The authors have no acknowledgements.

该协议遵循特拉维夫大学赫尔辛基人类研究伦理委员会的指导方针。 1.字选择与搭配 <ol><li>对于每个感兴趣的单词类别创建单词列表。例如，使一般情绪词表（ 例如 ，恨，POX），关注相关的单词（ 比如 ，强奸，受害者），并且最好是正交的邻居的情感/关注相关的话21（中性词例如 ， GATE，BOX）。创建尽可能多的单词可能的列表，因为并非所有的这些话会被使用;的匹配字的较小的子集将在后面被选中。 <ol><li>当认为有必要，通过问卷评级的评级尺度词语验证的话价/情感/觉醒（ 例如 ，从1到7）。尝试选择那些在刻度的最末端话。如果用比较积极的话情绪词，尝试以包括m个字出动的（绝对）情绪和觉醒的分数。 </li></ol></li><li>为了匹配词汇因素单词列表写上列出了每个字，其字符长度，也可以在适当的语言其估计频率（英文单词，使用日志超空间模拟语言（HAL）频率22）。 注:（ 如 ，21，23）这是一个重要的，因为这些变量也可影响颜色命名延迟。可以说，最重要的词汇属性来控制的字频 ， 长度 ，如果可能的话与拼音文字 （这自然长度相交）。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td></td><td>情绪化</td><td></td><td></td><td>中性</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>字</td><td>长度</td><td>频率</td><td>字</td><td>长度</td> &lt;TD&gt;频率</td></tr><tr><td>讨厌</td><td> 4 </td><td> 10.7 </td><td>门</td><td> 4 </td><td> 9.7 </td></tr><tr><td>死</td><td> 4 </td><td> 11.2 </td><td>亲</td><td> 4 </td><td> 10.29 </td></tr><tr><td>较差的</td><td> 4 </td><td> 10.9 </td><td>池</td><td> 4 </td><td> 9.7 </td></tr><tr><td>蛇</td><td>五</td><td> 8.6 </td><td>摇</td><td>五</td><td> 8.6 </td></tr><tr><td>愁云</td><td>五</td><td> 8.1 </td><td>盛开</td><td>五</td><td> 8.2 </td></tr><tr><td>炸弹</td><td> 4 </td><td> 9.64 </td><td>梳</td><td> 4 </td><td> 7.39 </td></tr><tr><td>痘</td><td> 3 </td><td> 7.1 </td><td>框</td><td> 3 </td><td> 12.1 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>平均</td><td> 4.1 </tD&gt; <td> 9.4 </td><td>平均</td><td> 4.1 </td><td> 9.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1: 匹配的长度，与拼音文字和平均频率的单词列表的例子。 </li><li>通过添加各匹配长度和频率时间，而对选择的话是彼此（例如替换为其他情绪字字母中的一个来形成中性正字邻居的正投影邻居（ 见表1）。 <ol><li>如果完全匹配是不可能的，通过添加单词对与由以前的单词对形成的间隙的相反方向中的频率小的间隙平衡在随后的对话的频率的偏压。确保匹配的单词的最后名单包含20 -为了有一个最低的20次试验中的块来收集足够的数据，避免单词的重复，因此习惯3每个单词类别50个字。 3东南。 </li></ol></li><li>检查最终列表匹配尽可能在所有词法变量（ 例如 ，字频，字长度）。执行统计验证（学生t检验），以确认最终列表不会显著彼此频率不同。 </li></ol> 2.实验设计的制备<ol><li>选择设计:阻止或混合（刺激在由字定义价试验中单独提出块）（刺激在一个块中，情感和中性词在同一个列表混合提交）。 <ol><li>如果寻求在词类水平测试全球影响选择封锁设计。 注:效果尺寸在阻塞设计比在混合通常较高介绍4，5，因此，阻塞设计往往是演示的优选方法。 </li><li>选择混合设计似乎在寻找在单词级别和"快"和"慢"效应分解ESE，为负的项目不仅会影响自己的命名（在ESE），但也是紧随其后的项目。因此，前者被称为&#39;快效应"，后者"见效慢"24，25。 </li></ol></li><li>在被锁定的实验设计，选择块的固定或平衡/随机的顺序。 <ol><li>对于一个平衡的顺序呈现块参与者的不同群体的两种可能的顺序: A组: 中性块-块情绪 B组: 情绪座-中性座 注:在此平衡的设计，一个ESE预计仅在执行第一阶组中的出现，由于该组中持续执行的效果在T他二阶（ 见图4），3。因此，我们建议使用块的固定的演示。 </li><li>对于当前第一中性块，然后情绪块，并且如果需要的话现在为了流动的情感块额外的新的中性块检查持续影响块的固定顺序: 中性块1 -情感块-中性2座。 注:在此设置中，两种效应可以被观察到。