We wish to thank the Mammalian Genetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, for providing the mice. We also thank S. Aoyama and Y. Adachi of the ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) &amp; Toxicology Research Institute, Sekisui Medical Company Ltd., Japan, and K. Kozakai and Y. Yamada for assistance with LC-MS/MS analysis. This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), Japan to Y-W.Z. (18591421, 20591531, and 23591872); by the Jiangsu innovative and entrepreneurial project for the introduction of high-level talent and the Jiangsu science and technology planning project (BE2015669); and by grants to H.T. for Strategic Promotion of Innovative Research and Development (S-innovation, 62890004) from the Japan Science and Technology Agency.

所有的动物实验过程是按照横滨市立大学的动物保护准则进行的。 1.代急性肝损伤小鼠模型<ol><li>加入1 ml phenolized 0.85％NaCl溶液（0.6克苯酚在100毫升0.85％NaCl溶液），以1毫克白喉毒素（DT），制成1毫克/毫升DT原液。注:DT以1mg / ml的浓度可在3℃至8℃储存约2年。 </li><li>连续稀释phenolized 0.85％的NaCl溶液中的1mg / ml的DT原液至0.3微克/毫升DT和制备0.3微克/毫升DT溶液作为工作溶液的等分试样。注:该工作液应新鲜配制。 </li><li>进行使用亚致死剂量（〜50％致死）实验，辖8周龄小鼠DT的1.5微克/千克的剂量。 <ol><li>通过按住鼠标背卧执行DT腹腔注射，并插入业务承包商Ë膝盖的弯曲下面，左面或中线的权利。避免中线以防止膀胱的渗透。角针在约45°到主体。 </li><li>使用胰岛素注射器，注射的老鼠用100微升每个20 G鼠标重量的新鲜0.3微克/毫升的DT。例如，18-G鼠标应该接受90微升0.3微克/毫升DT解决方案。 </li></ol></li><li>在48小时后DT注射，通过将鼠标在一个限制器和温热小鼠尾部在37℃水浴中约10分钟，以扩张血管收集从尾静脉血液。然后，制成1毫米切口，从用锋利的手术刀刀片尖端的尾2厘米并用微毛细管收集血液。 <ol><li>离心含有血液的微毛细管在1500×g离心5分钟，并通过分离上清液和细胞沉淀收集血清。 </li></ol></li><li> 1:20稀释的小鼠血清中吸取50微升到GOT / AST-PIII幻灯片。使用根据制造商的协议的多功能自动干化学分析仪在650nm测定反应产物（蓝色染料）的吸光度。 注:读出谷草转氨酶（AST）的/自动显示谷草转氨酶（GOT）的活性。后2天DT注射，将小鼠的约60％12,000表现AST值 - 16000 IU / L，被认为是从急性肝损伤痛苦。这些小鼠被转移至新笼子并用作细胞移植。 </li></ol> 2.人力肝干细胞的制备<ol><li>隔离从人初级胎儿肝细胞与使用CDCP1，CD90和CD66细胞抗原以获得CDCP1 + CD90 + CD66-亚群细胞分选仪人肝干细胞，然后接种于涂覆IV型胶原的培养皿的分离的细胞群，如先前报道15。使用胚胎的人类首要胎肝细胞周14至18岁之间的年龄。 </li><li>收集培养至80％的人类肝干细胞 - 90％汇合于100毫米的培养皿，吸出培养基，用10毫升的PBS洗涤细胞，然后取出PBS。 Trypsinize用2ml的0.05％胰蛋白酶/ EDTA溶液中的细胞5分钟，在37℃下。