This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (KRF-2008-313-E00458). The authors thank Jin-Joo Lee for the technical assistance.

所有的动物使用的程序进行审查，并由首尔大学医院的机构动物护理和使用委员会批准。 1.实验装置<ol><li>动物准备<ol><li>允许雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠1周开始实验前，以适应新的环境。 注意:虽然8周龄大鼠在本研究中所使用的，显影或成人大脑可以根据研究假设来选择。 </li></ol></li><li>吸入麻醉诱导<ol><li>诱导并用5％异氟醚分别经由室与鼻锥体溶解在40％/ 60％和25％/ 75％氧/氮，2％维持麻醉。调整麻醉深度废除踏板撤回反射到脚趾捏，确认正确的麻醉水平。 注:使用苏醒动物可以在翻译方面更好的选择，但也有困难，经颅磁刺激和t内抑制哎很容易出现过度紧张。 </li><li>监测体温用直肠探头，并通过使用一个恒温毯保持它在37℃。进行监控踏板撤回反射，温度，呼吸频率和心脏率麻醉深度。 </li></ol></li><li>切换到第静脉麻醉进行维修<ol><li>准备用酒精棉签尾巴。导尿与过渡到静脉麻醉（ 图1A）一个24号静脉导管的侧尾静脉中。负载异丙酚静脉内（1毫克/ [千克·分钟]在10分钟内，用10毫克/毫升乳剂）给动物。丙泊酚开始加载后停止异氟醚5分钟。 </li><li>保持异丙酚镇静在500的输注速率- 700微克/整个实验（千克·分钟），如在先前的研究中16。 通过鼻锥在0.8升/分钟的补充氧气。 注:麻醉丙泊酚是由inhal降低大脑皮层兴奋的潜在抑制通货膨胀剂17-19。然而，麻醉是不是在磁刺激实验强制性的，并且也可以使用惊醒梦中人动物。麻醉方法应考虑研究假设的决定。 </li><li>使用于眼部兽医药膏，以防止干燥时的麻醉下。 </li><li>应用磁刺激（见第2节），以静脉麻醉完成后转型10分钟。 </li></ol></li><li>恢复条件<ol><li>在监视过程中恢复阶段生命体征。不要离开无人看管的动物，直到它已经恢复了足够的意识，以保持胸骨斜卧。如果动物已经接受了手术，不要将其返回到公司的其他动物，直到完全康复。 注:如果在执行手术的疾病模型中，手术后疼痛的管理是必要的。然而，不需要用于此磁刺激实验疼痛管理。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.重复经颅磁刺激<ol><li>刺激和线圈<ol><li>通过使用重复的刺激经由 25毫米8字形线圈提供双相施加剌激的刺激。定位线圈0.5厘米外侧上biauricular线的顶点的中心，并具棱的线圈45°到地面。 注意:线圈的最大磁场强度为4.0 T的磁性线圈被牢固地安装在内置的支架。 </li></ol></li><li>运动阈值<ol><li>确定在热点的运动阈值（MT），与线圈的中心位置0.5厘米外侧到顶点上biauricular线和与该表面平面上的颅盖。这是在先前的研究中20所使用的相同的方法。 注:MT定义为最小刺激强度由10个连续的刺激唤起对侧前爪5个或更多可扪及收缩。验证是否刺激主要引起对侧肌肉收缩，以保证单边刺激。 </li&gt; </ol></li><li>经颅磁刺激中的应用<ol><li>深麻醉稳定后应用rTMS治疗10分钟。将线圈在目标rTMS治疗部位的中心，距离取决于研究问题大脑皮层选择。然后，倾斜线圈，确保线圈中心，并在刺激点颅骨的表面之间的直接接触。 注意:例如，棱线圈45°到地面，以减少磁刺激的对侧皮层（ 图1B和1C）的电位直接影响。 </li><li>若使动物单边半球20分钟的rTMS的会话。使用软件控制台，提供磁刺激用低频率（1赫兹），高频率（20赫兹），或假刺激方案，并在100设置刺激强度 - 对MT的110％。 </li><li>没有休息执行1 Hz的刺激。使用软件控制台输入"1200"射击为"20"分钟）。为20赫兹的刺激，进行2秒的刺激，接着28休息秒。使用软件控制台输入"1600"射击为"20"分钟。 </li><li>对于假刺激，倾斜垂直线圈（旋转90°）到颅骨和从头部表面（ 图1D）放置线圈边缘相距2厘米。牢固地固定在线圈架的主装置;没有必要通过手工在实验过程中保持线圈。 注意:为了补偿声和其他非特异性的效果，不同的假协议应当用于不同刺激方案。例如，1赫兹假刺激可用于1Hz的磁刺激实验。 </li></ol></li><li>冷却线圈<ol><li>使用一个水冷却系统在1-和20赫兹刺激频率（ 图2），以使超过20分钟重复磁刺激。流通周围在实验过程中线圈的整个长度，以防止过热冰水，虽然线圈或刺激器的温度不被监控。 注:市售冷却鼠线圈也可以使用。 </li><li>如果可能的话，监控通过查看经颅磁刺激机的加热表上的线圈温度。注:有相关的rTMS刺激没有不良后果。然而，有，如果是金属耳识别标签的刺激线圈附近使用的潜在风险烧伤。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.微正电子发射断层扫描<ol><li>动物准备<ol><li>进行吸入麻醉诱导和静脉麻醉进行维修（见步骤1.2.1和1.3.1）。在的MT的100-110％刺激强度施加1Hz的磁刺激的动物10分钟。 </li><li>在完成磁刺激刺激五分钟后，注入2- [F-18]溶于0.5ml生理盐水的氟脱氧葡萄糖（FDG 18）的1毫居里静脉内通过使用尾静脉导管。