The authors thank Gilberto Morales for fish care and maintenance, and Drs. Claudia Rivera and Hector Malag&#242;n (IFC-UNAM Animal Facility) for their help in rabbit immunization. This work was supported by grants from CONACYT 131226 and PAPIIT-DGAPA-UNAM IN204916.

在动物身上进行的所有实验均委员会实验室动物护理和墨西哥自治国立大学（UNAM）使用批准的，由CICUAL协议号:FLC40-14。 （CICUAL:"科米特Institucional第下午CuidadoŸUSO德洛斯阿尼马莱斯德的Laboratorio德尔研究所德FisiologìaCelular，大学墨西哥国立自治"）。 1.胚胎蛋白提取物的制备<ol><li>收集100 - 200的胚胎为每个条件在所希望的阶段比较（morphants与野生型），例如72小时后受精（HPF）。 </li><li>在含鱼水之培养皿的地方胚胎（ 见表1）和手动dechorionate用细尖镊子胚胎。避免在这一步骤（或整个协议的任何其他蛋白酶），链霉蛋白酶，因为它可能消化针对性的受体。 </li><li>胚胎放置在1.5 ml离心管，洗胚胎TW用1×磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）的冰（ 见表1）。 </li><li>加入500微升deyolk缓冲液（ 见表1）。 </li><li> （ - 40倍30）在溶液中的胚胎轻轻吹打向上和向下释放最蛋黄。 72高倍视野48 HPF胚胎使用蓝色和黄色的枪头，分别为。黄色提示可能需要稍微切割，以避免破坏胚胎。成功蛋黄释放可以通过显微镜下观察胚胎进行检查。 </li><li>离心600 XG 15秒收集胚胎。 </li><li>用吸管小心弃上清。 </li><li>洗涤胚胎两次用500μl洗涤缓冲液通过以最低速度轻轻涡旋（ 见表1）。 </li><li>离心600 XG 15秒收集胚胎。 </li><li>从这里出发，继续在4℃的过程。 </li><li>用吸管小心弃上清。 </li><li>重悬的胚胎在350微升裂解缓冲液（见表1），并使用塑料杵均化。 </li><li>孵育裂解胚胎搅拌30分钟上的试管摇杆在4℃。 </li><li>离心机以除去不溶的碎片裂解胚胎在11000×g离心15分钟。 </li><li>转印用吸管至新管清除上清液。 </li><li>确定由Bradford蛋白测定4，或其它合适的过程总蛋白。如果使用Bradford测定法，在洗涤剂礼物的当量浓度的裂解缓冲液的存在下进行校准曲线，因为它们会导致标准4的蛋白的低估。 </li></ol> 2.内源受体蛋白质的检测<ol><li> 亲和标记和免疫（所有这些步骤在4℃） <ol><li>放置400 - 500微克总胚胎蛋白质在1.5ml微量离心管中并稀释至1微克/微升用缓冲液1（ 见表1）。 注意:为了获得500微克总胚胎蛋白，大约100 - 200胚胎必须首先处理。 72 HPF胚胎常规收率总胚胎蛋白质，这是足够的β聚糖检测的〜5微克。 </li><li>加标记的TGF-β2的库存的足够体积，以达到150微米的最终浓度，并于4℃在试管摇杆2小时在搅拌孵育。 TGF-β2必须AFLIP开始前由氯胺T方法如通过Cheifetz 等人 5所述进行标记，用125 I。 注意:使用屏蔽，同时处理125 I标记配体以尽量减少暴露。 </li><li>添加针对感兴趣的受体未稀释的抗体的足够体积，以达到1:100稀释并在4℃下继续温育另外2小时（温育可以是O / N）。这是抗血清＃31中的最佳稀释度，在此研究中使用的和其他地方描述的3，但根据不同的一个的质量tibody，更大或更小的稀释可能是最佳的。 </li><li>加入50μl的合适的免疫球蛋白结合珠（例如，G蛋白 - 琼脂糖，这是以前在TNTE平衡并重新悬浮1:5在TNTE其原始体积的），并在4℃孵育50分钟以上的试管摇杆搅动C。 </li><li>恢复由微量离心珠粒在11000×g离心20秒。 </li><li>在适当的放射性垃圾容器弃上清。 </li><li>用1ml的IP洗涤缓冲液（ 见表1）的，通过涡旋和微量离心洗IP的珠粒三次在11000×g离心，每次20秒。 </li><li>悬浮IP-珠250微升IP洗涤缓冲。 </li><li>添加1.5微升二琥珀酰亚胺辛二酸酯的（DSS，溶解在DMSO中，在10毫克/毫升）。只是在这一步使用前准备DSS解决方案。 </li><li>在4℃搅拌下孵育15分钟。 </li><li>为了解渴交联反应，加入500μlØ˚FIP洗涤缓冲液，辅以足三Cl pH为7.4的股票达到25毫米的Tris-CL。 TRIS中游离氨基捕捉未反应的决策支持系统。 </li><li>离心机在11000×g离心20秒收集IP的珠并丢弃上清液。 </li><li>悬浮IP-珠在减少Laemmli缓冲液的30微升。 </li><li>煮沸样品在94℃5分钟。 </li><li>任选地，分析使用制造商的方案在γ计数器中的样品。 </li></ol></li><li> 样品分析 <ol><li>受试者样品变性SDS-PAGE。在对受体的质量的适当百分比使用聚丙烯酰胺和下标准程序运行凝胶。 </li><li>浸泡在固定液凝胶（ 见表1）在RT下30分钟。 </li><li>用蒸馏水冲洗凝胶15分钟。 </li><li>将凝胶在以前水合过滤纸和保鲜膜薄膜覆盖。 </li><li>在80℃进行1小时干凝胶。 </li><li>暴露在白色磷光SCRE凝胶恩在室温O / N。 </li><li>使用扫描使用制造商的协议的磷光暴露屏幕。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol><li>López-Casillas, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structure+and+expression+of+the+membrane+proteoglycan+betaglycan%2C+a+component+of+the+TGF-%CE%B2+receptor+system%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structure and expression of the membrane proteoglycan betaglycan, a component of the TGF-β receptor system.</a> Cell. 67 (4), 785-795 (1991).</li>
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<li>López-Casillas, F., Wrana, J. L., Massagué, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Betaglycan+presents+ligand+to+the+TGF%CE%B2+signaling+receptor%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Betaglycan presents ligand to the TGFβ signaling receptor.</a> Cell. 73 (7), 1435-1444 (1993).</li>
<li>Towbin, H., Staehelin, T., Gordon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Electrophoretic+transfer+of+proteins+from+polyacrylamide+gels+to+nitrocellulose+sheets%3A+procedure+and+some+applications%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PNAS+USA%22%5BJournal%5D)">Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications.</a> PNAS USA. 76 (9), 4350-4354 (1979).</li>
