我们感谢来自纽约州立大学石溪分校大手笔启动资金，支持这项工作。我们也感谢TOSOH F-科技有限公司为我们提供TMSCF 3试剂TOGNI试剂II的合成。

1.前体的制备:4-（N -hydroxyacetamido）苯甲酸（1a）的合成<ol><li> 还原甲基-4-硝基苯甲酸甲酯。 <ol><li>加甲基5.00克4-硝基苯甲酸酯（27.6毫摩尔，1.00当量），5％铑炭（铑/℃，0.300摩尔％的Rh）159毫克，和磁力搅拌棒的烘箱干燥的250个ml的双颈圆底烧瓶中（在150℃下干燥18小时）。 注:试剂可以在环境气氛下进行称重。然而，反应需要在氮气氛下，以进行。 </li><li>烧瓶中的一个颈部连接到氮/真空歧管帽等颈部有隔膜。执行三次真空-再填充循环（即，空气泵出将烧瓶和更换所得真空以氮气），以取代空气中氮气的烧瓶中。 </li><li>添加138毫升无水四氢呋喃（THF，0.200 M），使用气密注射器向反应烧瓶中。酷搅拌反应mixt的茜在0℃下15分钟。 </li><li>添加1.47 ml的一水合肼（1.52克，30.4毫摩尔，1.20当量）滴加到反应混合物在0℃下用气密注射器。监视使用薄层色谱（TLC）的反应。使用己烷:乙酸乙酯（EtOAc）（4:1体积/体积，R F = 0.23）作为洗脱剂来开发薄层。 </li><li>当甲基-4-硝基苯甲酸甲酯被完全消耗，通过硅藻土在60ml的短垫（即，硅藻土，5克）过滤该反应混合物用真空过滤熔块布氏漏斗。洗用EtOAc过滤器（20毫升×3次）。使用旋转蒸发，得到粗的4-（N- -hydroxyamino）苯甲酸甲酯，其直接使用而不需要进一步纯化，真空浓缩滤液。 </li></ol></li><li> 4-（N -hydroxyamino）苯甲酸乙酰保护 <ol><li>添加2.55克碳酸氢钠（ 碳酸氢钠 ，30.4毫摩尔，1.20当量），所有的粗从先前步骤中获得的4-（N- -hydroxyamino）苯甲酸甲酯，和搅拌棒的烘箱干燥的500个毫升双颈圆底烧瓶中。 </li><li>盖上单颈有隔膜且连接另一个脖子氮气/真空歧管。执行三次真空 - 再填充循环更换空气与氮气的烧瓶中。 </li><li>添加138毫升无水二乙醚（Et 2 O等，0.200 M）的使用气密注射器向反应烧瓶中。凉爽和搅拌在0℃下将反应混合物15分钟。 </li><li>在无水Et 2 O等（138毫升，0.220 M）的制备的乙酰氯的溶液（2.17毫升，2.39克，30.4毫摩尔，1.20当量）。添加使用注射泵在0℃的溶液，以将反应混合物在10.0毫升/小时的速度。 </li><li>在添加结束时，通过硅藻土短垫过滤反应混合物（即，硅藻土，5克）在60毫升用真空过滤熔块布氏漏斗。洗用EtOAc过滤器（20毫升×3次）。浓缩使用旋转蒸发滤液在真空中 。 </li><li>纯化粗产物用快速柱色谱法35纯化，用己烷:乙酸乙酯（4:1至1:1（体积/体积））（R F = 0.13，己烷:乙酸乙酯（4:1（体积/体积）），得到5.31克甲基4-（N- -hydroxyacetamido）苯甲酸甲酯，为浅黄色固体（25.4毫摩尔，92％产率）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.合成4-（N - （三氟甲氧基）乙酰氨基）苯甲酸甲酯的（2a）的<ol><li>添加2.00的克甲基4-（N- -hydroxyacetamido）苯甲酸甲酯（1a）的 （9.56毫摩尔，1.00当量）的，311毫克的铯2 CO 3（0.956毫摩尔，10.0％摩尔），3.63克TOGNI试剂Ⅱ的（11.5毫摩尔， 1.20当量）和磁搅拌棒的烘箱干燥的250ml园底烧瓶手套箱（氮气氛中）。 注意:此反应也可以使用Schlenk技术手套箱以外进行。 注意:纯TOGNI试剂二是撞击和摩擦敏感，明火S，应避免火花和/或研磨。柔软和抛光工具应该用于操作。此外，该反应混合物应该后面的安全防护罩进行搅拌。36 </li><li>添加95.6 ml的干燥并脱气的氯仿（ 氯仿 ，0.100 M）的反应烧瓶中。 </li><li>帽与隔膜的烧瓶中并搅拌，在23℃ 的 N 2气氛下，将反应混合物的内部或手套箱16小时之外。 </li><li>通过过滤漏斗过滤该反应混合物以除去任何固体残余物​​。集中使用旋转蒸发器将滤液在真空中。 </li><li>二氯甲烷（CH 2 Cl 2中）:用快速柱色谱纯化，用己烷纯化粗产物（7:3至0:1（体积/体积））（R F = 0.44（CH 2 Cl 2中），得到 2.51克的4-（N - （三氟甲氧基）乙酰氨基）苯甲酸甲酯（9.05毫摩尔，95％产率）。 注:TOGNI试剂II准备协议源就文献方法37和在-35℃下储存在手套箱冷冻器以保持其在一段长期的品质。此反应是氧敏感。虽然所有的试剂可以在环境气氛下称出在RT，除去从反应烧瓶所有氧气是至关重要的。干燥并脱气氯仿的制备是通过从CAH 2氮气氛，接着通过进行冷冻-泵-解冻过程的三个周期下蒸馏它。 </li></ol> 经由 OCF 3 -migration（3a）的4-乙酰氨基-3-（三氟甲氧基）苯甲酸甲酯的合成3.甲酯的<ol><li>添加2.51克4-（N - （三氟甲氧基）乙酰氨基）苯甲酸甲酯（9.05毫摩尔，1.0当量），磁搅拌棒，和9.05米诺2（1.00 M）中的溶液到50毫升压力容器中。帽带螺丝帽的容器中。 </li><li>搅拌在120℃的反应混合物中的安全防护罩20小时后。 注意:不纯硝基甲烷是爆炸性的，因此反应混合物应在安全防护罩后面进行搅拌。 </li><li>冷却反应混合物至RT。 </li><li>将反应混合物转移到100ml圆底烧瓶中。 </li><li>集中使用旋转蒸发器在真空下将反应混合物。 </li><li>纯化粗产物用快速柱色谱纯化，用己烷:EtOAc（9:1至7:3（V / V））（R F = 0.51己烷:乙酸乙酯（4:1（体积/体积）），得到 2.13克4-乙酰氨基-3-（三氟甲氧基）苯甲酸甲酯（7.69毫摩尔，85％）。 注意:此反应可以在环境气氛下进行。不需要氮气氛。圆底烧瓶中装有水冷凝器，可作为一种替代的反应装置。 </li></ol>新产品4表征<ol><li>表征的所有新的化合物通过 1 H，13 C NMR光谱和高分辨质谱和使用19 F核磁共振光谱来表征包含氟原子的化合物。34 </li></ol>