第一是规范的ESE，如在情感块和第一中性块之间性能上的差异来计算。第二个是一个持续的效果，通过从与第一中性块中减去第二中性块的平均潜伏期获得。正差异表明持续效应的存在所带来的情感块。 <ol><li>为了通过培训或疲劳，以排除混杂因素，明智地只用中性物品的几个街区进行辅助实验。 图3）3。如果每个块多于40个字，或更多的实验块，它可能有必要控制用于通过制衡块顺序疲劳的效果（但是检查在统计分析顺序的块效应）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3.实验编程和随机<ol><li>选择一个计算机软件或编程语言以用作车辆呈现刺激，并测量参与者的响应。 <ol><li>任选，可以使用市售DirectRT软件，这是比较容易部署和可靠。见补充代码文件的可执行DirectRT excel文件，作为一个典型的程序性ESE实验的例子。一些附加的软件包SuperLab和E-素，其也可用于治实验合适的替代品。 </li></ol></li&gt; <li>选择响应的方法:手动或口服。这两种类型的响应是适当的。 <ol><li>键盘激活响应，以便使用较长的训练会话的参与者学习键的映射到墨颜色（约20 - 40试验）。 </li><li>对于声乐响应使用（4 - 8项试验）更短的培训。设定的反应时间从刺激到第一音素的一开始就被测量所述。 注:声乐反应在破译响应的阶段造成困难（必须听录音和分类错误）。然而，新的算法，机械分类声乐录音可以渲染真实的人类分类没来由26。口服反应的优点是，所得到的听觉文件可以进一步分析（通过其他专用程序），用于与情感3相关联的声音参数。 </li></ol></li><li>选择油墨的颜色被分配到的话（例如 ，颜色蓝色，绿色，红色，紫色）。使用容易地辨别颜色对井对比的背景（ 例如 ，白色或灰色）。如果使用按键响应，使用不超过4种颜色，从而使颜色的键映射是很容易掌握。 注:如果声用来响应，它有可能使用更多的颜色。召回尽管这与计算机算法来对数据进行分类，语音识别错误为颜色（=反应）的数目增加。 </li><li>使用容易易读的字体和大小的话。 </li><li>由于该优选的方法是使用无话的重复，通过对每一个参与者的计算机程序分配给每个字的单一颜色随机。 </li><li>呈现每个单词单独绕在计算机屏幕的中间。任选地，引入空间不确定性的量小，从而使每个字被以随机不同位置呈现大约50个像素围绕中心（ 例如 ，请参阅增刊emental代码文件）。这是为了阻止参与者着眼于单词（因而绕过读数）的一小部分来完成。 </li><li>准备一个简短的培训块熟悉的任务和刺激的参与者。声乐响应，在每一实验色彩的使用单词"示例"几个试验可能就足够了（带数据的计算机化鉴定，整个会话练好的语音识别算法）;为按键响应，多达20 - 40试验可能是必要掌握颜色的映射。 </li><li>培训之后，目前该实验块（ 例如 ，中性情感和中性词三个区块）。引进试验的连续块之间的短暂休息（中说，每30-60秒）。不要让参与者倾向于通过实验，以便快速完成它赶往下一个块为突破在指定时间之前就开始已过。 </li><li>准备TASK说明。在每个块的开始，提出以下指令"为快速，准确地响应于字的油墨颜色。"避免提词阅读，或者说，这个词应该为这个请求可能会人为地增加阅读的话被忽略（见讽刺过程理论， 例如 ，27）。 </li><li>指定一个刺激的实验性试验和连续刺激之间的审间或刺激间隔（ISI）。通常使用的500毫秒的ISI（受阻演示）。 注:短的ISI可以促进长于ISI短响应和结转效果动情项目已被报道用于ISI高达1,000毫秒24。 </li><li>选择性:在实验结束时或在单独的会话添加焦虑问卷。这为参加者的焦虑的基准测量，如国家特质焦虑量 ​​表（STAI）28。 </li></ol> 4.除硒经文和准备<ol><li>一旦编程完成后，从相同的年龄组和背景优选招募的参与者。参加者可以报名参加课程学分，需要付费，或在自愿基础上。 </li><li>确保参与者在研究中使用的语言为母语，并且没有任何注意力缺陷或色盲。 </li><li>引导与会者到一个安静的房间中的电脑前。解释任务指令，并要求参与者读取写入计算机屏​​幕上的附加说明。 </li></ol> 5.数据和统计分析<ol><li>作为一项规则，执行仅相对于正确反应的反应时间分析。此外，排除极端的反应。 <ol><li>通常情况下，排除反应更快，围绕平均值小于2.5 SD。不过，要小心，不要丢弃数据超过5％。误差率通常较小，但它仍然是可取的它们跨越条件比较和排除速度精度权衡。 </li></ol></li><li>具有固定的显示顺序中，执行预定的比较（或学生的t-检验，如果只有两个块被施用）与指定的统计软件如SPSS或STATISTICA（此处说明给出了STATISTICA）。对于ESE的测试，比较第1中立块情感块。对于持续的影响比较中性的第二块（随后的情感块）与第一中性块。 <ol><li> &gt;刨光谱曲 - 选择-Statistics-&gt;高级线性/非线性模型 - &gt;一般线性模型 - &gt;更多结果执行计划进行比较。 </li></ol></li><li>当块的顺序是横跨参与者平衡，带座价进行方差分析与块的受试者内因素和秩序作为受试者间因素。 <ol><li>通过选择-Statistics-&gt;高级线性/非线性模型 - &gt;一般线性模型进行方差分析。 </li></ol></li>
</ol>

