirements of the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction) for animal experiments and assure the scientific information needed for further developing of therapeutical strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

A highly reproducible model for myocardial infarction in mice with minimal invasive manipulations is described. The model can be easily performed, resulting in a high reproducibility and survival rate. Thus, the described model will reduce the number of required animals as requested by the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction).

在诱导小鼠心肌梗死的微创手术过程

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

小鼠加速动脉硬化的诱导："电线损伤"模型

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a wide variety of disorders including metabolic diseases, premature aging syndromes, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Maintenance of mitochondrial health depends on mitochondrial biogenesis and the efficient clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy. Experimental methods to accurately detect autophagy/mitophagy, especially in animal models, have been challenging to develop. Recent progress towards the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy has enabled the development of novel mitophagy detection techniques. Here, we introduce several versatile techniques to monitor mitophagy in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans (e.g., Rosella and DCT-1/ LGG-1 strains), and mice (mt-Keima). A combination of these mitophagy detection techniques, including cross-species evaluation, will improve the accuracy of mitophagy measurements and lead to a better understanding of the role of mitophagy in health and disease.

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitophagy, the process of clearing damaged mitochondria, is necessary for mitochondrial homeostasis and health maintenance. This article presents some of the latest mitophagy detection methods in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mice.

体外和体内检测人类细胞中的 Mitophagy,线虫和小鼠

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Obesity represents the most important single risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a disease which is characterized by a resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and a gross decompensation of systemic glucose metabolism. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of glucose metabolism, the molecular mechanisms of its regulation in health and disease remain under-investigated, while novel approaches to prevent and treat diabetes are urgently needed. Diet derived glucose stimulates the pancreatic secretion of insulin, which serves as the principal regulator of cellular anabolic processes during the fed-state and thus balances blood glucose levels to maintain systemic energy status. Chronic overfeeding triggers meta-inflammation, which leads to alterations in peripheral insulin receptor-associated signaling and thus reduces the sensitivity to insulin-mediated glucose disposal. These events ultimately result in elevated fasting glucose and insulin levels as well as a reduction in glucose tolerance, which in turn serve as important indicators of insulin resistance. Here, we present a protocol for the generation and metabolic characterization of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice as a frequently used model of diet-induced insulin resistance. We illustrate in detail the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which monitors the peripheral disposal of an orally administered glucose load and insulin secretion over time. Additionally, we present a protocol for the insulin tolerance test (ITT) to monitor whole-body insulin action. Together, these methods and their downstream applications represent powerful tools to characterize the general metabolic phenotype of mice as well as to specifically assess alterations in glucose metabolism. They may be especially useful in the broad research field of insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity to provide a better understanding of pathogenesis as well as to test the effects of therapeutic interventions.

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

The current article describes the generation and metabolic characterization of high-fat diet-fed mice as a model of diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity. It further features detailed protocols to perform the oral glucose tolerance test and the insulin tolerance test, monitoring whole-body alterations of glucose metabolism in vivo.

口服葡萄糖耐受试验 (OGTT) 和胰岛素耐受试验 (ITT) 对高脂饮食喂养小鼠体内葡萄糖代谢的影响研究 (英文)

Obesity represents the most important single risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a disease which is characterized by a resistance to ...

Induction of Atherosclerotic Plaques Through Activation of Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mice

Atherosclerosis is due to a chronic inflammatory response affecting vascular endothelium and is promoted by several factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. To date, there is evidence to support a role for circulating aldosterone as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Transgenic mouse models have been generated to study cellular and molecular processes leading to atherosclerosis. In this manuscript, we describe a protocol that takes advantage of continuous infusion of aldosterone in ApoE-/- mice and generates atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic root after 4 weeks of treatment. We, therefore, illustrate a method for quantification and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic root level. The added value of aldosterone infusion is represented by the generation of atherosclerotic lesions rich in lipid and inflammatory cells after 4 weeks of treatment. We describe in detail the staining procedures to quantify lipid and macrophage content within the plaque. Notably, in this protocol, we perform heart tissue-embedding in OCT in order to preserve the antigenicity of cardiac tissue and facilitate detectability of antigens of interest. Analysis of the plaque phenotype represents a valid approach to study the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis development and to identify novel pharmacological targets for the development of anti-atherogenic drugs.

We describe a protocol to induce atherosclerosis in the aortic root of ApoE-/- mice fed with an atherogenic diet, through a continuous release of aldosterone. Methods to characterize plaque composition are also described.