<ol>
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C., Kahn, M., Mitra, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+chromatographic+technique+for+preparative+separations+with+moderate+Resolution.">Rapid chromatographic technique for preparative separations with moderate Resolution.</a> J. Org. Chem. 43, 2923-2925 (1978).</li><li>Fiederling, N., Haller, J., Schramm, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notification+about+the+Explosive+Properties+of+Togni's+Reagent+II+and+One+of+Its+Precursors.">Notification about the Explosive Properties of Togni's Reagent II and One of Its Precursors.</a> Org. Process Res. Dev. 17, 318-319 (2013).</li><li>Matousek, V., Pietrasiak, E., Schwenk, R., Togni, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-pot+synthesis+of+hypervalent+iodine+reagents+for+electrophilic+trifluoromethylation.">One-pot synthesis of hypervalent iodine reagents for electrophilic trifluoromethylation.</a> J. Org. Chem. 78, 6763-6768 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

由于缺乏一个全面和人性化的程序trifluoromethoxylated芳烃的合成，许多OCF 3含芳香族化合物是非常昂贵的。34我们的策略取代了广阔的官能团耐受性，并提供了一个易于访问各种trifluoromethoxylated芳烃。这些化合物可以作为用于新药物，农用化学品，和材料的发现和开发作为有价值积木。 肼用作氢的来源为铑催化的还原硝基芳烃的。其质量是在获得还原产物中高产...