注意:在大于90％汇合的细胞不适合于细胞移植自细胞分化可能在小鼠中影响其增殖能力。 </li><li>监测细胞分散液的显微镜下的状态。当细胞似乎漂浮或自由流动，通过加入8毫升含有10％FBS的DMEM / F12的停止酶消化。 </li><li>悬浮细胞慢慢使用10毫升血清吸管将细胞转移到15mL的锥形管中。离心细胞，在100 xg离心5分钟，4℃。 </li><li>小心重悬细胞沉淀在含有10％FBS的10的10ml DMEM / F12，并确定使用显微镜计数室的细胞数。 </li><li>划分细胞向每50μl的PBS等份为每个单独的小鼠的1.0×10 6个细胞，并在冰上储存直至移植。 </li></ol> 3.人肝脏干细胞内移植<ol><li>将干净的笼子里37℃的电热垫。 </li><li>通过将它放置在喷嘴的下面 - （在2L每分钟的氧气的1.5％（体积/体积）1）麻醉小鼠用异氟醚吸入。另外，使用含有用纱布浸湿异氟醚管。 <ol><li>确保鼠标轻轻捏后足垫麻醉。如果膝反射是引出，将鼠标回到室内。使用对眼睛兽医药膏，以防止干燥时的麻醉下。 </li></ol></li><li>使用电动推剪剃手术部位，并应用70％（体积/体积）乙醇和聚维酮碘消毒。然后使在左侧面只是肋的肋缘下方1厘米的皮肤切口，接着在切口腹壁，以及腹膜。 </li><li>小心露出脾脏。用100微升注射注射器带32 G1 / 2英寸的针直接注入1.0×10 6人肝干细胞在50μlPBS中进入各小鼠的脾脏。倾斜以5°角的注射针头。 <ol><li>确保注入的深度为脾脏不到一半的厚度。针应在一端（头部）进入脾脏，并在另一端（尾）沉积的细胞。 </li></ol></li><li>为了防止注射后的细胞泄漏，用手指2分钟轻轻地施加压力，然后取出针。 </li><li>放置脾放回鼠标主体和与正常运行缝合的肌肉和皮肤关闭腔。 </li><li>转移的小鼠成37℃预热的笼立即移植以下。为了保证鼠标能够舒适地呼吸，将鼠标在其一侧的笼子里，一排尿笼床上用品和手术部位之间的接触。 </li><li>监测小鼠直到麻醉消退确保缝线保持关闭并且小鼠返回到手术前的条件。 </li><li>确保将小鼠具有正常的饮用水和食品。 1小时后，返回笼动物中心的鼠标间，每日监测小鼠。 </li></ol> 4.移植的检测人肝干在小鼠肝细胞衍生肝细胞注:对于以下步骤，使用安乐死颈椎脱位氯胺酮和甲苯噻嗪过量的所有动物。 <ol><li>在4 - 第6周后移植，安乐死的小鼠和通过同时切割表皮和使用手术剪筋膜打开腹腔。 </li><li>解剖结缔组织腹膜以上，使用剪刀作为吊具，并切断腹膜沿白线，打开腹腔腔。 </li><li>解除胸骨用镊子，穿刺隔膜，并通过胸骨的每一侧穿过宫颈腰带切开。 </li><li>断绝对肝脏的胸侧的腔静脉，并通过在向前方向肝脏拉食道。为了除去肝脏去除隔膜。 注意:请小心保持剪刀提示，以防止下胸器官的损害向上指出。胸腺有偶尔紧贴胸骨背侧的趋势，这一点必须小心避免。 </li><li>使用隔膜作为手柄，启动拉动肝脏出腹腔。内部腔静脉将举行到位肝脏。切内部腔静脉;要小心，不要过早解放右肾上腺。 注:老鼠有四裂肝脏包括中叶，左叶，右叶和尾状叶。胆悬浮在小分叉中叶。 </li><li>在路口彼此分开的瓣，并根据制造商的方案在最佳切割温度（OCT）化合物嵌入其中。冻结包含在低温恒温器的金属网格肝组织的十月</li><li>用切低温恒温器5微米厚的切片样本在-18°C和安装它们RT显微镜载玻片。在-80℃保存的股票。制备用于苏木精和曙红（H＆E）和根据先前报道的方法16免疫荧光染色的幻灯片。 </li></ol> 5.人力分泌白蛋白的检测和嵌合率的计算<ol><li>来测量人体肝重构，执行人白蛋白ELISA使用血清，并根据制造商的说明一个人白蛋白ELISA试剂盒。 </li><li>通过实时计算人源化肝脏的嵌合率表达水平的PCR分析在整个-人源化肝脏。确定相对前人特异性肌动蛋白的人类 - 小鼠横动蛋白PRESSION水平比率（比率1）和小鼠 - 特异性肌动蛋白的人类 - 小鼠横肌动蛋白的比率（比例为2）。嵌合率计算为比率1 /（比1+比率2）。 </li></ol>

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The authors have no competing financial interests to disclose.