<li>Maccari, F., Volpi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Direct+and+specific+recognition+of+glycosaminoglycans+by+antibodies+after+their+separation+by+agarose+gel+electrophoresis+and+blotting+on+cetylpyridinium+chloride-treated+nitrocellulose+membranes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Electrophoresis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Direct and specific recognition of glycosaminoglycans by antibodies after their separation by agarose gel electrophoresis and blotting on cetylpyridinium chloride-treated nitrocellulose membranes.</a> Electrophoresis. 24 (9), 1347-1352 (2003).</li>
<li>Volpi, N., Maccari, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Glycosaminoglycan+blotting+and+detection+after+electrophoresis+separation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Mol+Biol+%28Clifton%2C+N.J%29%22%5BJournal%5D)">Glycosaminoglycan blotting and detection after electrophoresis separation.</a> Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, N.J). 1312, 119-127 (2015).</li>
<li>Guesdon, J. L., Ternynck, T., Avrameas, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+use+of+avidin-biotin+interaction+in+immunoenzymatic+techniques%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Histochem+Cytochem%22%5BJournal%5D)">The use of avidin-biotin interaction in immunoenzymatic techniques.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 27 (8), 1131-1139 (1979).</li>
<li>Bratthauer, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+avidin-biotin+complex+%28ABC%29+method+and+other+avidin-biotin+binding+methods%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Mol+Biol+%28Clifton%2C+N.J%29%22%5BJournal%5D)">The avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method and other avidin-biotin binding methods.</a> Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, N.J). 588, 257-270 (2010).</li>
<li>Heimer, R., Molinaro, L., Sampson, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Detection+by+125I-cationized+cytochrome+c+of+proteoglycans+and+glycosaminoglycans+immobilized+on+unmodified+and+on+positively+charged+Nylon+66%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Anal.+Biochem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Detection by 125I-cationized cytochrome c of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans immobilized on unmodified and on positively charged Nylon 66.</a> Anal. Biochem. 165 (2), 448-455 (1987).</li>
<li>Das, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Specific+radiolabeling+of+a+cell+surface+receptor+for+epidermal+growth+factor%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PNAS+USA%22%5BJournal%5D)">Specific radiolabeling of a cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor.</a> PNAS USA. 74 (7), 2790-2794 (1977).</li>
<li>Massague, J., Guillette, B., Czech, M., Morgan, C., Bradshaw, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Identification+of+a+nerve+growth+factor+receptor+protein+in+sympathetic+ganglia+membranes+by+affinity+labeling%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Biol.+Chem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Identification of a nerve growth factor receptor protein in sympathetic ganglia membranes by affinity labeling.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 256 (18), 9419-9424 (1981).</li>
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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Western印迹用针对感兴趣的蛋白质的特异性抗体的使用是一种有价值的工具胚胎发育过程中以研究其表达7。然而，高度糖基化的蛋白质的免疫印迹尚未十分成功，由于其低效率的转让和弱结合到硝酸纤维素或PVDF膜8,9。 蛋白多糖是因为他们的带负电荷的，并且不很好地结合要么聚苯乙烯表面或疏水印迹膜共价结合的糖胺聚糖链（GAG）的这个缺点的一个很好的例...

