这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院院内研究计划（NIH），国家糖尿病研究所，消化道和肾脏疾病（NIDDK）的支持。我们感谢对仪表的NIH科和美国国立卫生研究院图书馆与3D打印的援助。

注:此协议是在材料的表命名的专门组件写入。虽然可以使用其他硬件来实现类似的功能，FED已编程的Arduino的专业微控制器（以下称为:微控制器）和上市附件。其它微控制器可以同样出色的工作，但会要求用户修改代码来支持它们。离线数据分析使用Python编程语言编码。 1.准备和软件安装<ol><li>采购，构建FED（ 见表1 andFed Github上BoM.xlxs在:https://github.com/KravitzLab/FED/tree/master/doc）所需的电子元器件。 注:可替代的供应商可用于许多地方在此表中，只要它们具有同等规格。 </li><li>打印所有的3D设计的部件（ 图1，可在:https://github.com/KravitzLab/FED/wiki/3D-Printed-Components）。用200微米的3D打印机分辨率应该是能够打印FED的。 </li><li>下载并安装集成开发环境（IDE）平台，以单片机编程。 </li><li>下载并安装额外的库，使电机罩和数据记录器（网址为:https://github.com/KravitzLab/fed/tree/master/fed-arduino）的功能。 </li><li>购买组装所需的工具（ 如烙铁，热风枪，焊锡，剥线钳，尖嘴钳，两个平头和螺丝刀）。 </li></ol> 2.焊接电气元件注:使用热缩管保护所有焊点。前焊接连接，滑动片收缩包装管（〜2厘米）管导线之一左右。焊接连接之后，围绕该连接点的管道，并使用加热枪来加热收缩管。 <ol><li> 制备的连接器（图2A） <ol><li>准备4个2针连接器JST对，标签男性和女性双方"A"，"B"，"C"和"D"，分别为。从连接器对"D"两侧拆除红线。 </li><li>准备一个3针连接器JST对和标注的男性和女性双方"E"。 </li></ol></li><li> 微控制器和可堆叠盾牌（图2B） <ol><li>焊料在微控制器的顶部插槽女堆叠头。夹在微控制器的底部伸出的头线。 </li><li>焊料雌性可堆叠报头与在SD数据记录罩的顶侧的插座。在离开盾牌的底部伸出的电线。 </li><li>男性焊接头到从底部伸出销电机盾。 </li><li>放置一个纽扣电池至SD护罩的槽，以提供电源给实时时钟模块。 </li></ol></li><li> 外接电源按钮（图2C） 注:锁定按钮金属公顷五个连接:电源，地，常闭（NC1），常开（NO1）和通用（C1）。 <ol><li>焊接2针插头"A"到C1（用红色线）和地（用黑线）。热收缩所有连接。 </li><li>焊接2针插头"B"至+（用红色线）和NO1（用黑线）。热收缩所有连接。 </li></ol></li><li> 光电断路器（图2D） <ol><li>焊接光电断路器（黑色部分）接口板。 </li><li>焊接一个4.7K电阻到接口板的前面。 </li><li>焊接男3针连接器"E"到接口板的背面:红色线为PWR，绿线到GND，白线为SGL。 </li><li>修剪上光电断路器的背部松散的电线打破板。 </li></ol></li><li> 升压板（图2E） <ol><li>焊接2针母连接器"A"到升压板5V和接地引脚。 </li><li>焊料马黑线乐接口"D"到升压板的附加GND引脚。 </li></ol></li><li> BNC输出线（选配:图2F） <ol><li>焊接2针连接器"C"，以BNC电缆的终端（红色线为中心销，黑色线外针）。 注:对于装配，2针连接器必须通过合适的BNC插头螺母。我们使用较小的连接器，或刮走在JST连接用刀片以使其适合。 </li></ol></li><li> 汽车之盾（图2G） <ol><li>扭动母连接器"B"一起和焊料的红色和黑色导线到第五 。 </li><li>焊接母连接器"C"到接地引脚旁AREF的黑线，而这个连接器的红色线针脚3。 </li><li>焊接母连接器"D"以接地针脚的黑线旁边V 中 。 </li><li>焊接母连接器"E"的绿线的接地引脚旁边5V，该连接器至5V的红线，而这种连接器的白线到引脚2。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.软件上传<ol><li> FTDI的接口板连接到单片机的编程引脚，然后通过微型USB电缆FTDI接口板连接到计算机上。 </li><li>打开IDE（集成开发环境）计划。 </li><li>选择正确的微控制器板，通过工具软件上传&gt;董事会下拉菜单。 </li><li>通过工具&gt;处理器菜单中选择ATMEGA 328（5V，16MHz的）。 </li><li>选择微控制器连接到通过工具的端口&gt;端口&gt; COM＃（将取决于哪个端口正在使用而异）。 </li><li>点击"上传"按钮上传FED草图到板（网址为:https://github.com/KravitzLab/fed/tree/master/fed-arduino）。 </li></ol> 4.硬件组装<ol><li> 步进电机和MOTOR罩（图1C和3A和3B） <ol><li>固定5V步进电机到3D打印的电机用两个＃6×¼"钣金螺丝（ 图1C和3A）安装。 </li><li>将旋转盘成电机安装并推到安全地连接到步进电机轴（ 图3B）。 </li><li>三维打印的食品仓扭到电机安装，确保颗粒矫直机臂在电机安装孔。 </li><li>从上面的连接件拧（步骤4.1.1 - 4.1.3）到印刷基底的顶部，与位于朝向基体的背面和位于前部的孔中的步进电机。 </li><li>从每根电线切成末由步进电机电线条〜2毫米5针连接器。 </li><li>连接从步进电机的电线上的马达屏蔽接线端接头:红色到地面，橙色和红色到一个马达端口（ 例如 ，M1），以及蓝色和黄色到其它MOTOR端口（ 例如 ，M2）。 </li></ol></li><li> 外部电源按钮 <ol><li>移除电源按钮螺母和插入电源按钮入底座的右侧的孔。用六角螺母固定到位按钮。 </li></ol></li><li> 光电断路器（图3C） <ol><li>将光断续进入其3D打印的住房。 注意:使用热风枪加热住房，如果光断续不会一路座位。 </li><li>字符串通过3D打印底座前端中间有孔的3针插头"E"，从光电断路器（PWR，GND和SGL）。 </li><li>固定外壳到FED基地，2个1"的尼龙螺钉和相应的螺母。 </li></ol></li><li> BNC输出电缆（选购） <ol><li>将BNC连接器插入FED底座的左侧孔。安全的地方用螺母。 </li><li>如果不使用BNC连接器，插头与3D打印的塞孔。 </l我&gt; </ol></li><li>电池和升压板（ 图3D） <ol><li>通过JST 2针连接进行连接3.7 V电池组的DC / DC升压转换器模块。如果电池充电蓝色的升压板上的LED会亮起。 </li></ol></li><li> 安装板内侧壳体的（图3E） <ol><li>微山与FTDI连接所面临的电源开关，使用＃4×¼"钢板五金螺丝基地内。 </li><li>堆栈上的单片机的顶级汽车盾牌和数据记录的盾牌。 </li><li>拧升压板插入使用＃2×¼"钢板金属螺丝。安装升压用的micro-SD插槽朝下的情况下，美联储可以通过该端口进行充电，无需打开的情况下。 </li><li>连接五个连接器，"A"的男性为"A"的女性，"B"男为"B"的女性，等等</li><li>放置3D印刷基地内的电池，并通过滑动后盖关闭。 </l我&gt; <li>滑动对3D打印的面盘。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.验证和数据采集注:在美联储系统电源时，确保SD卡插入的SD屏蔽，否则美联储不会免除颗粒。此外，确保电机罩（只是电源块以上）电源跳线到位。 <ol><li> 电力馈系统与电源按钮和测试设备的功能上。 <ol><li>上电前填充20毫克的食物颗粒的食物仓。 注:电源开关应点亮，也应在微控制器，SD盾，屏蔽电机的LED。如果在井没有沉淀，应该分配。 </li><li>从食品10丸井和确认更换颗粒分散 - 手动删除5。 </li></ol></li><li>取出SD卡，并验证数据是否被正确记录。数据应该在名为逗号分隔值（.csv）根据VA被收购riable FILENAME中的代码。 </li><li>放置的FED单元实验设置，关于功率内，并确保粒料被分配到食品良好。 </li><li>在数据采集的过程中，每天检查FED以验证它被确认电源开关上的LED灯上正常工作（这表示电池有足够的电量）和沉淀坐在食物好（指有与粒料分配没有问题）。 </li><li>数据采集​​后，检索SD卡和接入.csv文件。 注:膳食和喂养方式的分析脚本可在:https://github.com/KravitzLab/fed。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Ellacott, K. L., Morton, G. J., Woods, S. C., Tso, P., Schwartz, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+feeding+behavior+in+laboratory+mice.">Assessment of feeding behavior in laboratory mice.</a> Cell Metab. 12 (1), 10-17 (2010).</li><li>Betley, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurons+for+hunger+and+thirst+transmit+a+negative-valence+teaching+signal.">Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal.</a> Nature. 521 (7551), 180-185 (2015).</li><li>van den Heuvel, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropeptide+Y+activity+in+the+nucleus+accumbens+modulates+feeding+behavior+and+neuronal+activity.">Neuropeptide Y activity in the nucleus accumbens modulates feeding behavior and neuronal activity.