This work is supported by Multi-University Research Initiative through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research of the United States (AFOSR-FA9550-15-1-0009) (M. B. F., S. E. N., J.-Y. J., J. M). Collection of pink sea urchins was supported by the University of California Ship Funds and the US National Marine Fisheries Service (K.N.S., J.R.A.T). The authors acknowledge the following people: Prof. Jerry Tustaniwskyj for helpful suggestions during development of the bioinspired Aristotle's lantern sampler, Prof. Marc A. Meyers (UCSD, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program), Prof. Robert L. Sah and Esther Cory (UCSD, Dept. of Bioengineering), and Dr. Maya deVries (Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography). We also thank undergraduate students Sze Hei Siu, Jerry Ng and Ivan Torres for polishing urchin teeth cross-sections.

1.生物材料科学<ol><li>穿戴个人防护装备（ 如手套，防护眼镜和白大褂），并遵守所有适用的安全程序使用解剖工具。 </li><li>冲洗掉镊子并用蒸馏水手术刀用于清扫。 </li><li>解冻在RT冻结粉海胆1小时。放置在具有足够空间的玻璃盘一解冻样品，以便能够操纵海胆和切削工具。打开顽童倒挂使牙齿尖端朝上。 <ol><li>切掉周围的亚里士多德的灯笼用手术刀的周边结缔组织并小心了灯笼。冲洗灯笼了与运行的蒸馏水。在一个适当的废物处理容器丢弃不用的顽童部分。 </li><li>打开亚里士多德的灯笼一遍所以齿的齿尖朝下。找到每个齿（相对于尖）的莲子结束朝上，然后使用镊子小心完全从灯笼滑出个别牙齿。 </li></ol></li><li>准备环氧锅牙齿。称取g树脂，并添加1.15克固化剂（ 如 100份树脂至23重量份的固化剂）在浅一次性塑料托盘。慢慢地混合在一起的内容不会形成泡沫。 注意:不要把吃剩的混合环氧树脂与曝光不足的气氛容器中。固化过程是放热的，可以点燃附近易燃物。保留所有剩余的环氧混合在一个通风良好的通风橱来自易燃物品离开。 <ol><li>润滑2.5 DRAM塑料管（内径22mm，38 mm长）使用，用手指加凡士林擦去多余用纸巾。填补中途管混合环氧树脂。 </li><li>使用镊子拿起一颗牙齿，仔细与弧形凹面朝上环氧淹没它。让在RT环氧树脂固化24小时。 注:从漂流到触摸防止齿尖塑料管壁，因为这环氧树脂固化会使抛光尖更加困难。 </li></ol></li><li>将塑料管固定在台钳固化的环氧树脂。慢慢地拧紧台钳，直到裂缝在塑料管​​的。剥离远离环氧树脂表面残留的塑料。 <ol><li>用切片锯向下切环氧牙齿周围到一个较小的块（1 毫升 ）。 </li></ol></li><li>准备一个干净的区域进行抛光，并成立了平工作站用硬塑料板。补喷瓶蒸馏水。 <ol><li>开始的最低砂纸（ 例如，120）和从洗涤瓶到砂纸挤的少量水。利用光压，擦5分钟一回来回方向（ 例如，左，右）的样品。 </li><li>样品的表面洗掉在一个水槽和一个自由颗粒组织擦去。除去压缩空气任何剩余的砂纸砂粒，持续15秒。 </li><li>使用逐渐提高砂纸（如 600 2400）重复步骤协议1.6.1和1.6.2。利用光的压力，擦垂直于前面的抛光步骤在后样品和前后方向（ 例如，上下，左右）。 注:在放大20倍使用光学显微镜看到垂直划痕每个砂砾水平相交（ 例如，120，600 2400）。移动到下一个更高的砂纸时从先前砂砾水平划痕消失。 </li><li>准备一个喷瓶，在一个1 3微米的钻石抛光悬挂系统:1蒸馏水的解决方案。使用金​​刚石悬浮液重复步骤协议1.6.1和1.6.2抛光布。 </li><li>准备一个喷瓶，在1 0.5微米的氧化铝抛光悬挂系统:1蒸馏水的解决方案。使用microcloth抛光表面重复步骤协议1.6.1和1.6.2。 注:细划痕从协议的步骤和1.6.4 1.6.5不会visib乐在20X的放大倍率。对于这些协议的步骤，抛光5分钟一个来回运动删除所有以前的划痕。 </li><li>清洁用压缩空气仔细干燥蒸馏水和使用无颗粒组织的抛光表面。与无颗粒组织包裹，以保持镜面抛光光洁度。 