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<li>McKenna, F. P., Sharma, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Reversing+the+emotional+stroop+effect+reveals+that+it+is+not+what+it+seems%3A+The+role+of+fast+and+slow+components%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.Exp.Psychol.Learn%22%5BJournal%5D)">Reversing the emotional stroop effect reveals that it is not what it seems: The role of fast and slow components.</a> J.Exp.Psychol.Learn. 30 (2), 382-392 (2004).</li>
<li>Frings, C., Englert, J., Wentura, D., Bermeitinger, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Decomposing+the+emotional+Stroop+effect%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Q.J.Exp.Psychol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Decomposing the emotional Stroop effect.</a> Q.J.Exp.Psychol. 63 (1), 42-49 (2010).</li>
<li>Eidels, A., Ryan, K., Williams, P., Algom, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Depth+of+Processing+in+the+Stroop+Task+Evidence+From+a+Novel+Forced-Reading+Condition%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Exp.Psychol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Depth of Processing in the Stroop Task Evidence From a Novel Forced-Reading Condition.</a> Exp.Psychol. 61 (5), 385-393 (2014).</li>
<li>Wegner, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Ironic+Processes+of+Mental+Control%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Psychol.Rev%22%5BJournal%5D)">Ironic Processes of Mental Control.</a> Psychol.Rev. 101 (1), 34-52 (1994).</li>
<li>Kendall, P. C., Finch, A. J., Auerbach, S. M., Hooke, J. F., Mikulka, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((State-Trait+Anxiety+Inventory+-+Systematic+Evaluation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.Consult.Clin.Psychol%22%5BJournal%5D)">State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Systematic Evaluation.</a> J.Consult.Clin.Psychol. 44 (3), 406-412 (1976).</li>
<li>Dresler, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Reliability+of+the+emotional+Stroop+task%3A+An+investigation+of+patients+with+panic+disorder%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.Psychiatr.Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Reliability of the emotional Stroop task: An investigation of patients with panic disorder.</a> J.Psychiatr.Res. 46 (9), 1243-1248 (2012).</li>
<li>Eide, P., Kemp, A., Silberstein, R. B., Nathan, P. J., Stough, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Test-retest+reliability+of+the+emotional+stroop+task%3A+Examining+the+paradox+of+measurement+change%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.Psychol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Test-retest reliability of the emotional stroop task: Examining the paradox of measurement change.</a> J.Psychol. 136 (5), 514-520 (2002).</li>
<li>Macleod, C., Mathews, A., Tata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Attentional+Bias+in+Emotional+Disorders%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.Abnorm.Psychol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Attentional Bias in Emotional Disorders.</a> J.Abnorm.Psychol. 95 (1), 15-20 (1986).</li>
</ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