Specific detection of proteins expressed during embryonic development is required to validate expression profiles obtained by measuring their cognate mRNAs with RT-PCR or in situ hybridization (ISH). This is commonly achieved by a western blot of embryo extracts followed by detection with specific antibodies. However, this approach is hard to apply to proteins that are in very low abundance, or that have properties that hamper their quantitative transfer during their blotting. Betaglycan, also known as the type III transforming growth factor &#946; (TGF-&#946;) receptor (TGFBR3), is an example of these difficulties. TGFBR3 is a part time membrane proteoglycan that binds TGF-&#946; through its core protein1, with notably higher affinity for the isoform TGF-&#946;2, a property that distinguishes it from any other TGF-&#946; binding protein2. TGFBR3 in the zebrafish is expressed from 8 hpf on, reaching a maximum by 72 hpf, as detected by RT-PCR of its mRNA3. 
However, despite the availability of a very specific antibody3, every attempt to detect its translated product by western blot proved unsuccessful. Reckoning that TGFBR3's proteoglycan nature, as well as putative low abundance may be accountable for this failure, a detection method, AFLIP, which takes advantage of TGFBR3 high affinity for TGF-&#946;2 was devised. In this method a protein extract from pooled embryos is allowed to specifically bind 125I-labeled TGF-&#946;2 and the receptor-ligand complexes are purified by immunoprecipitation and cross-linked before separation by SDS-PAGE. The migration patterns observed by autoradiography of the gels revealed the presence and nature of the labeled receptor species. This approach combines the ligand specificity of affinity labeling with immunoprecipitation by specific antibodies, increasing detection range, avoiding the inefficient transfer blotting of TGFBR3. Due to its inherent properties, the AFLIP assay is not a quantitative assay but can be used to confidently gauge relative experimental differences in the analyzed receptor.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS)</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>21555</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protein G Sepharose 4 Fast Flow</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>17-0618-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel Dryer Model 583&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BIO-RAD</td><td>1651745</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Typhoon 9400</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>63-0055-78</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cobra II Auto gamma counter</td><td>Packard</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Exposure Cassette</td><td>Molecular Dynamics</td><td>63-0035-44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>3624</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>3040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>3828</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>3246</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OH</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>9070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;COOH</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>9508</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HCHO</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>2106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SDS</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L4509</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>ED</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T9284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C3306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S233</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMSF</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P7626</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crystal Sea Marine Mix</td><td>Marine Enterprises International</td><td>http://www.meisalt.com/Crystal-Sea-Marinemix</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