注:干所有抛光表面面朝下放在大无颗粒的组织。在一个塑料套筒储存，以避免沉降抛光时间之间的表面上的灰尘颗粒。 </li></ol></li><li>表征利用海胆牙齿显微扫描电子显微镜（SEM）。使用溅射涂布机以溅射用85毫安，持续10秒的沉积电流铱到抛光的牙齿表面为20nm的〜涂层厚度。 <ol><li>在获取250X显微图像 - 用SEM 4,000×放大倍率。 注意:使用5千伏的扫描电子（SE）模式，并在背散射电子（BSE）的模式15千伏。使用BSE模式，以确定方解石FIBERS穿插镁丰富的多晶基质。 </li></ol></li><li>执行微型计算机断层扫描（μ-CT）整体粉红色海胆的扫描和新鲜解剖亚里士多德的灯笼。密闭腔容器内的各解冻样品与湿润的组织定位，以提供在扫描时的潮湿环境。 <ol><li>通过扫描μ-CT整个海胆和亚里士多德的灯笼与36.00微米和9.06微米的各向同性体素的大小，分别为。应用100 kVp的的电势和70 kVp的与百毫安和141毫安的电流，对整个海胆和亚里士多德的灯笼，分别使用这两个1.0mm的铝过滤器。 </li><li>图像重建期间应用束硬化校正算法以考虑从μ-CT x射线源发射使用制造商的协议的多个能量的X射线导致射束硬化伪影。 </li></ol></li><li>使用图像处理软件来完善IMAGE分割，并获得了亚里士多德的灯笼结构的三角形网格模型。 <ol><li>加载和预览从μ-CT扫描亚里士多德的灯笼图像数据。匹配体素尺寸（9.06微米），以从微CT扫描的值。 </li><li>使用体绘制功能形象化亚里士多德在三维空间灯笼。调整的边界框模块二维正交切片，调整与体绘制模块阈值/颜色。 </li><li>使面具片段使用分割编辑的感兴趣区域（ 例如，海胆齿）。选择XY，YZ，和XZ平面和三维立体图。使用魔棒（黑色箭头）在亚里士多德的灯笼结构简单（牙与金字塔）区别开来。 </li><li>从提取的面具片段重建模型表面。选择曲面生成模块和应用。取消批量渲染设置有明显的顶面消失。添加表面观模块显示表面的结果。 </li><li>通过减少面的数目为&lt;18000简化模型表面。 </li><li>根据需要修改模型表面上单个三角形网格。保存模型作为立体光刻（STL）文件导出带计算机辅助设计（CAD）建模软件的使用。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.仿生设计<ol><li>从微观CT扫描使用亚里士多德的灯笼作为参考，可与CAD建模软件设计的仿生。 注:仿生设计有五个弧形齿高6厘米，直径为8厘米为封闭的灯笼。它是从天然亚里士多德的灯笼规模扩大了5倍〜。 </li><li>保存STL文件的部分到闪存驱动器和文件上传到熔融沉积成型（FDM）的3D打印机。 <ol><li>装载丙烯腈 - 丁二烯 - 苯乙烯（ABS）塑料和支持塑料盒放入3D p的相应插槽rinter。 </li><li>将z平台上的造型基础，并与金属托盘插槽对齐的标签。 </li><li>打开每个STL文件部分，然后按照屏幕上显示的步骤，同时打印所有灯笼部件。 注意:灯零件必须符合建筑物外壳（25×25×30 毫升 ）对所述三维打印机内。所有五个齿布置在建模底座和与齿尖朝上同时打印。构建速率是每小时16厘米3，总建造时间是约8小时。 </li><li>从释放的选项卡建模的基础时​​，打印的所有文件部分和底座出沿托盘导向的三维打印机中滑出。 </li><li>用金属铲撬下基底和金属文件中的所有部件拖垮任何额外的塑料连接到的部分。 </li><li>印刷部件放入温水洗澡基地直到支撑塑料材质溶解。 </li></ol></li><li>拧紧每颗牙齿的联合的手臂里NK杆和两侧两架E-扣环。 注:参见图6为仿生亚里士多德的灯笼组装。 </li></ol> 3. Bioexploration <ol><li>使用CAD文件的仿生牙做了有限元模型（FEM）应力分析测试。 <ol><li>打开文件（xx.sldprt）做进一步的工程分析。上面的"产品展示厅"选项卡，选中"的SolidWorks Simulation"按钮。 </li><li>上面的"模拟"选项卡中，选择"学习顾问"按钮，然后在下拉选项"新学"。 </li><li>选择模拟试验的类型通过选择"静态"运行。 </li><li>在静态测试列表，关于"灯具"单击鼠标右键，选择"固定几何"。 </li><li>点击内面为灯具添加到安装孔，其中销会。 </li><li>在静态测试列表，关于"外部载荷"和SELEC右击T"强制"。 </li><li>点击牙齿磨尖面向应用45牛顿的力向四周扩散。 </li><li>在静态测试列表，关于"外部载荷"单击鼠标右键，选择"万有引力"。 </li><li>指示"顶面"为施加垂直于该平面的重力。 </li><li>在静态测试列表，关于"网格"单击鼠标右键，选择"创建网格"。 </li><li>对于移动"网格密度"一路为"精细"右侧的比例尺。 </li><li>在静态测试列表，关于"静"，单击鼠标右键，选择"运行"来运行测试。 注:最高压力和"屈服强度"的领域彩色比例尺。 </li></ol></li><li>比较应力分析测试结果为具有和不具有龙骨的仿生齿。 </li></ol>