允许18 FDG摄取30分钟。注意:将麻醉下大鼠整个微PE时Ť实验。 </li></ol></li><li>图像分析<ol><li>使用PET扫描仪脑成像重申刺激unilaterality。重建一个3-D迭代算法图像。为了评估通过磁刺激诱导的代谢的变化，在横向脑切片21的图像识别感兴趣的（投资回报）的区域。 </li></ol></li><li>安乐死<ol><li>进行微PET成像后，安乐死的大鼠与二氧化碳预填充，而老鼠是在深麻醉室。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.基因芯片<ol><li>安乐死<ol><li>诱导并用5％异氟醚分别经由室与鼻锥体溶解在40％/ 60％和25％/ 75％氧/氮，2％维持麻醉。深麻醉在被斩首前废除踏板撤回反射到脚趾捏的水平。 </li><li>斩首大鼠安乐死5分钟后，1赫兹的rTMS第1届。 </li></ol></li><li>组织收获<ol><li>铺陈材料和外科器械中使用的顺序，包括折叠的纸巾，骨骨钳，microscissors，更大的外科剪刀，microforcep，10号或11手术刀刀片，一个带盖10厘米玻璃培养皿装满冰和1.5毫升管中。准备一个塑料袋处置尸体的。 </li><li>使颅骨anterioposteriorly中线皮肤切口。说白了解剖软组织及周围肌肉手术剪，然后取出用咬骨钳的颅骨片。迅速从头骨解剖仔细新鲜的大脑。然后，通过使用microforceps和microscissors其放在冰上。冲洗在冰冷的生理盐水的脑组织。 </li><li>脑立即传送到干冰，并随后将其在-80℃下保存在一个管，直到进一步处理。 </li><li>解冻收获前脑组织。 </li><li>将大脑背侧，并收获从ST脑组织通过使用microforceps和microscissors imulated冰大脑皮层（围绕在初级运动皮层的热点）。把收获的组织中的1.5毫升管中。 </li></ol></li><li> RNA制备<ol><li>提取用裂解试剂22组织匀浆的总RNA。过程与DNA酶消化和清理程序。定量RNA样品与等份，并将它们存储在-80℃直至使用。 </li><li>在质量控制方面，通过变性凝胶电泳，在260 OD比评估RNA的纯度和完整性:280，并分析它们对市售的分析仪。 </li></ol></li><li>标签和净化<ol><li>放大并通过使用市售的RNA扩增试剂盒，以产生生物素化的cRNA纯化总RNA。简言之，反向转录通过用T7寡（dT）引物550纳克总RNA到cDNA的。合成和体外转录第二链cDNA，然后与生物素的NTP标记它。 </li><li>经过PURification，通过使用分光光度计量化的cDNA。 </li></ol></li><li>杂交和数据导出23 <ol><li>用于表达分析表达BeadChip芯片。杂交标记750纳克cDNA样品到各大鼠-12表达珠阵列16 - 18小时在58℃。通过使用链霉亲和的Cy3进行阵列信号的检测。 </li><li>扫描阵列，共焦扫描仪。通过使用市售的软件进行阵列数据输出处理和分析。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+of+small+animals:+a+modeling+study+of+the+influence+of+coil+geometry,+size+and+orientation.">Transcranial magnetic stimulation of small animals: a modeling study of the influence of coil geometry, size and orientation.</a> Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009, 674-677 (2009).</li><li>Parthoens, J., Verhaeghe, J., Servaes, S., Miranda, A., Stroobants, S., Staelens, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+Characterization+of+an+Actively+Cooled+Repetitive+Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation+Coil+for+the+Rat.">Performance Characterization of an Actively Cooled Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil for the Rat.</a> Neuromodulation. , (2016).</li><li>Toro, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+size+and+folding+of+the+human+cerebral+cortex.">Brain size and folding of the human cerebral cortex.</a> Cereb Cortex. 18 (10), 2352-2357 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