affinity labeling detection of endogenous receptors from zebrafish embryos

By combining the powers of Affinity Labeling and Immunoprecipitation (AFLIP), a technique for the detection of low abundance receptors in zebrafish embryos has been implemented. This technique takes advantage of the selectivity and sensitivity conferred by affinity labeling of a given receptor by its ligand with the specificity of the immunoprecipitation. We have used AFLIP to detect the type III TGF-&#946; receptor (TGFBR3), also know as betaglycan, during early zebrafish development. AFLIP was instrumental in validating the efficacy of a TGFBR3 morphant zebrafish phenotype. In the first step, embryo protein extracts are prepared and used to generate 125I-TGF-&#946;2-TGFBR3 complexes that are purified by immunoprecipitation. Later, these complexes are covalently cross-linked and revealed using SDS-PAGE separation and autoradiography detection. This technique requires the availability of a labeled ligand for, and a specific antibody against, the receptor to be detected, and shall be easily adapted to identify any growth factor or cytokine receptor that meets these requirements.

图1示出了具有AFLIP获得的代表性结果。在泳道1信号来自于125 I配体共价连接到或斑马鱼β聚糖核心蛋白（BG核心，150 kDa的标记下面）或已经由糖胺聚糖的附件（GAG，涂抹处理，以它的蛋白聚糖的形式对BG芯范围从170 kDa的凝胶的顶部）。迁移的这个模式中，锋利的核心蛋白加上涂蛋白聚糖（由于GAG链的长度异质），是TGFBR3 2的特征。由于DSS不共?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Affinity Labeling Detection of Endogenous Receptors from Zebrafish Embryos at JoVE.com

Affinity Labeling Detection of Endogenous Receptors from Zebrafish Embryos

A novel technique for the detection of low abundance endogenous receptors present in zebrafish embryos is described. We have named it AFLIP because it consists of affinity labeling of the receptor by its ligand linked to immunoprecipitation.

从斑马鱼胚胎内源性受体亲和标记检测

By combining the powers of Affinity Labeling and Immunoprecipitation (AFLIP), a technique for the detection of low abundance receptors in zebrafish ...

affinity-labeling-detection-endogenous-receptors-from-zebrafish

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

5.6K 次观看.  Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. A novel technique for the detection of low abundance endogenous receptors present in zebrafish embryos is described. We have named it AFLIP because it consists of affinity labeling of the receptor by its ligand linked to immunoprecipitation.

视频: Affinity Labeling Detection of Endogenous Receptors from Zebrafish Embryos

Labeling and Imaging Cells in the Zebrafish Hindbrain

Key to understanding the morphogenetic processes that shape the early vertebrate embryo is the ability to image cells at high resolution. In zebrafish embryos, injection of plasmid DNA results in mosaic expression, allowing for the visualization of single cells or small clusters of cells 1 . We describe how injection of plasmid DNA encoding membrane-targeted Green Fluorescent Protein (mGFP) under the control of a ubiquitous promoter can be used for imaging cells undergoing neurulation. Central to this protocol is the methodology for imaging labeled cells at high resolution in sections and also in real time. This protocol entails the injection of mGFP DNA into young zebrafish embryos. Embryos are then processed for vibratome sectioning, antibody labeling and imaging with a confocal microscope. Alternatively, live embryos expressing mGFP can be imaged using time-lapse confocal microscopy. We have previously used this straightforward approach to analyze the cellular behaviors that drive neural tube formation in the hindbrain region of zebrafish embryos 2. The fixed preparations allowed for unprecedented visualization of cell shapes and organization in the neural tube while live imaging complemented this approach enabling a better understanding of the cellular dynamics that take place during neurulation.