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<li>Wilkie, I. C., Candia Carnevali, M. D., Andrietti, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mechanical+properties+of+sea-urchin+lantern+muscles%3A+a+comparative+investigation+of+intact+muscle+groups+in+Paracentrotus+lividus+%28Lam%29+and+Stylocidaris+affinis+%28Phil%29+%28Echinodermata%2C+Echinoidea%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Comp.+Physiol.+B%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mechanical properties of sea-urchin lantern muscles: a comparative investigation of intact muscle groups in Paracentrotus lividus (Lam) and Stylocidaris affinis (Phil) (Echinodermata, Echinoidea).</a> J. Comp. Physiol. B. 168 (3), 204-212 (1998).</li>
<li>Witze, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((NASA+plans+Mars+sample-return+rover%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">NASA plans Mars sample-return rover.</a> Nature. 509 (7500), 272(2014).</li>
</ol>

We have nothing to disclose.

海胆用亚里士多德的灯笼（ 图1A）的各种功能（进料，镗孔，旋转等 ）。化石记录表明，灯笼形状和功能已经发展从最原始的cidaroid类型到camarodont型现代海胆14。 Cidaroid灯笼已经沿纵向开槽的齿（ 图1B，上图 ）和非分离肌肉附着到其金字塔结构。这限制了它们的上下运动和剥夺由横向运动，这在更现代camarodont灯笼（ 图1B，下图 ）观察到所产生的较大的刮功率它们。生物学家们推测，在camarodonts进化的龙骨牙（ 图1C，D），以加强在刮硬质承印18,20,23所产生的强烈的张力牙齿。 该仿生设计方案在这个工作相结合生物学，生物材料科学，仿生设计和bioexploration（ 图3），以制定一个仿生设备与采样沉积物的特定功能。亚里士多德的灯笼（ 图4）的μ-CT扫描导入为仅供参考，因为最终的采样设计没有模仿的自然结构复杂的肌肉附着STL文件。代替仿生设计采用与可以很容易地由一个三维打印机装配到亚里士多德的灯笼采样来制造零件较简单的开闭机构。总体而言，我们用于仿生设计的圆形的方法，因为允许新结论bioexploration步骤必须从天然生物学绘制。该仿生设计的潜在修改可以解决除了沉积物取样不同的应用程序。此协议的一个限制是，它被聚焦在仿生方法的一个具体应用为基础的装置在亚里士多德的灯笼。然而，这里概述的协议可以被应用到分析，开发和基于生物样品其他仿生设计最终制造。 造成这种情况的主要应用组装仿生亚里士多德的灯笼采样器（ 图6）是用于收集松散和压实砂（ 图7）。展望未来，美国航空航天局有一个计划带回火星样品地球中使用任务长年累月29继承后样品送回月球车。用仿生亚里士多德的灯笼采样器配备一个样品送回月球车可能对今后的任务是有益的。类似于自然亚里士多德的灯笼规模较小的采样也可用于其他用途。在天然海胆齿硬度的各向异性，而在它自己右边吸引，并没有在这个仿生设计并入。 k的BioexplorationEELED与非翻转齿确认在自然海胆龙骨重要结构目的（ 图8）。该bioexploration结果提供的数据，有助于解释为什么现代海胆演变龙骨结构。我们承认，波特17,18是第一个提出在这项工作中，这是利用工程分析方法来量化海胆牙齿龙骨结构的机械优势必不可少的应用bioexploration一步。未来的仿生设计，连接自然的观察，生物材料科学，仿生设计和bioexploration可以是结合自然的设计原则更深的植根熟悉有利。