该三氟甲氧基（OCF 3）集团已在1935年2，因为三氟甲基醚的首次合成生命和材料科学的研究产生深远的影响。由于其独特的电负性高的组合（χ= 3.7）3和优良的亲脂性（ΠX = 1.04），4三氟甲氧基发现在医药，农业和材料行业有着广泛的应用。5-10但是，轻便引入OCF 3组分成有机分子，尤其是芳香族化合物，保留在合成化学的一个重大挑战。 在过去的几十年中，努力解决这一挑战导致少数变换为trifluoromethoxylated芳烃的合成的发展5-7,9-11这些包括:（i）氯/氟对三氯化前体交换; 1,12- -17（ⅱ）deoxyfluorination fluoroformates的; 18 </SUP&gt;（ⅲ）氧化fluorodesulfurization; 19-21（ⅳ）醇的亲电三氟甲基化; 22-25（v）的亲核trifluoromethoxylation; 26-30，（ⅵ）过渡金属-介导的芳基硼酸盐和锡烷的trifluoromethoxylation; 31及（vii ）基团trifluoromethoxylation。32,33然而，许多这些方法要么患有差基板范围，或需要使用高毒性和/或热不稳定的试剂。因此，由于缺乏合成OCF 3含化合物的一般的和用户友好的方法，该OCF 3组的潜力还没有得到充分利用在化学。 作为我们在trifluoromethoxylation反应利益的一部分，34我们描述本文的两步协议 （即， 自由基 O2 -trifluoromethylation和热诱导OCF 3 -migration）为甲基-4-乙酰氨基-3-（三氟甲氧基的合成）苯甲酸甲酯（3a）的选自甲基4-（N- -hydroxyacetamido）苯甲酸甲酯（1a）中 。该策略是易于操作，适用于大范围的邻 -trifluoromethoxylated苯胺衍生物的合成。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">5% Rhodium on carbon</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Aspira Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300835</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">5% wt% dry loading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">hydrazine monohydrate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Alderich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13696HMV</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Reagent grade, 98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Acetyl chloride</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10176887</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">134826</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Chemical pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Cesium carbonate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12887</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">99.9%, metals basis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148">
			<td height="148" style="height:148px;width:216px;">Togni Reagent II</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Prepared according to the literature procedure (ref 37). Caution: Pure Togni reagent II is impact and friction sensitive, treat it with great care (see ref. 36).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BDH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BDH1149-4LG</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Distilled from deep purple sodium benzophenone ketyl.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Diethyl Ether</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">148221</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Distilled from deep purple sodium benzophenone ketyl.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="47">
			<td height="47" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">141739</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Dried over CaH2 and distilled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="47">
			<td height="47" style="height:47px;width:216px;">nitro methane</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J03z053</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Dried over CaSO4 and distilled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Silica gel</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SILICYCLE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">60514</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">40-63 &#181;m (230-400 mesh)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Cilite</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2012040674</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Not acid washed</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for the synthesis of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives

分子轴承三氟甲氧基（OCF 3）基团常表现所需的药理学和生物学性质。然而，trifluoromethoxylated芳香族化合物的简便合成保持在有机合成中一个巨大的挑战。传统的方法往往来自贫困基底范围受到影响，或要求使用高毒，难以处理，和/或热不稳定的试剂。此，我们报告为甲基-4-乙酰氨基-3-（三氟甲氧基）苯甲酸甲酯的使用合成一个用户友好的协议-1-三氟甲基-1,2-苯碘酰-3-（1H） -酮（TOGNI试剂Ⅱ）。在碳酸铯的催化量存在下处理甲基4-（N- -hydroxyacetamido）苯甲酸甲酯（1a）与 TOGNI试剂II（铯2 CO 3）的氯仿在室温，得到4-（N - （三氟甲氧基）乙酰氨基）苯甲酸甲酯（2a）中 。然后将该中间体转化为最终产物甲基-4-乙酰氨基-3-（trifluoromethoxy）苯甲酸甲酯（3a）的硝基甲烷中，在120℃。此过程是一般性的，可以应用到邻 -trifluoromethoxylated苯胺衍生物的广谱性，这可以作为有用的合成构建模块的新药物，农用化学品和功能材料的发现和开发的合成。

甲基-4-（N- -hydroxyacetamido）苯甲酸甲酯（1a）的合成在92％分离产率，通过一个两步骤的过程（即，减少甲基-4-硝基苯甲酸甲酯用肼用5％的Rh / C作为催化剂，以形成4-（ Ñ-hydroxyamino）苯甲酸甲酯，然后将所得羟胺乙酰保护）1a中与TOGNI试剂II在的碳酸铯的催化量存在的O-三氟甲基化（铯2 CO 3）的氯仿?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives at JoVE.com

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

协议的合成<em&gt;邻</em&gt; -trifluoromethoxylated苯胺类化合物

An operationally simple procedure for the synthesis of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives via a two-step sequence of O-trifluoromethylation of N-aryl-N-hydroxyacetamide followed by thermally induced intramolecular OCF3-migration is reported.