该ESE包括非常简单的任务:参加者的名字单独呈现的话墨水​​颜色。双方务实和理论后果这个简单的任务产生的结果。该ESE记录的事实，人是敏感，情绪价在刺激entailed虽然这种功能完全无关手头的任务。 该ESE已经发展成为一个非常流行的方法，用于探测情绪和焦虑患者和非患者人群1，7 4。它的魅力可以归因于它的潜力作为一个目标（基于计算机）的诊断工...

现代生活充满了情感和压力。谁避免了急诊室或（见证）交通事故？为了在这种紧张的情况下有效地执行，它通过关注相关刺激以保持自己的冷静是非常重要的。然而，研究已经表明，刺激的情绪价可以影响的关注，特别是调制处理的速度。在实验室中，最流行的范例之一，研究负刺激对性能的影响是情感的Stroop任务。典型的发现是，它需要较长的人来命名的情感的话比的中性词墨水颜色，情绪Stroop效应（ESE）。有迹象表明，试图解释所观察到的经济放缓归因关注3有数个账户，冻结2或3的心情，但它仍然是目前争论的问题。 情绪的Stroop T的实验装置问是众所周知的。在颜色词可以单独使用，提出了看法和参与者的任务就是尽可能快速，准确地命名每个单词的墨水颜色。这句话来自于两类不同价的。第一类包括否定词（ 例如 ，死亡）或与特定精神病理学的话（ 例如 ，强迫患者或创伤后应激障碍患者BATTLE芽）。第二类包括中性词（ 例如 ，椅子）。该ESE是情感和中性词之间的颜色命名潜伏期的差异。的刺激可以在与情感和以随机方式或在单词类别定义了两个独立的块混合中性词语单个块被呈现。当东南导出处于阻塞设计4,5，因此，块设计成为首选的ESE的研究方法与情感词语的减速通常更明显，这是方法在该协议适用的（参阅图1为情绪Stroop实验装置的说明）。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1.jpg" /> 图1:在情绪Stroop任务的实验阵列:参与者的任务就是来命名出现的单词的颜色<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">，请单击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 它以ESE从旧的同名经典Stroop效应（SE）6区分是很重要的。在经典的Stroop任务， 颜色 词 ，如红色或绿色的各种油墨颜色呈现和参与者的任务就是说出的话的墨水颜色。尽管共同任务 - 识别单词的墨水颜色 - 东南和ESE不同。因为字是颜色的话，在经典的Stroop任务分为全等刺激（字命名的墨水颜色）和不一致（字和颜色冲突）两类。在SE被定义为在一致和不一致刺激之间颜色命名性能上的差异。由于一致性的质量并不在ESE适用于刺激 - 蓝色字癌症既不比棕色字讲座不多也不少一致 - 不会在ESE环境中定义的SE。东南记录对性能的刺激的情绪价的效果。 在ESE，就像SE，产生了大量的研究。事实上，ESE其对手与患者和非患者人群实验研究纯粹的同名输出（综述，见1,7）。该任务已被用来从广泛性焦虑病状的色域（ 例如 ，8，9）特质焦虑（ 例如.G。，10，11），以强迫症（ 例如 ，12，13）到抑郁9,14到社交恐怖症15,16创伤后应激障碍（ 例如 ，17，18）。东南还研究了与未被选中的人群（ 如，2，3，19，20），虽然在希西参与者的效果并不总是观察到，并且通常不太明显。至少，它不是基于自我报告，而不是侵入ESE的普及的一部分是由于它的客观性质。此外，情绪话可以选择挖掘特定病理或患者的当前关注。 下面，我们描绘设计并执行一个情绪Stroop实验所需的步骤。我们在本报告中的目的是详细描述所需要控制一个ESE实验。该设计的最重要的特点是它提供了对到有效性各种威胁的控制。在本设计中处理的主要威胁是习惯的。通过这些程序呈现ESE下的情感评估关注的一个有效和可靠的手段。