Key to understanding the morphogenetic processes that shape the early embryo is the ability to image cells at high resolution. We describe here a technique for labeling single cells or small clusters of cells in whole zebrafish embryos with membrane-targeted Green Fluorescent Protein.

在斑马鱼后脑细胞标记和成像

Key to understanding the morphogenetic processes that shape the early vertebrate embryo is the ability to image cells at high resolution. In zebrafish ...

科研

神经科学

Visualizing Multiciliated Cells in the Zebrafish Through a Combined Protocol of Whole Mount Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Immunofluorescence

In recent years, the zebrafish embryo has emerged as a popular model to study developmental biology due to traits such as ex utero embryo development and optical transparency. In particular, the zebrafish embryo has become an important organism to study vertebrate kidney organogenesis as well as multiciliated cell (MCC) development. To visualize MCCs in the embryonic zebrafish kidney, we have developed a combined protocol of whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and whole mount immunofluorescence (IF) that enables high resolution imaging. This manuscript describes our technique for co-localizing RNA transcripts and protein as a tool to better understand the regulation of developmental programs through the expression of various lineage factors.

Visualizing Multiciliated Cells in the Zebrafish Through a Combined Protocol of Whole Mount Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Immunofluorescence

Cilia development is vital to proper organogenesis. This protocol describes an optimized method to label and visualize ciliated cells of the zebrafish.

全贴装荧光原位杂交和免疫荧光法在斑马鱼中 Multiciliated 细胞的可视化

In recent years, the zebrafish embryo has emerged as a popular model to study developmental biology due to traits such as ex utero embryo development and ...

发育生物学

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用 CRISPR/Cas9 敲入在斑马鱼幼虫中进行荧光蛋白标记

Fluorescence Labeling to Visualize Low-Expressed Proteins in Zebrafish

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in (KI) technology allows for easier fluorescent-protein tagging in zebrafish (Danio rerio), a preferred model organism for in vivo imaging due to its transparency during the early developmental stage. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for performing high-efficiency fluorescence gene KI, rapid screening for KI founders, and low-abundance protein tracing in zebrafish larvae, which will lay a critical foundation for subsequent physio-pathological studies in zebrafish. The current protocol includes complete steps for the sgRNA design for the gene of interest, sgRNA in vitro transcription, Cas9 mRNA in vitro transcription, in vivo sgRNA screen for the one with the highest efficiency, donor plasmid design and construction, microinjection in zebrafish larvae, KI founder screen and zebrafish live imaging. Critical steps, troubleshooting tips, quality control methods, and advantages and applications of this protocol are included and discussed. This protocol assures quick and accurate results at a low cost and has been validated by multiple trials.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>荧光标记以可视化斑马鱼中的低表达蛋白质

Here, we present a protocol to label proteins with a fluorescence protein tag in zebrafish larvae, a newly developed and modified in vivo system especially useful for visualizing low-abundance proteins in zebrafish.

荧光标记以可视化斑马鱼中的低表达蛋白质

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in (KI) technology allows for easier fluorescent-protein tagging in zebrafish (Danio rerio), a preferred model organism for in ...

遗传学

Whole Mount Immunohistochemistry in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to explore protein expression and localization during both normal developmental and disease states. Although many immunohistochemistry protocols have been optimized for mammalian tissue and tissue sections, these protocols often require modification and optimization for non-mammalian model organisms. Zebrafish are increasingly used as a model system in basic, biomedical, and translational research to investigate the molecular, genetic, and cell biological mechanisms of developmental processes. Zebrafish offer many advantages as a model system but also require modified techniques for optimal protein detection. Here, we provide our protocol for whole-mount fluorescence immunohistochemistry in zebrafish embryos and larvae. This protocol additionally describes several different mounting strategies that can be employed and an overview of the advantages and disadvantages each strategy provides. We also describe modifications to this protocol to allow detection of chromogenic substrates in whole mount tissue and fluorescence detection in sectioned larval tissue. This protocol is broadly applicable to the study of many developmental stages and embryonic structures.