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of ...

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

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9.8K 次观看.  State University of New York at Stony Brook. An operationally simple procedure for the synthesis of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives via a two-step sequence of O-trifluoromethylation of N-aryl-N-hydroxyacetamide followed by thermally induced intramolecular OCF3-migration is reported.

视频: Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

The procedures described in this article involve the synthesis and isolation of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates (HIATs) and their subsequent reactions with azides to form cyanocarbene intermediates. The synthesis of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates can be facile, but difficulties stem from their isolation and reactivity. In particular, the necessity to use filtration under inert atmosphere at -45 &deg;C for some HIATs requires special care and equipment. Once isolated, the compounds can be stored and used in reactions with azides to form cyanocarbene intermediates. 
The evidence for cyanocarbene generation is shown by visible extrusion of dinitrogen as well as the characterization of products that occur from O-H insertion, sulfoxide complexation, and cyclopropanation. A side reaction of the cyanocarbene formation is the generation of a vinylidene-carbene and the conditions to control this process are discussed. There is also potential to form a hypervalent iodonium alkenyl triflate and the means of isolation and control of its generation are provided. The O-H insertion reaction involves using a HIAT, sodium azide or tetrabutylammonium azide, and methanol as solvent/substrate. The sulfoxide complexation reaction uses a HIAT, sodium azide or tetrabutylammonium azide, and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent. The cyclopropanations can be performed with or without the use of solvent. The azide source must be tetrabutylammonium azide and the substrate shown is styrene.

Herein is described the synthesis, isolation, and reactions of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates (HIATs) with azides to generate cyanocarbenes. The procedures will involve air-sensitive and cryogen techniques, including cold filtration under an inert atmosphere. Handling and safety of the synthesized compounds will also be discussed.

高价碘鎓炔基三氟甲磺酸酯的生成Cyanocarbenes的合成应用

The procedures described in this article involve the synthesis and isolation of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates (HIATs) and their subsequent ...

科研

化学

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is an important and long standing goal in organic chemistry. Such transformations can be very powerful in order to streamline synthesis by saving steps, time and material compared to conventional methods that require the introduction and removal of activating or directing groups. Therefore, the functionalization of C-H bonds is also attractive for green chemistry. Under oxidative conditions, two C-H bonds or one C-H and one heteroatom-H bond can be transformed to C-C and C-heteroatom bonds, respectively. Often these oxidative coupling reactions require synthetic oxidants, expensive catalysts or high temperatures. Here, we describe a two-step procedure to functionalize indole derivatives, more specifically tetrahydrocarbazoles, by C-H amination using only elemental oxygen as oxidant. The reaction uses the principle of C-H functionalization via Intermediate PeroxideS (CHIPS). In the first step, a hydroperoxide is generated oxidatively using visible light, a photosensitizer and elemental oxygen. In the second step, the N-nucleophile, an aniline, is introduced by Br&#248;nsted-acid catalyzed activation of the hydroperoxide leaving group. The products of the first and second step often precipitate and can be conveniently filtered off. The synthesis of a biologically active compound is shown.

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS

A two-step procedure for the synthesis of pharmaceutically active indole-derivatives by C-H functionalization with anilines is described, using photo- and Br&#248;nsted acid catalysis.

通过中级过氧化物的抗病毒四氢咔唑衍生物的合成光化学和酸催化CH官能（筹）

The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is an important and long standing goal in organic chemistry. Such transformations can be very powerful in order ...