<table><tbody><tr><td>DirectRT software</td><td>Empirisoft</td><td>http://www.empirisoft.com/directrt.aspx</td><td>Software allows easy programing of a custom experiment in a spreadsheet application (&lt;em&gt;e.g.,&lt;/em&gt; Excel)</td></tr><tr><td>Personal computer</td><td>Any</td><td>https://www.office.com/</td><td>At least 256 mb of memory, a graphics card with at least 16 mb of video memory and a processor speed of at least 500 mhz.</td></tr><tr><td>A spreadsheet application (&lt;em&gt;e.g.,&lt;/em&gt; Excel)</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>Any version</td><td>A spreadsheet application capable of editing CSV files</td></tr><tr><td>SPSS/STATISTICA software</td><td>IBM/Statsoft</td><td>http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/&amp;nbsp; http://www.statsoft.com/</td><td>Statistical software</td></tr></tbody></table>

the emotional stroop task: assessing cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content

情绪Stroop效应（ESE）是更长的命名潜伏期的情感词油墨颜色比的中性词油墨颜色的结果。差表明，人们通过由载体词语传达即使它们是不相关的手头的颜色命名任务情感内容的影响。东南已广泛部署了患者群体，以及与非选择的人群，由于情感词语可以被选择以匹配测试病理。该ESE是一个强大的工具，但它很容易受到它的有效性的各种威胁。这个报告是指混杂潜在来源，并且包括一个模式的实验，提供了控制对他们的装置。到现有的ESE研究的有效性最普遍的威胁是持续的效果和习惯通过重复暴露于情绪刺激造成的。因此，暴露于情感和中性刺激的顺序是非常重要的。我们表明，在备用ARD的设计，只有一个特定的顺序产生ESE。

当块跟随中性情绪中性序列（ 例如，3），34毫秒一大的ESE经由在情感块较慢响应观察（平均791毫秒），比在所述第一中性块（平均757毫秒;见图2）。同组的参与者也相当低迷的名字在第二组（其他）中性词的墨水颜色（平均778毫秒）。在与中性项所述两个块之间的性能21毫秒差记录的暴露于负情绪刺激的持续效应的存在。 <p class="jove_content" fo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content at JoVE.com

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务:评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

the-emotional-stroop-task-assessing-cognitive-performance-under

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

38.5K 次观看.  Tel-Aviv University. The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

视频: The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other modalities. A relatively common and well-studied type is grapheme-color synesthesia, defined as the consistent experience of color when viewing, hearing and thinking about letters, words and numbers. We describe our method for investigating to what extent synesthetic associations between letters and colors can be learned by reading in color in nonsynesthetes. Reading in color is a special method for training associations in the sense that the associations are learned implicitly while the reader reads text as he or she normally would and it does not require explicit computer-directed training methods. In this protocol, participants are given specially prepared books to read in which four high-frequency letters are paired with four high-frequency colors. Participants receive unique sets of letter-color pairs based on their pre-existing preferences for colored letters. A modified Stroop task is administered before and after reading in order to test for learned letter-color associations and changes in brain activation. In addition to objective testing, a reading experience questionnaire is administered that is designed to probe for differences in subjective experience. A subset of questions may predict how well an individual learned the associations from reading in color. Importantly, we are not claiming that this method will cause each individual to develop grapheme-color synesthesia, only that it is possible for certain individuals to form letter-color associations by reading in color and these associations are similar in some aspects to those seen in developmental grapheme-color synesthetes. The method is quite flexible and can be used to investigate different aspects and outcomes of training synesthetic associations, including learning-induced changes in brain function and structure.