最近的研究已经表明，在小鼠肝脏可以与人肝细胞，包括成人肝细胞和增殖性肝干细胞17被重新填充。这些重新填充肝脏已被用作临床前试验模型的药物代谢试验和药物发现和开发18;此外，他们提供了用于细胞的成熟和分化19 的体内环境。本研究的主要目的是要产生，允许人未成熟肝细胞增殖，成熟和分化，对采集的药物代谢活动的新颖性肝病的小鼠模型。 <p cla...

Mice are commonly used for pharmaceutical testing since biomedical research in humans is restricted1; however, these models are not always useful since they may inaccurately simulate the effects observed in humans. Most drugs in current medical use are metabolized primarily in the liver. However, the same drug can be metabolized into different metabolites in mouse and human livers because of inter-species differences. Thus, it is often difficult to determine during development whether a potential drug poses any risks for clinical applications2,3. 
To address this problem, "humanized" mouse livers have been developed by growing human liver cells inside mice4-6; these models exhibit drug responses similar to those observed in the human liver. The primary mouse models currently used for humanized liver generation include uroplasminogen activator (uPA+/+) mice4,7, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah&#8722;/&#8722;) mice6, and the recently reported thymidine kinase (TK-NOG) mice. 
However, previous reports have shown that transplanted human immature cells or stem cells are less competitive than adult human hepatocytes in Alb-uPA tg(+/&#8722;)Rag2(&#8722;/&#8722;) mouse livers8-10. Moreover, Fah&#8722;/&#8722; mice provide a growth advantage only for differentiated hepatocytes and not for immature liver progenitor cells11. The transplantation of human hepatic stem cells (HpSCs) into TK-NOG mice in the lab has been unsuccessful. Hence, no useful mouse model for the efficient engraftment of human immature liver cells currently exists. 
Thus, we developed a novel Alb-TRECK/SCID mouse model that could be efficiently repopulated with human immature hepatocytes. This transgenic mouse model expresses human heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) receptors under the control of a liver cell-specific albumin promoter. Following the administration of diphtheria toxin (DT), these mice develop fulminant hepatitis due to conditional ablation of hepatocytes, enabling donor cell residency and proliferation12. Although mouse hepatocytes have been successfully transplanted into Alb-TRECK/SCID mice in previous studies13,14, the generation of a humanized liver using Alb-TRECK/SCID mice has yet to be reported. 
In this study, humanized livers were generated in Alb-TRECK/SCID mice via transplantation of HpSCs. This humanized liver provides an in vivo environment for universal stem cell differentiation and the ability to predict human drug metabolism patterns and drug-drug interactions.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="538">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:169px;">Human albumin</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A6684</td>
			<td style="width:60px;">Mouse</td>
			<td style="width:60px;">IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Human CK19</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>M088801</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
			<td>IgG1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Human nuclei</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB1281</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
			<td>IgG1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Human CK8/18</td>
			<td>Progen</td>
			<td>GP11</td>
			<td>Guinea pig</td>
			<td>Polyclonal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CDCP1</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>324006</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
			<td>IgG2b</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CD90</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>559869</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
			<td>IgG1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CD66</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>551479</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
			<td>IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GOT/AST-PIII</td>
			<td>Fujifilm</td>
			<td>14A2X10004000009</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11320-033</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S1520</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.05% Trypsin-EDTA&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diphtheria Toxin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D0564-1MG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Human Albumin ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td>E88-129</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe (1ml)</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SS-01T</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">32G 1/2&#34; needle</td>
			<td>TSK</td>
			<td>PRE-32013</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">O.C.T.Compound(118ml)</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek Japan</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MoFlo high-speed cell sorter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>B25982</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DRI-CHEM 7000</td>
			<td>Fujifilm</td>
			<td>14B2X10002000046</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of a humanized mouse liver using human hepatic stem cells