生物学领域，生物材料科学，生物材料，生物工程和生化聘请首映的科学技术和思想，试图提供令人难以置信的自然世界有更深的了解。这项研究解释了许多最惊人的生物结构和生物;从人骨1,2的内在韧性大嘴巨嘴鸟3。然而，大部分的这方面的知识，很难以一种方式，可以提供一个好处社会采用。其结果是，bioinspiration的切线野采用从自然学会了现代材料的经验教训，以解决共同问题。例子包括莲花启发超疏水表面留下4-6，由壁虎的脚鼓舞粘接面和昆虫7,8，由9-11鲍鱼和海胆的喉舌启发活检收割机的珍珠层的启发强硬陶瓷，也知道n作为亚里士多德的灯笼12,13。 海胆是长满刺的栖息地最常见的包括在海底的岩石床的无脊椎动物。人体中最大的海胆物种（称为测试）可以超过18厘米，直径;在这项研究考察了粉红色的海胆测试尺寸（ 海胆脆弱 ），可以长到直径10厘米。亚里士多德的灯笼是由由封闭所有，但牙齿（ 图1A）的远端粉碎提示矿化组织的组成和排列为半球状形成金字塔结构，支助了五个主要为碳酸钙的牙齿。 颌骨肌肉结构能够有效的咀嚼和拼抢甚至对硬盘的海洋岩石和珊瑚。当夹爪打开，牙齿向外突出并在爪闭合，牙齿在一个平滑的运动向内缩回。 primitiv的比较E（上）和现代（下）海胆牙齿横截面（ 图1B）表明一个龙骨状齿演变对硬磨底物时，强化牙齿。每个单独的齿具有由于纵向附龙骨（ 图1C，D） ​​的稍微凸起的曲率和在横向平面（垂直于生长方向）的T形的形态。 Bioinspiration始于有趣的自然现象，如亚里士多德在海胆灯笼高效率咀嚼运动的观察。这自然结构最初迷住亚里士多德，因为这让他想起喇叭灯笼与喇叭的窗格冷落。两千多年后，斯卡帕被亚里士多德的灯笼的复杂性，他后来Trogu模仿只使用纸和橡胶带（ 图2A）15,16天然咀嚼运动迷住了。同样，耶利内克是由C仿生砍伐了亚里士多德的灯笼的运动，并制定了更好的活检收割机，可以安全地隔离肿瘤组织，不扩散的癌细胞（ 图2B，C）12,13。在这种情况下，被利用仿生设计，使适合用于期望的应用的特定需要的生物医学装置。 这里描述的设计协议适用于海胆仿生沉积物取样。通过生物材料科学，亚里士多德的灯笼的自然结构的特点。仿生设计识别潜在的应用那里的自然机制，可以通过使用现代材料和制造技术的提高。通过bioexploration的棱镜的最终设计重新检查，以了解自然的牙齿结构如何演变 （ 图3）。最后一步bioexploration，波特提出的17,18，采用工程分析方法到e智能与解释生物现象。所有bioinspiration过程中的重要步骤，表示为用于利用技术，预先核准的本质，可用于解决现代问题的一个例子。我们的协议，所提交由Arzt 7特定应用程序的早期bioinspiration程序的动机，是针对生物学家，工程师和其他人谁是灵感来自于大自然。