Reading in color is a new method for training letter-color associations that are typically found only in grapheme-color synesthetes. It involves an implicit form of training that has potential for long-term associative training methods&#160;because the training is a byproduct of reading and any text can be colored.

通过读取颜色联觉训练信纸颜色协会

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other ...

科研

行为学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情绪调节的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

神经科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

脑成像的情感记忆的促进作用调查

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

脑成像的情感对认知损害的影响调查

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and superior colliculus especially with fearful faces1-3. These regions constitute the limbic structure in non-conscious perception of emotions and modulate cortical activity either directly or indirectly2. In contrast, the conscious representation of emotions is more pronounced in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex for directing voluntary attention to details in faces3,4. Asperger&#39;s syndrome (AS)5,6 represents an atypical mental disturbance that affects sensory, affective and communicative abilities, without interfering with normal linguistic skills and intellectual ability. Several studies have found that functional deficits in the neural circuitry important for facial emotion recognition can partly explain social communication failure in patients with AS7-9. In order to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in AS, an EEG experimental protocol is designed with two tasks involving emotionality evaluation of either photograph or line-drawing faces. A pilot study is introduced for selecting face stimuli that minimize the differences in reaction times and scores assigned to facial emotions between the pretested patients with AS and IQ/gender-matched healthy controls. Information from the pretested patients was used to develop the scoring system used for the emotionality evaluation. Research into facial emotions and visual stimuli with different spatial frequency contents has reached discrepant findings depending on the demographic characteristics of participants and task demands2. The experimental protocol is intended to clarify deficits in patients with AS in processing emotional faces when compared with healthy controls by controlling for factors unrelated to recognition of facial emotions, such as task difficulty, IQ and gender.

An EEG experimental protocol is designed to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome. The technique suggests that patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome have deficits in non-conscious representation of emotional faces, but have comparable performance in conscious representation with healthy controls.

在阿斯伯格综合症情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的交涉

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological cognitive decline. It is thus essential that cognitive tests and their administration are as fair as possible. However, an important source of bias during cognitive testing comes from negative aging stereotypes that can impair the memory performance of older adults and inflate age differences on cognitive tasks. The fear of confirming negative aging stereotypes creates an extra pressure among older adults which interferes with their intellectual functioning and leads them to perform below their true abilities. Here, we present a protocol that highlights simple but efficient interventions to alleviate this age-based stereotype threat effect. The first study showed that simply informing older participants about the presence of younger participants (threat condition) led older adults to underperform on a standardized memory test compared with younger participants, and that this performance difference was eliminated when the test was presented as age-fair (reduced-threat condition). The second study replicated these findings on short cognitive tests used to screen for predementia in clinical settings and showed that teaching older adults about stereotype threat inoculated them against its effects. These results provide useful recommendations about how to improve older adults' memory assessment both in Iab studies and in clinical settings.

Here, we present a protocol designed to show how negative aging stereotypes can impair memory performance of older adults during cognitive testing and how to reduce this deleterious effect. This method can help older people to perform at an optimal level during testing in both lab studies and clinical settings.

在老年人认知测试中突出和减少消极衰老成见的影响

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological ...