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

The guanidine functional group, displayed most prominently in the amino acid arginine, one of the fundamental building blocks of life, is an important structural element found in many complex natural products and pharmaceuticals. Owing to the continual discovery of new guanidine-containing natural products and designed small molecules, rapid and efficient guanidinylation methods are of keen interest to synthetic and medicinal organic chemists. Because the nucleophilicity and basicity of guanidines can affect subsequent chemical transformations, traditional, indirect guanidinylation is typically pursued. Indirect methods commonly employ multiple protection steps involving a latent amine precursor, such as an azide, phthalimide, or carbamate. By circumventing these circuitous methods and employing a direct guanidinylation reaction early in the synthetic sequence, it was possible to forge the linear terminal guanidine containing backbone of clavatadine A to realize a short and streamlined synthesis of this potent factor XIa inhibitor. In practice, guanidine hydrochloride is elaborated with a carefully constructed protecting array that is optimized to survive the synthetic steps to come. In the preparation of clavatadine A, direct guanidinylation of a commercially available diamine eliminated two unnecessary steps from its synthesis. Coupled with the wide variety of known guanidine protecting groups, direct guanidinylation evinces a succinct and efficient practicality inherent to methods that find a home in a synthetic chemist&#39;s toolbox.

Here, we present a protocol for direct, early stage guanidinylation that enables rapid total synthesis of aminoguanidine-containing small organic molecules. An advanced synthetic intermediate used in the synthesis of a blood coagulation factor XIa inhibitor was prepared using this protocol.

一个直接的，早期胍基协议的复杂含氨基胍，天然产物合成

The guanidine functional group, displayed most prominently in the amino acid arginine, one of the fundamental building blocks of life, is an important ...

HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately 200 different odorant compounds in addition to vanillin. The natural extraction of vanillin (from the orchid Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla tahitiensis and Vanilla pompon) represents only 1% of the worldwide production and since this process is expensive and very long, the rest of the production of vanillin is synthesized. Many biotechnological approaches can be used for the synthesis of vanillin from lignin, phenolic stilbenes, isoeugenol, eugenol, guaicol, etc., with the disadvantage of harming the environment since these processes use strong oxidizing agents and toxic solvents. Thus, eco-friendly alternatives on the production of vanillin are very desirable and thus, under current investigation. Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are a new class of highly crystalline materials that recently have been used for catalysis. HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3, BTC = 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylate) is a very well known PCP which has been extensively studied as a heterogeneous catalyst. Here, we report a synthetic strategy for the production of vanillin by the oxidation of trans-ferulic acid using HKUST-1 as a catalyst.

The conversion of trans-ferulic acid to vanillin was achieved by heterogeneous catalysis. HKUST-1 was employed in this synthesis and the essential step in the catalytic process was the generation of unsaturated metal sites. Thus, when the catalyst was activated under vacuum, full vanillin conversion (yield of 95%) was obtained.

科大-1作为香兰素的合成的非均相催化剂

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately ...

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray coating. These nanoparticles are produced by the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate on the surface of cereal protein (gliadin) molecules. Alkyl cyanoacrylate is a monomer that instantly polymerizes at RT when it is applied to the surface of materials. Its polymerization reaction is initiated by the trace amounts of weakly basic or nucleophilic species on the surface, including moisture. Once polymerized, the polymerized alkyl cyanoacrylates show a strong affinity with the object materials because nitrile groups are in the backbone of poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate). Proteins also work as initiator for this polymerization because they contain amine groups that can initiate the polymerization of cyanoacrylate. If aggregated protein is used as an initiator, protein aggregate is surrounded by the hydrophobic poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) chains after the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate. By controlling the experimental condition, particles in the nanometer range are produced. The produced nanoparticles readily adsorb to the surface of most materials including glass, metals, plastics, wood, leather, and fabrics. When the surface of a material is sprayed with the produced nanoparticle suspension and rinsed with water, the micellar structure of nanoparticle changes its conformation, and the hydrophilic proteins are exposed to the air. As a result, the nanoparticle-coated surface changes to hydrophilic.

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic. The produced nanoparticle is an assembly of gliadin-cyanoacrylate diblock copolymers. Spray coating with the produced nanoparticle changes the surface of target material to a hydrophilic surface.