</a> Biol Psychiatry. 77 (7), 633-641 (2015).</li><li>Cone, J. J., Roitman, J. D., Roitman, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ghrelin+regulates+phasic+dopamine+and+nucleus+accumbens+signaling+evoked+by+food-predictive+stimuli.">Ghrelin regulates phasic dopamine and nucleus accumbens signaling evoked by food-predictive stimuli.</a> J Neurochem. 133 (6), 844-856 (2015).</li><li>Ulman, E. A., Compton, D., Kochanek, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+food+and+water+intake+in+rats+and+mice.">Measuring food and water intake in rats and mice.</a> ALN Mag. , 17-20 (2008).</li><li>Nguyen, K. P., O'Neal, T. J., Bolonduro, O. A., White, E., Kravitz, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feeding+Experimentation+Device+(FED):+A+flexible+open-source+device+for+measuring+feeding+behavior.">Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): A flexible open-source device for measuring feeding behavior.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 267, 108-114 (2016).</li><li>Aguiar, P., Mendonca, L., Galhardo, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OpenControl:+a+free+opensource+software+for+video+tracking+and+automated+control+of+behavioral+mazes.">OpenControl: a free opensource software for video tracking and automated control of behavioral mazes.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 166 (1), 66-72 (2007).</li><li>Devarakonda, K., Nguyen, K. P., Kravitz, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ROBucket:+A+low+cost+operant+chamber+based+on+the+Arduino+microcontroller.">ROBucket: A low cost operant chamber based on the Arduino microcontroller.</a> Behav Res Methods. 48 (2), 503-509 (2016).</li><li>Hoffman, A. M., Song, J., Tuttle, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ELOPTA:+a+novel+microcontroller-based+operant+device.">ELOPTA: a novel microcontroller-based operant device.</a> Behav Res Methods. 39 (4), 776-782 (2007).</li><li>Crall, J. D., Gravish, N., Mountcastle, A. M., Combes, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BEEtag:+A+Low-Cost,+Image-Based+Tracking+System+for+the+Study+of+Animal+Behavior+and+Locomotion.">BEEtag: A Low-Cost, Image-Based Tracking System for the Study of Animal Behavior and Locomotion.</a> PLoS One. 10 (9), (2015).</li></ol>

Authors declare no conflict of interests, financial or otherwise.