<table><tbody><tr><td>BUEHLERMET II 8 PLN 600/P1200</td><td>Buehler</td><td>305308600102</td><td>Abrasive paper for polishing</td></tr><tr><td>TRIDENT POLISH CLOTH 8&quot; PSA</td><td>Buehler</td><td>407518</td><td>Polish cloth for 3 &amp;#956;m suspension</td></tr><tr><td>METADI SUPREME POLY SUSP,3MIC</td><td>Buehler</td><td>406631</td><td>Polish suspension (3&amp;nbsp;&amp;#956;m)</td></tr><tr><td>MICROCLOTH FOR 8 IN WHEEL PSA</td><td>Buehler</td><td>407218</td><td>Polish cloth for 50 nm suspension</td></tr><tr><td>MASTERPREP SUSPENSION, 6 OZ</td><td>Buehler</td><td>636377006</td><td>Polish suspension (50&amp;nbsp;nm)</td></tr><tr><td>Skyscan 1076 micro-CT Scanner</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td>Micro-CT scanner equipment</td></tr><tr><td>Amira software</td><td>FEI Visualization Sciences Group</td><td></td><td>Software for 3D manipulation of Micro-CT scans</td></tr><tr><td>FEI Philips XL30</td><td>FEI Philips</td><td></td><td>ESEM equipment for characterization of polished tooth cross-sections</td></tr><tr><td>SolidWorks Design software</td><td>Dassault Systems</td><td></td><td>Design software for CAD drawing bioinspired device</td></tr><tr><td>SolidWorks Simulation software</td><td>Dassault Systems</td><td></td><td>Simulation software for stress test of CAD drawing bioinspired device</td></tr><tr><td>Dimension 1200es</td><td>Stratasys</td><td></td><td>3D printer for fabrication of bioinspired device from CAD drawing</td></tr><tr><td>ABSplus</td><td>Stratasys</td><td></td><td>3D printer plastic</td></tr></tbody></table>

a protocol for bioinspired design: a ground sampler based on sea urchin jaws

Bioinspired design is an emerging field that takes inspiration from nature to develop high-performance materials and devices. The sea urchin mouthpiece, known as the Aristotle's lantern, is a compelling source of bioinspiration with an intricate network of musculature and calcareous teeth that can scrape, cut, chew food and bore holes into rocky substrates. We describe the bioinspiration process as including animal observation, specimen characterization, device fabrication and mechanism bioexploration. The last step of bioexploration allows for a deeper understanding of the initial biology. The design architecture of the Aristotle's lantern is analyzed with micro-computed tomography and individual teeth are examined with scanning electron microscopy to identify the microstructure. Bioinspired designs are fabricated with a 3D printer, assembled and tested to determine the most efficient lantern opening and closing mechanism. Teeth from the bioinspired lantern design are bioexplored via finite element analysis to explain from a mechanical perspective why keeled tooth structures evolved in the modern sea urchins we observed. This circular approach allows for new conclusions to be drawn from biology and nature.