一种醇溶蛋白氰基丙烯酸酯纳米粒子为亲水涂料生产协议

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

蛋白质生物缀合物的合成<em&gt;通过</em&gt;半胱氨酸马来酰亚胺化学

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

使用Photoredox催化剂蠕虫状胶束的简便合成可见光介导的分散聚合

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular methodology for applications in various fields and for different research purposes. The procedure described herein focuses on the synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA 5&#39;-[CUA CGG AAU CAU]-3&#39; containing zero, one, or two modifications located at the C2&#39;-O-position. The probes are based on 2-thiophenylmethyl groups, incorporated into RNA nucleotides via standard organic synthesis and introduced into the corresponding oligonucleotides via their respective phosphoramidites. This report makes use of phosphoramidite chemistry via the four canonical nucleobases (Uridine (U), Cytosine (C), Guanosine (G), Adenosine (A)), as well as 2-thiophenylmethyl functionalized nucleotides modified at the 2&#39;-O-position; however, the methodology is amenable for a large variety of modifications that have been developed over the years. The oligonucleotides were synthesized on a controlled-pore glass (CPG) support followed by cleavage from the resin and deprotection under standard conditions, i.e., a mixture of ammonia and methylamine (AMA) followed by hydrogen fluoride/triethylamine/N-methylpyrrolidinone. The corresponding oligonucleotides were purified via polyacrylamide electrophoresis (20% denaturing) followed by elution, desalting, and isolation via reversed-phase chromatography (Sep-pak, C18-column). Quantification and structural parameters were assessed via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and circular dichroism (CD) photometric analysis, respectively. This report aims to serve as a resource and guide for beginner and expert researchers interested in embarking in this field. It is expected to serve as a work-in-progress as new technologies and methodologies are developed. The description of the methodologies and techniques within this document correspond to a DNA/RNA synthesizer (refurbished and purchased in 2013) that uses phosphoramidite chemistry.

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

This article provides a detailed procedure on the solid-phase synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA modified at the C2&#39;-O-position. UV-vis and circular dichroism photometric analyses are used to quantify and characterize structural aspects, i.e., single-strands or double-strands.

用于固相合成含有2&#39;-<em&gt; 0</em通过圆二色性修饰和表征

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular ...

Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oligo-peptoids

Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have been thought of as a type of molecular information storage. Mass spectrometry analysis has been considered the method of choice for sequencing peptoids. Peptoids can be synthesized via solid phase chemistry using a repeating two-step reaction cycle. Here we present a method to manually synthesize oligo-peptoids and to analyze the sequence of the peptoids using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. The sample peptoid is a nonamer consisting of alternating N-(2-methyloxyethyl)glycine (Nme) and N-(2-phenylethyl)glycine (Npe), as well as an N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (Nae) at the N-terminus. The sequence formula of the peptoid is Ac-Nae-(Npe-Nme)4-NH2, where Ac is the acetyl group. The synthesis takes place in a commercially available solid-phase reaction vessel. The rink amide resin is used as the solid support to yield the peptoid with an amide group at the C-terminus. The resulting peptoid product is subjected to sequence analysis using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to an electrospray ionization source. The MS/MS measurement produces a spectrum of fragment ions resulting from the dissociation of charged peptoid. The fragment ions are sorted out based on the values of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The m/z values of the fragment ions are compared against the nominal masses of theoretically predicted fragment ions, according to the scheme of peptoid fragmentation. The analysis generates a fragmentation pattern of the charged peptoid. The fragmentation pattern is correlated to the monomer sequence of the neutral peptoid. In this regard, MS analysis reads out the sequence information of the peptoids.

A protocol is described for the manual synthesis of oligo-peptoids followed by sequence analysis by mass spectrometry.

寡 peptoids 的合成及质谱分析

Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have ...

The MPLEx Protocol for Multi-omic Analyses of Soil Samples

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based integrated metaproteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic (multi-omic) studies are transforming our ability to understand and characterize microbial communities in environmental and biological systems. These measurements are even enabling enhanced analyses of complex soil microbial communities, which are the most complex microbial systems known to date. Multi-omic analyses, however, do have sample preparation challenges, since separate extractions are typically needed for each omic study, thereby greatly amplifying the preparation time and amount of sample required. To address this limitation, a 3-in-1 method for the simultaneous extraction of metabolites, proteins, and lipids (MPLEx) from the same soil sample was created by adapting a solvent-based approach. This MPLEx protocol has proven to be both simple and robust for many sample types, even when utilized for limited quantities of complex soil samples. The MPLEx method also greatly enabled the rapid multi-omic measurements needed to gain a better understanding of the members of each microbial community, while evaluating the changes taking place upon biological and environmental perturbations.

A protocol is presented for simultaneously extracting metabolites, proteins, and lipids from a single soil sample, allowing reduced sample preparation times and enabling multi-omic mass spectrometry analyses of samples with limited quantities.

土壤样品多涨价可能分析的 MPLEx 协议

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based integrated metaproteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic (multi-omic) studies are transforming our ability to understand and ...