<html>这项研究的主要目的是介绍单边rTMS治疗的动物模型。虽然单边刺激是人类颅磁刺激研究的最根本的特征之一，许多研究都没有小动物采用。然而，罗滕贝格等人 15记录，使用具有20毫米的外瓣直径的8字形线圈100％MT的刺激对侧的MEP，而刺激112.5％和133.3％的MT产生同侧以及对侧的MEP。这可能是因为大感应电场可影响对侧半球。因此，我们的研究是此以前的工作15,24的延伸?...

重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS治疗），用于非侵入性脑刺激和神经调节的工具，已经在各种病症的治疗被应用于如中枢性疼痛1,2，抑郁心情 ，偏头痛4，甚至中风5-7。通过线圈快速变化的电流在磁头诱导对大脑皮层和所得神经元激活电场。大脑皮层的兴奋性可以通过磁刺激，从而可以持续超过30分钟的刺激终止后进行调制。 后效应的磁刺激的建议的机制包括长时程增强/抑郁症样作用8，在离子平衡9短暂移位，和代谢改变10。此外，迪拉扎罗等 。表明，间歇THETA突发刺激影响兴奋性突触输入到锥体束神经元，无论是在刺激与对侧大脑半球11。 显著的限制，但是，已经从台上证据转化为临床情况阻碍了研究人员。首先，在以前的动物研究中，磁刺激用于全脑刺激12。全脑刺激是从人类研究9所使用的协议完全不同。另一个问题是与刺激的持续时间有关。这至少部分归因于一个事实，即一个有效的冷却系统是在过去的小线圈不可用。 近年来，精液文章已经发表建议用于克服对小动物大脑中的磁刺激实验这些困难的方式。由这些动物模型中，据透露，在大鼠脑还示出了响应于低频磁刺激13相似皮质兴奋的变化作为人类。更重要的是，经颅磁刺激的细胞和分子机制越来越蓓NG使用经颅磁刺激的动物模型研究。一个典型的例子是，一个独特的类型抑制中间神经元的被称为是间歇THETA爆发刺激14最为敏感。经颅磁刺激的啮齿类动物模型，因此，探索对颅磁刺激引起的变化的分子基础备受追捧的问题提供了新的机遇。如果经颅磁刺激的小动物模型可以更加实验室使用，它可能会大大加快，并在这方面加强研究。 我们现在描述如何将磁刺激应用于大鼠脑，将先前的工作15的延伸的单方面半球。刺激诱导的变化通过使用微正电子发射断层扫描（PET）和mRNA微阵列来研究在受刺激大脑皮质的rTMS引起的变化进行评价。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Homeothermic blanket with a rectal probe</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>507222F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane (Forane sol.)</td>
			<td>Choongwae</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propofol (Provive Inj. 1% 20ml)</td>
			<td>Claris Lifesciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Repetitive magnetic stimulator (Magstim Rapid2)</td>
			<td>Magstim Company Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mm figure-of-8 coil</td>
			<td>Magstim Company Ltd</td>
			<td>1165-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PET-CT</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAzol Lysis Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>(US Patent No. 5,346,994)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Lipid Tissue Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74804</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Mini Spin Columns</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>(Mat No. 1011708)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ambion Illumina RNA amplification kit</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>NanoDrop</td>
			<td>ND-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Illumina RatRef-12 Expression BeadChip</td>
			<td>Illumina, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amersham fluorolink streptavidin-Cy3</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, which is unlike the protocols used for human subjects. We report a successful application of rTMS to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain. The rTMS was delivered with a low-frequency (1 Hz), high-frequency (20 Hz), or sham stimulation protocol to one side of the brain by using a small 25-mm figure-8 coil. We placed the center of the coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulated the coil 45&#176; to the ground to minimize a potential direct effect of rTMS on the contralateral cortex. We also used an in-house water cooling system to enable repetitive magnetic stimulation for more than 20 min, even at a 20-Hz stimulation frequency. Increases in the transcriptions of immediate early genes (Arc, Junb, and Egr2) were greater after rTMS than after sham stimulation. After 5 consecutive days of 20-min 1-Hz rTMS, bdnf mRNA expression was significantly higher in stimulated cortex than in contralateral side. The model presented herein will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of rTMS by allowing analysis of the inter-hemispheric difference in its effect.