亚里士多德的灯笼采样装置的设计仿生很大程度上取决于所采用的表征方法的质量。像μ-CT非侵入性技术是用于分析整个灯和单独的齿申请应用特定的增强的仿生设计（ 图4）有帮助。同时，齿微结构可以通过二次电子和一个个人齿（ 图5）的抛光横截面的背散射电子显微照片加以探讨。较暗的灰色区域是磨齿尖的硬石部件和具有多达该取代钙原子为40摩尔％的镁原子。 齿显微疯牛病-SEM（ 图5）的分析确认了Mg的富集石部件的在牙齿磨尖的结构的重要性。板和纤维表面RY元件（方解石单晶，在图5C浅灰色）由次级元件（方解石和碳酸镁多晶体，在图5C深灰色），构成齿磨尖的最硬石区域的基质连接在一起的。 该仿生灯笼的设计采用CAD软件，3D印刷和装配（ 图6）为砂收集在海滩（ 图7）。应力分析试验用于计算两齿设计中，一个没有龙骨（ 图8A）和另一个与龙骨（ 图8B）的冯米塞斯应力。四面体组成的实体网格被雇用了牙齿的几何形状。选择（45 N）的力值在沙滩匹配从试验测量穿透深1厘米到硬砂与灯笼齿垂直于表面。 图7A，B）。在强调龙骨提供比下降的质量增加很小。在应力的降低说明了这一点仿生设计为龙骨状区域内的应力集中的效果。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig1.jpg" /> 图1.海胆亚里士多德的灯笼，牙齿形态。（A）海胆（左）和亚里士多德的灯笼（右）13的腹面的特写。 （B）的横截面一个原始cidaroid海胆（上）和一个现代camarodont海胆（底部）14的龙骨齿的槽的齿。 （C）从它与前端（底部）侧看的分离的齿和指示龙骨（左侧）20。一个抛光的牙截面与所指示的龙骨（底部）20（D）的SEM图像。改编自用于表示引用（A），（B），（C）和（D）的图像。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig2.jpg" /> 图2.仿生设计的基础上，亚里士多德的灯笼。（A）对亚里士多德的灯笼的仿生模型，具有3D打印塑料P A绘图等轴测图由橡胶带（未示出），用于附加的肌肉组织16连接第（B，C）的亚里士多德的灯笼担任活检收割机13生物灵感。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig3.jpg" /> 图3.四个步骤bioinspiration的过程。该过程bioinspiration（左起顺时针方向）开始通过粉红色的海胆和亚里士多德的灯笼观察大自然学习。海胆（顶部）分析和μ-CT扫描（左）亚里士多德的灯笼结构。 （右）累计结果被用来生成一个仿生设计原型。 （底）工程分析方法应用于探索生物啉omena和仿生设计17,18。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig4.jpg" /> 图4.微计算的亚里士多德的灯笼结构的断层分析金字塔结构，这有助于支持牙齿的（A）侧视图。 （B）的海胆齿堆叠在彼此的顶部，并表现出五倍对称性。被删除（C）远端末梢部分显示所有五个齿纵向附加龙骨结构。 （D）的一个单独的齿和龙骨（蓝色）与对应金字塔（黄色）示出以及在（C）的指示。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请</a>此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig5.jpg" /> 海胆的牙齿微观结构图5.扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析。（A）抛光牙齿横截面着淡淡的条纹石地区和龙骨（下）的SEM照片显示。 （B，C）的距离（A）显示弯板和位于上方的密集镁丰富的多晶基质（深灰色）圆形纤维方解石主要元素的紫色和橙色盒子背散射电子SEM照片。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图这一数字。</a> <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig6.jpg" /> 数字6.组装3D打印机仿生亚里士多德的灯笼部分。（A）E-扣环和链路棒被用来在三个关节的位置紧固3D打印的齿部。 （B）组装仿生亚里士多德的灯笼与一个齿去除。 （ 三 ）龙骨个别牙齿的视图，并在灯笼是部分（左）和全开（右）不断变化的共同立场。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig7.jpg" /> 图7.仿生亚里士多德的彩灯设计和使用在海滩上。（A，B）的仿生亚里士多德的灯笼，而分别关闭和完全打开，计算机辅助设计的图像。 （C）的3D打印机仿生亚里士多德的灯笼收集不同类型的沙滩上沙子。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig8.jpg" /> 图8.仿生海胆牙齿应力分析检验。（A，B）有限元分析表明非龙骨（A）与力时在牙齿边缘应用龙骨（B）的牙齿。在龙骨状齿设计经验少〜16％的压力，由于增加了龙骨。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53554/53554fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Bioinspired Design: A Ground Sampler Based on Sea Urchin Jaws at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Bioinspired Design: A Ground Sampler Based on Sea Urchin Jaws

A protocol for bioinspired design is described for a sampling device based on the jaws of a sea urchin. The bioinspiration process includes observing the sea urchins, characterizing the mouthpiece, 3D printing of the teeth and their assembly, and bioexploring the tooth structure.

基于海胆大白鲨A接地采样:仿生为设计一个协议

Bioinspired design is an emerging field that takes inspiration from nature to develop high-performance materials and devices. The sea urchin mouthpiece, ...