A novel animal model involving chimeric mice with humanized livers established via human hepatocyte transplantation has been developed. These mice, in which the liver has been repopulated with functional human hepatocytes, could serve as a useful tool for investigating human hepatic cell biology, drug metabolism, and other preclinical applications. One of the key factors required for successful transplantation of human hepatocytes into mice is the elimination of the endogenous hepatocytes to prevent competition with the human cells and provide a suitable space and microenvironment for promoting human donor cell expansion and differentiation. To date, two major liver injury mouse models utilizing fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) and uroplasminogen activator (uPA) mice have been established. However, Fah mice are used mainly with mature hepatocytes and the application of the uPA model is limited by decreased breeding. To overcome these limitations, Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice were used for in vivo differentiation of immature human hepatocytes and humanized liver generation. Human hepatic stem cells (HpSCs) successfully repopulated the livers of Alb-TRECK/SCID mice that had developed lethal fulminant hepatic failure following diphtheria toxin (DT) treatment. This model of a humanized liver in Alb-TRECK/SCID mice will have functional applications in studies involving drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions and will promote other in vivo and in vitro studies.

ALB-Treck技术/ SCID小鼠的肝细胞表达的白蛋白启动子的控制下的人类DT受体HB-EGF的基因并显示出下列DT给药12细胞毒性作用。为了评估DT处理对肝损伤的影响，DT剂量为1.5微克/公斤，分别注入8周龄ALB-Treck技术/ SCID小鼠和在肝脏中48小时后DT给药的病理改变进行组织学评估。与对照组（不与DT处理）相比，DT-治疗的小鼠表现出与血清AST活性升高拥堵修正杂乱无章的肝架构?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of a Humanized Mouse Liver Using Human Hepatic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Generation of a Humanized Mouse Liver Using Human Hepatic Stem Cells

Here, we present a novel humanized mouse liver model generated in Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice following the transplantation of immature and expandable human hepatic stem cells.

利用人体肝干细胞人源化小鼠肝脏生成

A novel animal model involving chimeric mice with humanized livers established via human hepatocyte transplantation has been developed. These mice, in ...

generation-of-a-humanized-mouse-liver-using-human-hepatic-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.8K 次观看.  Yokohama City University. Here, we present a novel humanized mouse liver model generated in Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice following the transplantation of immature and expandable human hepatic stem cells.

视频: Generation of a Humanized Mouse Liver Using Human Hepatic Stem Cells

Subretinal Injection of Gene Therapy Vectors and Stem Cells in the Perinatal Mouse Eye

The loss of sight affects approximately 3.4 million people in the United States and is expected to increase in the upcoming years.1 Recently, gene therapy and stem cell transplantations have become key therapeutic tools for treating blindness resulting from retinal degenerative diseases. Several forms of autologous transplantation for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), such as iris pigment epithelial cell transplantation, have generated encouraging results, and human clinical trials have begun for other forms of gene and stem cell therapies.2 These include RPE65 gene replacement therapy in patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis and an RPE cell transplantation using human embryonic stem (ES) cells in Stargardt's disease.3-4 Now that there are gene therapy vectors and stem cells available for treating patients with retinal diseases, it is important to verify these potential therapies in animal models before applying them in human studies. The mouse has become an important scientific model for testing the therapeutic efficacy of gene therapy vectors and stem cell transplantation in the eye.5-8 In this video article, we present a technique to inject gene therapy vectors or stem cells into the subretinal space of the mouse eye while minimizing damage to the surrounding tissue.

This surgical technique illustrates the injection of gene therapy vectors and stem cells into the subretinal space of the mouse eye.