十五8周龄雄性SD大鼠被用于MT确定一个独立的评判间可靠性分析。使用肌肉抽搐的触诊的MT在所有可获得的大鼠和33.00±4.21％最大输出刺激（％MSO）和33.93±0.88％MSO，测量分别由两个独立的研究人员。奥特曼偏倚-0.93，以及协议的95％限为-9.13至7.26％。 在6个8周龄鼠（n =在1赫兹的rTMS 4，和n = 2的假rTMS组中）微PET试验，18 F-F...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain at JoVE.com

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain, by placing a 25-mm figure-8 coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulating the coil by 45&#176;. An in-house water cooling system was used for rTMS for more than 20 min.

重复经颅磁刺激对大鼠大脑的单边半球

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, ...

repetitive-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-to-unilateral-hemisphere

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.4K 次观看.  Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon. We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain, by placing a 25-mm figure-8 coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulating the coil by 45°. An in-house water cooling system was used for rTMS for more than 20 min. 

视频: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

科研

行为学

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain regions involved in working memory and attention using transcranial electrical brain stimulation. Some researchers now believe the cerebellum supports cognition, possibly via a remote neuromodulatory effect on the prefrontal cortex. This paper describes a procedure for investigating a role for the cerebellum in cognition using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and a selection of information-processing tasks of varying task difficulty, which have previously been shown to involve working memory, attention and cerebellar functioning. One task is called the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the other a novel variant of this task called the Paced Auditory Serial Subtraction Task (PASST). A verb generation task and its two controls (noun and verb reading) were also investigated. All five tasks were performed by three separate groups of participants, before and after the modulation of cortico-cerebellar connectivity using anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. The procedure demonstrates how performance (accuracy, verbal response latency and variability) could be selectively improved after cathodal stimulation, but only during tasks that the participants rated as difficult, and not easy. Performance was unchanged by anodal or sham stimulation. These findings demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in cognition, whereby activity in the left prefrontal cortex is likely dis-inhibited by cathodal tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. Transcranial brain stimulation is growing in popularity in various labs and clinics. However, the after-effects of tDCS are inconsistent between individuals and not always polarity-specific, and may even be task- or load-specific, all of which requires further study. Future efforts might also be guided towards neuro-enhancement in cerebellar patients presenting with cognitive impairment once a better understanding of brain stimulation mechanisms has emerged.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum exerts a remote effect on the prefrontal cortex, which can modulate cognition and performance. This was demonstrated using two information-processing tasks of varying complexity, whereby only cathodal tDCS improved performance when the task was difficult, but not easy.

调节认知使用小脑经颅直流电刺激

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential therapeutic effects. Brain excitability is non-invasively modulated by rTMS, and rTMS to the language areas has proved its potential effects on treatment of aphasia. In our protocol, we aim to artificially induce virtual aphasia in healthy subjects by inhibiting Brodmann area 44 and 45 using neuronavigational TMS (nTMS), and F3 of the International 10-20 EEG system for conventional TMS (cTMS). To measure the degree of aphasia, changes in reaction time to a picture naming task pre- and post-stimulation are measured and compare the delay in reaction time between nTMS and cTMS. Accuracy of the two TMS stimulation methods is compared by averaging the Talairach coordinates of the target and the actual stimulation. Consistency of stimulation is demonstrated by the error range from the target. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate use of nTMS and to describe the benefits and limitations of the nTMS compared to those of cTMS.

This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

神经导航引导下重复经颅磁刺激的失语

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to integrate cognitive neural processes. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) holds the promise to elucidate the causal link between specific frequencies of oscillatory brain activity and cognitive processes. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during tACS would offer an opportunity to directly explore immediate neurophysiological effects of tACS. However, it is not trivial to measure EEG signals during tACS, as tACS creates a huge artifact in EEG data. Here we explain how to set up concurrent tACS-EEG experiments. Two necessary considerations for successful EEG recording while applying tACS are highlighted. First, bridging of the tACS and EEG electrodes via leaking EEG gel immediately saturates the EEG amplifier. To avoid bridging via gel, the viscosity of the EEG gel is the most important parameter. The EEG gel must be viscous to avoid bridging, but at the same time sufficiently fluid to create contact between the tACS electrode and the scalp. Second, due to the large amplitude of the tACS artifact, it is important to consider using an EEG system with a high resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. In particular, the magnitude of the tACS artifact can exceed 100 mV at the vicinity of a stimulation electrode when 1 mA tACS is applied. The resolution of the A/D converter is of importance to measure good quality EEG data from the vicinity of the stimulation site. By following these guidelines for the procedures and technical considerations, successful concurrent EEG recording during tACS will be realized.

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

In this article we explain how to set up a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and EEG experiment.

并行脑电图记录在经颅交流电刺激（TACS）

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...