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Nanyang Technological University

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11.0K 次观看.  University of California, San Diego. A protocol for bioinspired design is described for a sampling device based on the jaws of a sea urchin. The bioinspiration process includes observing the sea urchins, characterizing the mouthpiece, 3D printing of the teeth and their assembly, and bioexploring the tooth structure. 

视频: A Protocol for Bioinspired Design: A Ground Sampler Based on Sea Urchin Jaws

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP，对改进的方法INEX<em&gt;原位</em&gt;颗粒物与测量溶解的化合物加工后主动悬挂给料机

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

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Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

协议塑料微粒采样的海面和样品分析

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Building Finite Element Models to Investigate Zebrafish Jaw Biomechanics

Skeletal morphogenesis occurs through tightly regulated cell behaviors during development; many cell types alter their behavior in response to mechanical strain. Skeletal joints are subjected to dynamic mechanical loading. Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computational method, frequently used in engineering that can predict how a material or structure will respond to mechanical input. By dividing a whole system (in this case the zebrafish jaw skeleton) into a mesh of smaller 'finite elements', FEA can be used to calculate the mechanical response of the structure to external loads. The results can be visualized in many ways including as a 'heat map' showing the position of maximum and minimum principal strains (a positive principal strain indicates tension while a negative indicates compression. The maximum and minimum refer the largest and smallest strain). These can be used to identify which regions of the jaw and therefore which cells are likely to be under particularly high tensional or compressional loads during jaw movement and can therefore be used to identify relationships between mechanical strain and cell behavior. This protocol describes the steps to generate Finite Element models from confocal image data on the musculoskeletal system, using the zebrafish lower jaw as a practical example. The protocol leads the reader through a series of steps: 1) staining of the musculoskeletal components, 2) imaging the musculoskeletal components, 3) building a 3 dimensional (3D) surface, 4) generating a mesh of Finite Elements, 5) solving the FEA and finally 6) validating the results by comparison to real displacements seen in movements of the fish jaw.

Finite Element Analysis is a frequently used tool to investigate the mechanical performance of structures under load. Here we apply its use to modeling the biomechanics of the zebrafish jaw.

建立有限元模型，研究斑马鱼下颌生物力学

Skeletal morphogenesis occurs through tightly regulated cell behaviors during development; many cell types alter their behavior in response to mechanical ...

发育生物学

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol for performing in situ juvenile exposure tests within oligotrophic river catchments over one-month and three-month periods. Two methods (in both modifications) are presented to evaluate the juvenile growth and survival rate. The methods and modifications differ in value for the locality bioindication and each has its benefits as well as limitations. The sandy cage method works with a large set of individuals, but only some of the individuals are measured and the results are evaluated in bulk. In the mesh cage method, the individuals are kept and measured separately, but a low individual number is evaluated. The open water exposure modification is relatively easy to apply; it shows the juvenile growth potential of sites and can also be effective for water toxicity testing. The within-bed exposure modification needs a high workload but is closer to the conditions of a natural juvenile environment and it is better for reporting the real suitability of localities. On the other hand, more replications are needed in this modification due to its high-hyporheic environment variability.

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

In situ bioindications enable determination of the suitability of an environment for endangered mussel species. We describe two methods based on the juvenile exposure of freshwater pearl mussels in cages to oligotrophic river habitats. Both methods are implemented in variants for open water and hyporheic water environments.

用原位曝光法测定淡水珍珠贻贝 Bioindication 的流环境适宜性

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol ...

Methods for Image-based Surveys of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Their Habitat Exemplified by the Drop Camera Survey for the Atlantic Sea Scallop

Underwater imaging has long been used in the field of marine ecology but decreasing costs of high-resolution cameras and data storage have made the approach more practical than in the past. Image-based surveys allow for initial samples to be revisited and are non-invasive compared to traditional survey methods that typically involve nets or dredges. Protocols for image-based surveys can vary greatly but should be driven by target species behavior and survey objectives. To demonstrate this, we describe our most recent methods for an Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) drop camera survey to provide a procedural example and representative results. The procedure is divided into three critical steps that include survey design, data collection, and data products. The influence of scallop behavior and the survey goal of providing an independent assessment of the U.S. sea scallop resource on the survey procedure are then discussed in the context of generalizing the method. Overall, the broad applicability and flexibility of the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth School for Marine Science and Technology (SMAST) drop camera survey demonstrates the method could be generalized and applied to a variety of sessile invertebrates or habitat focused research.