基因治疗的载体和干细胞视网膜下注射到老鼠的眼睛

The loss of sight affects approximately 3.4 million people in the United States and is expected to increase in the upcoming years.1 Recently, gene therapy ...

科研

医学

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

人牙髓干细胞的分离，鉴定和比较性恒牙使用两种不同的方法，得出

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as studies on graft preservation and ischemia-reperfusion injury 1,2, immunological responses 3,4, hemodynamics 5,6, and small-for-size syndrome 7. The rat OLT is among the most difficult animal models in experimental surgery and demands advanced microsurgical skills that take a long time to learn. Consequently, the use of this model has been limited. Since the reliability and reproducibility of results are key components of the experiments in which such complex animal models are used, it is essential for surgeons who are involved in rat OLT to be trained in well-standardized and sophisticated procedures for this model.
While various techniques and modifications of OLT in rats have been reported 8 since the first model was described by Lee et al. 9 in 1973, the elimination of the hepatic arterial reconstruction 10 and the introduction of the cuff anastomosis technique by Kamada et al. 11 were a major advancement in this model, because they simplified the reconstruction procedures to a great degree. In the model by Kamada et al., the hepatic rearterialization was also eliminated. Since rats could survive without hepatic arterial flow after liver transplantation, there was considerable controversy over the value of hepatic arterialization. However, the physiological superiority of the arterialized model has been increasingly acknowledged, especially in terms of preserving the bile duct system 8,12 and the liver integrity 8,13,14.
In this article, we present detailed surgical procedures for a rat model of OLT with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft after ex vivo liver resection. The reconstruction procedures for each vessel and the bile duct are performed by the following methods: a 7-0 polypropylene continuous suture for the supra- and infrahepatic vena cava; a cuff technique for the portal vein; and a stent technique for the hepatic artery and the bile duct.

Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats is an indispensable experimental model for biomedical research. Here we present our surgical procedures for orthotopic rat liver transplantation with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft.

部分原位肝移植大鼠模型的肝动脉重建的外科手术

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as ...

Formation of Human Prostate Epithelium Using Tissue Recombination of Rodent Urogenital Sinus Mesenchyme and Human Stem Cells

Progress in prostate cancer research is severely limited by the availability of human-derived and hormone-na&iuml;ve model systems, which limit our ability to understand genetic and molecular events underlying prostate disease initiation. Toward developing better model systems for studying human prostate carcinogenesis, we and others have taken advantage of the unique pro-prostatic inductive potential of embryonic rodent prostate stroma, termed urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGSM). When recombined with certain pluripotent cell populations such as embryonic stem cells, UGSM induces the formation of normal human prostate epithelia in a testosterone-dependent manner. Such a human model system can be used to investigate and experimentally test the ability of candidate prostate cancer susceptibility genes at an accelerated pace compared to typical rodent transgenic studies. Since Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be genetically modified in culture using inducible gene expression or siRNA knock-down vectors prior to tissue recombination, such a model facilitates testing the functional consequences of genes, or combinations of genes, which are thought to promote or prevent carcinogenesis.
The technique of isolating pure populations of UGSM cells, however, is challenging and learning often requires someone with previous expertise to personally teach. Moreover, inoculation of cell mixtures under the renal capsule of an immunocompromised host can be technically challenging. Here we outline and illustrate proper isolation of UGSM from rodent embryos and renal capsule implantation of tissue mixtures to form human prostate epithelium. Such an approach, at its current stage, requires in vivo xenografting of embryonic stem cells; future applications could potentially include in vitro gland formation or the use of induced pluripotent stem cell populations (iPSCs).

To unravel the earliest molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer initiation, novel and innovative human model systems and approaches are desperately needed. The potential of pre-prostatic urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGSM) to induce pluripotent stem cell populations to form human prostate epithelium is a powerful experimental tool in prostate research.

人类前列腺上皮细胞形成的使用鼠类泌尿生殖窦间质细胞和人类干细胞的组织重组

Progress in prostate cancer research is severely  limited by the availability of human-derived and hormone-na&iuml;ve model systems,  which limit our ...

Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent melphalan. Briefly, the procedure starts with the setup of a percutaneous veno-venous bypass from the femoral vein to the external jugular vein. Via a laparotomy, catheters are then inserted into the proper hepatic artery and the caval vein. The portal vein and the caval vein, both supra- and infrahepatically, are then clamped. The arterial and venous catheters are connected to a heart lung machine and the liver is perfused with melphalan (1 mg/kg body weight) for 60 min. This way it is possible to locally perfuse the liver with a high dose of a chemotherapeutic agent, without leakage to the systemic circulation.
In previous studies including patients with isolated liver metastases of uveal melanoma, an overall response rate of 33-100% and a median survival between 9 and 13 months, have been reported. The aim of this protocol is to give a clear description of how to perform the procedure and to discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

Here, we present a protocol how to perform an isolated liver perfusion (IHP) with melphalan and we also discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

隔离肝脏灌注作为治疗葡萄膜黑色素瘤肝转移

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

研究胰腺癌干细胞特性开发新的治疗策略

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

Stem-cell Based Engineered Immunity Against HIV Infection in the Humanized Mouse Model

With the rapid development of stem cell-based gene therapies against HIV, there is pressing requirement for an animal model to study the hematopoietic differentiation and immune function of the genetically modified cells. The humanized Bone-marrow/Liver/Thymus (BLT) mouse model allows for full reconstitution of a human immune system in the periphery, which includes T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes. The human thymic implant also allows for thymic selection of T cells in autologous thymic tissue. In addition to the study of HIV infection, the model stands as a powerful tool to study differentiation, development and functionality of cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here we outline the construction of humanized non-obese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)-common gamma chain knockout (c&#947;-/-)-Bone-marrow/Liver/Thymus (NSG-BLT) mice with HSCs transduced with CD4 chimeric antigen receptor (CD4CAR) lentivirus vector. We show that the CD4CAR HSCs can successfully differentiate into multiple lineages and have anti-HIV activity. The goal of the study is to demonstrate the use of NSG-BLT mouse model as an in vivo model for engineered immunity against HIV. It is worth noting that, because lentivirus and human tissue is used, experiments and surgeries should be performed in a Class II biosafety cabinet in a Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) with special precautions (BSL2+) facility.

This protocol describes the methods in constructing a humanized bone-marrow/liver/thymus mouse model with stem cell-based engineered immunity against HIV infection.

干细胞基工程免疫抗HIV感染的人性化小鼠模型

With the rapid development of stem cell-based gene therapies against HIV, there is pressing requirement for an animal model to study the hematopoietic ...

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus

Even with the revolution of gene-targeting technologies led by CRISPR-Cas9, genetic modification of human pluripotent stem cells&#160;(hPSCs)&#160;is still time consuming. Comparative studies that use recombinant lines with transgenes integrated into safe harbor loci could benefit from approaches that use site-specific targeted recombinases, like Cre or FLPe, which are more rapid and less prone to off-target effects. Such methods have been described, although they do not significantly outperform gene targeting in most aspects. Using Zinc-finger nucleases, we previously created a master cell line in the AAVS1 locus of hPSCs&#160;that contains a GFP-Hygromycin-tk expressing cassette, flanked by heterotypic FRT sequences. Here, we describe the procedures to perform FLPe recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) using this line. The master cell line is transfected with a RMCE donor vector, which contains a promoterless Puromycin resistance, and with FLPe recombinase. Application of both a positive (Puromycin) and negative (FIAU) selection program leads to the selection of RMCE without random integrations. RMCE generates fully characterized pluripotent polyclonal transgenic lines in 15 d&#160;with 100% efficiency. Despite the recently described limitations of the AAVS1 locus, the ease of the system paves the way for hPSC transgenesis in isogenic settings, is necessary for comparative studies, and enables semi-high-throughput genetic screens for gain/loss of function analysis that would otherwise be highly time consuming.