Here, we present a protocol for fluorescent antibody-mediated detection of proteins in whole preparations of zebrafish embryos and larvae.

斑马鱼胚胎和幼虫的整个山免疫性化学

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to explore protein expression and localization during both normal developmental and disease states. ...

Antibody Uptake Assay for Tracking Notch/Delta Endocytosis During the Asymmetric Division of Zebrafish Radial Glia Progenitors

Asymmetric cell division (ACD), which produces two daughter cells of different fates, is fundamental for generating cellular diversity. In the developing organs of both invertebrates and vertebrates, asymmetrically dividing progenitors generates a Notchhi self-renewing and a Notchlo differentiating daughter. In the embryonic zebrafish brain, radial glia progenitors (RGPs)-the principal vertebrate neural stem cells-mostly undergo ACD to give birth to one RGP and one differentiating neuron. The optical clarity and easy accessibility of zebrafish embryos make them ideal for in vivo time-lapse imaging to directly visualize how and when the asymmetry of Notch signaling is established during ACD. Recent studies have shown that dynamic endocytosis of the Notch ligand DeltaD plays a crucial role in cell fate determination during ACD, and the process is regulated by the evolutionarily conserved polarity regulator Par-3 (also known as Pard3) and the dynein motor complex. To visualize the in vivo trafficking patterns of Notch signaling endosomes in mitotic RGPs, we have developed this antibody uptake assay. Using the assay, we have uncovered the dynamicity of DeltaD-containing endosomes during RGP division.

This work develops an antibody uptake assay for imaging intra-lineage Notch/DeltaD signaling in dividing radial glia progenitors of the embryonic zebrafish brain.

用于追踪斑马鱼径向胶质细胞祖细胞不对称分裂期间缺口/δ内吞作用的抗体摄取测定

Asymmetric cell division (ACD), which produces two daughter cells of different fates, is fundamental for generating cellular diversity. In the developing ...

Lineage Labeling of Zebrafish Cells with Laser Uncagable Fluorescein Dextran

A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated precursors. Researchers have employed various methods of lineage labeling, such as DiI labeling1 and pressure injection of traceable enzymes2 to ascertain cell fate at later stages of development in model systems. The first fate maps in zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assembled by iontophoretic injection of fluorescent dyes, such as rhodamine dextran, into single cells in discrete regions of the embryo and tracing the labeled cell's fate over time3-5. While effective, these methods are technically demanding and require specialized equipment not commonly found in zebrafish labs. Recently, photoconvertable fluorescent proteins, such as Eos and Kaede, which irreversibly switch from green to red fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light, are seeing increased use in zebrafish6-8. The optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo and the relative ease of transgenesis have made these particularily attractive tools for lineage labeling and to observe the migration of cells in vivo7. Despite their utility, these proteins have some disadvantages compared to dye-mediated lineage labeling methods. The most crucial is the difficulty we have found in obtaining high 3-D resolution during photoconversion of these proteins. In this light, perhaps the best combination of resolution and ease of use for lineage labeling in zebrafish makes use of caged fluorescein dextran, a fluorescent dye that is bound to a quenching group that masks its fluorescence9. The dye can then be "uncaged" (released from the quenching group) within a specific cell using UV light from a laser or mercury lamp, allowing visualization of its fluorescence or immunodetection. Unlike iontophoretic methods, caged fluorescein can be injected with standard injection apparatuses and uncaged with an epifluorescence microscope equipped with a pinhole10. In addition, antibodies against fluorescein detect only the uncaged form, and the epitope survives fixation well11. Finally, caged fluorescein can be activated with very high 3-D resolution, especially if two-photon microscopy is employed 12,13. This protocol describes a method of lineage labeling by caged fluorescein and laser uncaging. Subsequenctly, uncaged fluorescein is detected simultaneously with other epitopes such as GFP by labeling with antibodies.