Image based surveying is an increasingly practical, non-invasive method to sample the marine environment. We present the protocol of a drop camera survey that estimates the abundance and distribution of the Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus). We discuss how this protocol can be generalized for application to other benthic macroinvertebrates.

基于图像的海底无脊椎动物及其栖息地调查方法大西洋扇贝落相机调查

Underwater imaging has long been used in the field of marine ecology but decreasing costs of high-resolution cameras and data storage have made the ...

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

Remarkably few cell-to-cell signal transduction pathways are necessary during embryonic development to generate the large variety of cell types and tissues in the adult body form. Yet, each year more components of individual signaling pathways are discovered, and studies indicate that depending on the context there is significant cross-talk among most of these pathways. This complexity makes studying cell-to-cell signaling in any in vivo developmental model system a difficult task. In addition, efficient functional analyses are required to characterize molecules associated with signaling pathways identified from the large data sets generated by next generation differential screens. Here, we illustrate a straightforward method to efficiently identify components of signal transduction pathways governing cell fate and axis specification in sea urchin embryos. The genomic and morphological simplicity of embryos similar to those of the sea urchin make them powerful in vivo developmental models for understanding complex signaling interactions. The methodology described here can be used as a template for identifying novel signal transduction molecules in individual pathways as well as the interactions among the molecules in the various pathways in many other organisms.

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

This video article details a straightforward in vivo methodology that can be used to systematically and efficiently characterize components of complex signaling pathways and regulatory networks in many invertebrate embryos.

简单的力量:海胆胚胎作为<em&gt;体内</em&gt;对于研究复杂的细胞与细胞间信号传导网络交互开发模式

Remarkably few cell-to-cell signal transduction pathways are necessary during embryonic development to generate the large variety of cell types and ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

海上双壳贝类悬浮饲料定量装置的设计与应用

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;). The kinematics of the sea lion&#39;s propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties&#8212;Reynolds number and tip speed&#8212;of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.

A robotic platform is described that will be used to study the hydrodynamic performance&#8212;forces and flowfields&#8212;of the swimming California sea lion. The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;).

机器人平台研究加州海狮的Foreflipper

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most ...

工程学

Characterization Of Multi-layered Fish Scales (Atractosteus spatula) Using Nanoindentation, X-ray CT, FTIR, and SEM

The hierarchical architecture of protective biological materials such as mineralized fish scales, gastropod shells, ram&#8217;s horn, antlers, and turtle shells provides unique design principles with potentials for guiding the design of protective materials and systems in the future. Understanding the structure-property relationships for these material systems at the microscale and nanoscale where failure initiates is essential. Currently, experimental techniques such as nanoindentation, X-ray CT, and SEM provide researchers with a way to correlate the mechanical behavior with hierarchical microstructures of these material systems1-6. However, a well-defined standard procedure for specimen preparation of mineralized biomaterials is not currently available. In this study, the methods for probing spatially correlated chemical, structural, and mechanical properties of the multilayered scale of A. spatula using nanoindentation, FTIR, SEM, with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, and X-ray CT are presented.

Characterization Of Multi-layered Fish Scales Atractosteus spatula Using Nanoindentation, X-ray CT, FTIR, and SEM

This paper presents the methods used for probing spatially correlated chemical, structural, and mechanical properties of the multilayered scale of Atractosteus spatula (A. spatula) using nanoindentation, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT). The experimental results have been used to investigate the design principles of protective biological materials.

表征多层鱼鳞（中<em&gt; Atractosteus锅铲</em&gt;）基于纳米压痕技术，X射线CT，红外光谱和SEM

The hierarchical architecture of protective biological materials such as mineralized fish scales, gastropod shells, ram&#8217;s horn, antlers, and turtle ...

生物工程

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

评估入侵的欧洲绿蟹的养殖种群

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...

基于海胆大白鲨A接地采样:仿生为设计一个协议

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VacuSIP，对改进的方法INEX