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus

Here we report a rapid and efficient gene editing method based on RMCE in the AAVS1 locus of human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs) that improves upon previously described systems. Using this technique, isogenic lines can be rapidly and reliably generated for proper comparative studies, facilitating transgenesis-mediated research with hPSCs.

通过重组酶介导的盒式交换在重组人多能干细胞的快速高效生成<em&gt; AAVS1</em&gt;轨迹

Even with the revolution of gene-targeting technologies led by CRISPR-Cas9, genetic modification of human pluripotent stem cells&#160;(hPSCs)&#160;is ...

Method of Direct Segmental Intra-hepatic Delivery Using a Rat Liver Hilar Clamp Model

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with myriad negative consequences. Potential I/R injury in marginal organs destined for liver transplantation contributes to the current donor shortage secondary to a decreased organ utilization rate. A significant need exists to explore hepatic I/R injury in order to mediate its impact on graft function in transplantation. Rat liver hilar clamp models are used to investigate the impact of different molecules on hepatic I/R injury. Depending on the model, these molecules have been delivered using inhalation, epidural infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intravenous administration or injection into the peripheral superior mesenteric vein. A rat liver hilar clamp model has been developed for use in studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating I/R injury. The described model for rat liver hilar clamp includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic hepatic segment via a side branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct segmental hepatic delivery. Our approach is to induce ischemia in the left lateral and median lobes for 60 min, during which time the substance under study is infused. In this case, pegylated-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), a free radical scavenger, is infused directly into the ischemic segment. This series of experiments demonstrates that infusion of PEG-SOD is protective against hepatic I/R injury. Advantages of this approach include direct injection of the molecule into the ischemic segment with consequent decrease in volume of distribution and reduction in systemic side effects.

A unique rat liver hilar clamp model was developed for studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury. This model includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic liver segment via a branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct hepatic delivery.

直接节段性肝内交付使用大鼠肝门部夹具模型方法

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ...

Ultrasound-guided Intracardiac Injection of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Increase Homing to the Intestine for Use in Murine Models of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the small and large intestines. Murine and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunosuppressive potential and have been shown to suppress inflammation in mouse models of intestinal inflammation, even though the route of administration can limit their homing and effectiveness 1,3,4,5. Local application of MSCs to colonic injury models has shown greater efficacy at ameliorating inflammation in the colon. However, there is paucity of data on techniques to enhance the localization of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) to the small intestine, the site of inflammation in the SAMP-1/YitFc (SAMP) model of experimental Crohn&#39;s disease. This work describes a novel technique for the ultrasound-guided intracardiac injection of hMSCs in SAMP mice, a well-characterized spontaneous model of chronic intestinal inflammation. Sex- and age-matched, inflammation-free AKR/J (AKR) mice were used as controls. To analyze the biodistribution and the localization, hMSCs were transduced with a lentivirus containing a triple reporter. The triple reporter consisted of firefly luciferase (fl), for bioluminescent imaging; monomeric red fluorescent protein (mrfp), for cell sorting; and truncated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (ttk), for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The results of this study show that 24 h after the intracardiac administration, hMSCs localize in the small intestine of SAMP mice as opposed to inflammation-free AKR mice. This novel, ultrasound-guided injection of hMSCs in the left ventricle of SAMP mice ensures a high success rate of cell delivery, allowing for the rapid recovery of mice with minimal morbidity and mortality. This technique could be a useful method for the enhanced localization of MSCs in other models of small-intestinal inflammation, such as TNF&#916;RE6. Future studies will determine if the increased localization of hMSCs by intra-arterial delivery can lead to increased therapeutic efficacy.

Murine studies in models of colonic inflammation have demonstrated that a small percentage (1 - 5%) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) injected intravenously or intraperitoneally home to the inflamed colon1,2. This study shows that ultrasound-guided intracardiac injections of MSCs result in increased localization to the intestine.

超声引导下人骨髓间充质干细胞在实验性肠炎小鼠模型中的应用

Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the small and large intestines. Murine and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have ...