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the automaticity of reading, language processing, and cognitive control, among others. When looking at bilingual individuals, this task can be used to obtain measures of language interference and control in both a bilingual&#39;s first language (L1) and second language (L2), as well as for testing the bilingual advantage hypothesis. The Stroop task presents participants with color terms written in congruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in red font), incongruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in green font), in addition to noncolor terms for control (e.g., the word TREE presented in any color), and uses the reaction times from the different conditions to assess the degree of interference and facilitation. In the covert version of the Stroop bilingual task (i.e., participants respond by pressing a button rather than naming aloud), stimuli in the L1 and the L2 are typically presented in separate blocks. While this allows for a simple, yet effective assessment of processing and cognitive control in each language, it fails to capture any potential differences in processing and control within bilingual young adult groups. The present task combines single-language blocks with a novel mixed-language block to increase the level of difficulty of the task, thus making it suitable for testing cognitive control in young adults. Representative results showing differences between performance in the single-language vs. mixed-language blocks are presented, and the benefits of a mixed-language block are discussed.

This bilingual Stroop task uses Congruent, Incongruent, and Neutral stimuli presented in blocks in the first language (L1) only, the second language (L2) only, and a combination of L1 and L2. This task allows for an examination of language processing and cognitive control in both L1 and L2.

使用 Stroop 任务检查双语语言控制

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the ...

Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication

Decision making relies on dynamic interactions of distributed, primarily frontal brain regions. Extensive evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies indicates that the anterior cingulate (ACC) and the lateral prefrontal cortices (latPFC) are essential nodes subserving cognitive control. However, because of its limited temporal resolution, fMRI cannot accurately reflect the timing and nature of their presumed interplay. The present study combines distributed source modeling of the temporally precise magnetoencephalography (MEG) signal with structural MRI in the form of &#34;brain movies&#34; to: (1) estimate the cortical areas involved in cognitive control (&#34;where&#34;), (2) characterize their temporal sequence (&#34;when&#34;), and (3) quantify the oscillatory dynamics of their neural interactions in real time. Stroop interference was associated with greater event-related theta (4 - 7 Hz) power in the ACC during conflict detection followed by sustained sensitivity to cognitive demands in the ACC and latPFC during integration and response preparation. A phase-locking analysis revealed co-oscillatory interactions between these areas indicating their increased neural synchrony in theta band during conflict-inducing incongruous trials. These results confirm that theta oscillations are fundamental to long-range synchronization needed for integrating top-down influences during cognitive control. MEG reflects neural activity directly, which makes it suitable for pharmacological manipulations in contrast to fMRI that is sensitive to vasoactive confounds. In the present study, healthy social drinkers were given a moderate alcohol dose and placebo in a within-subject design. Acute intoxication attenuated theta power to Stroop conflict and dysregulated co-oscillations between the ACC and latPFC, confirming that alcohol is detrimental to neural synchrony subserving cognitive control. It interferes with goal-directed behavior that may result in deficient self-control, contributing to compulsive drinking. In sum, this method can provide insight into real-time interactions during cognitive processing and can characterize the selective sensitivity to pharmacological challenge across relevant neural networks.

This experiment uses an anatomically-constrained magnetoencephalography (aMEG) method to examine brain oscillatory dynamics and long-range functional synchrony during engagement of cognitive control as a function of acute alcohol intoxication.

酒精中毒在认知控制过程中对前小管神经同步的破坏

Decision making relies on dynamic interactions of distributed, primarily frontal brain regions. Extensive evidence from functional magnetic resonance ...

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task assessment has advantages for identifying cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients and has been gradually applied in clinical assessment and cognitive training. Moreover, the Stroop paradigm has higher sensitivity and specificity for attentional assessment than conventional clinical cognitive assessment scales. Therefore, this study presents the dual-task assessment based on the Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients. This study demonstrates a single- and dual-task evaluation based on the Stroop paradigm and confirms its feasibility through case experiments and synchronized functional near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. The Stroop reaction time and correct rate are used as the main indicators to evaluate the cognitive level of the subjects. This study protocol aims to provide new ideas to figure out the ceiling effect in general clinical assessment failure for high-functioning stroke patients.

Clinical assessment scales are notsensitive enough to cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task paradigm presents advantages and potential in the assessment and cognitive training of cognitive dysfunction. The study here proposes a dual-task Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients.

情绪Stroop任务:评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

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