This protocol delineates a way to label and trace the fate of small groups of cells zebrafish embryos using UV-uncaging of caged fluorescein, followed by whole mount immunolabeling to amplify the signal from the uncaged fluorescein.

天堂斑马鱼的细胞标记与激光Uncagable荧光葡聚糖

A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated ...

生物学

Semi-automated Imaging of Tissue-specific Fluorescence in Zebrafish Embryos

Zebrafish embryos are a powerful tool for large-scale screening of small molecules. Transgenic zebrafish that express fluorescent reporter proteins are frequently used to identify chemicals that modulate gene expression. Chemical screens that assay fluorescence in live zebrafish often rely on expensive, specialized equipment for high content screening. We describe a procedure using a standard epifluorescence microscope with a motorized stage to automatically image zebrafish embryos and detect tissue-specific fluorescence. Using transgenic zebrafish that report estrogen receptor activity via expression of GFP, we developed a semi-automated procedure to screen for estrogen receptor ligands that activate the reporter in a tissue-specific manner. In this video we describe procedures for arraying zebrafish embryos at 24-48 hours post fertilization (hpf) in a 96-well plate and adding small molecules that bind estrogen receptors. At 72-96 hpf, images of each well from the entire plate are automatically collected and manually inspected for tissue-specific fluorescence. This protocol demonstrates the ability to detect estrogens that activate receptors in heart valves but not in liver.

Described here is a protocol for semi-automated imaging of tissue-specific fluorescence in zebrafish embryos.

组织特异性荧光的斑马鱼胚胎半自动成像

Zebrafish embryos are a powerful tool for large-scale screening of small molecules. Transgenic zebrafish that express fluorescent reporter proteins are ...

Flat Mount Preparation for Observation and Analysis of Zebrafish Embryo Specimens Stained by Whole Mount In situ Hybridization

The zebrafish embryo is now commonly used for basic and biomedical research to investigate the genetic control of developmental processes and to model congenital abnormalities. During the first day of life, the zebrafish embryo progresses through many developmental stages including fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, segmentation, and the organogenesis of structures such as the kidney, heart, and central nervous system. The anatomy of a young zebrafish embryo presents several challenges for the visualization and analysis of the tissues involved in many of these events because the embryo develops in association with a round yolk mass. Thus, for accurate analysis and imaging of experimental phenotypes in fixed embryonic specimens between the tailbud and 20 somite stage (10 and 19 hours post fertilization (hpf), respectively), such as those stained using whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH), it is often desirable to remove the embryo from the yolk ball and to position it flat on a glass slide. However, performing a flat mount procedure can be tedious. Therefore, successful and efficient flat mount preparation is greatly facilitated through the visual demonstration of the dissection technique, and also helped by using reagents that assist in optimal tissue handling. Here, we provide our WISH protocol for one or two-color detection of gene expression in the zebrafish embryo, and demonstrate how the flat mounting procedure can be performed on this example of a stained fixed specimen. This flat mounting protocol is broadly applicable to the study of many embryonic structures that emerge during early zebrafish development, and can be implemented in conjunction with other staining methods performed on fixed embryo samples.

Flat Mount Preparation for Observation and Analysis of Zebrafish Embryo Specimens Stained by Whole Mount In situ Hybridization

The zebrafish embryo is an excellent model for developmental biology research. During embryogenesis, zebrafish develop with a yolk mass, which presents three-dimensional challenges for sample observation and analysis. This protocol describes how to create two-dimensional flat mount preparations of whole mount in situ (WISH) stained zebrafish embryo specimens.

平山准备观察斑马鱼胚胎标本染色，并通过分析全山<em&gt;原位</em&gt;杂交

The zebrafish embryo is now commonly used for basic and biomedical research to investigate the genetic control of developmental processes and to model ...

从斑马鱼胚胎内源性受体亲和标记检测

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荧光标记以可视化斑马鱼中的低表达蛋白质

荧光标记以可视化斑马鱼中的低表达蛋白质

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组织特异性荧光的斑马鱼胚胎半自动成像

平山准备观察斑马鱼胚胎标本染色，并通过分析全山