喂养实验设备（FED）是一种灵活的食物摄入量监测系统。在这里，我们描述了在制造和诊断设备，包括3D打印硬件，电子元件焊接，和素描上传的组装到微控制器的详细说明。虽然它遵循谨慎协议列出的所有步骤是很重要的，也有值得特别注意在每个部分，以确保一个成功的终端产品的关键步骤。三维印刷旋转盘应紧贴到步进电机轴，并能够以最小的阻力来自相邻部件旋转。当焊接引脚连接，确?...

随着全球肥胖的兴起在20 世纪后期，有再度上下层饲养1，2，3，4机制的关注。通常，食物摄入量是手动称量5，或用市售的馈送系统。商业系统都很出色，但在修改其设计或代码提供有限的灵活性。在这里，我们描述了实验饲养设备（FED）:用于测量食物的摄入量以优良的时间分辨率和最小的人为干扰6的开源料系统。 FED是电池供电，可以容纳标准的殖民地齿条笼或其他科学仪器内部的3D打印的情况下，在完全包含。 在稳态下，FED在低功耗模式下工作，在其FO食物丸安息OD好。粒料的存在通过红外光束进行监测。当鼠标移除粒料，一个光断续传感器将信号发送到微控制器和时间标记被记录板载安全数字（SD）卡上。同时，晶体管 - 晶体管逻辑（TTL）输出提供粒料检索的实时输出。紧接这种情况下，马达旋转以分配另一个粒料，并且系统返回到其低功率模式。由于它的开源本质，美联储可以进行修改和完善，以适应特定的研究需求。例如，代码可以容易地改变，以进料限制在每天的特定时间，或停止分配时已经达到一个数量的颗粒，而不需要人为干预。 在这里，我们概括为建筑，验证和使用FED的一步一步的说明在小鼠体内测量食物的摄入。我们提供的所有组件的列表来构造一个系统。重要的是，没有事先恩在电子perience需要来构造的FED。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Electronics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adafruit Motor/Stepper/Servo Shield for Arduino v2 Kit - v2.3</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>1438</td><td>Use of other motor shields has not been tested and will require changes to the code</td></tr><tr><td>Adafruit Assembled Data Logging shield for Arduino</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>1141</td><td>Use of other data logging shields has not been tested and will require changes to the code</td></tr><tr><td>PowerBoost 500 Charger</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>1944</td><td>Other voltge regulator boards have not been tested, but should work if they have similar specifications</td></tr><tr><td>FTDI Friend + extras - v1.0</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>284</td><td>Any FTDI-USB connection will work</td></tr><tr><td>Small Reduction Stepper Motor - 5VDC 32-Step 1/16 Gearing</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>858</td><td>Use of other stepper motors has not been tested</td></tr><tr><td>Arduino Pro 328 - 5V/16MHz</td><td>SparkFun</td><td>DEV-10915</td><td>Other Arduino boards should work, although may require changes to the code</td></tr><tr><td>Photo Interrupter - GP1A57HRJ00F</td><td>SparkFun</td><td>SEN-09299</td><td>Other photointerrupters will work, but may require changes to the 3D design</td></tr><tr><td>SparkFun Photo Interrupter Breakout Board - GP1A57HRJ00F</td><td>SparkFun</td><td>BOB-09322</td><td>Other photointerrupters will work, but may require changes to the 3D design</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Connectors, screws, and miscellaneous items&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shield stacking headers for Arduino (R3 Compatible)</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>85</td><td>Any stacking header that says Arduiono R3 compatible will work</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-Colored Heat Shrink Pack - 3/32&quot; + 1/8&quot; + 3/16&quot;</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>1649</td><td>Any heatshrink will work</td></tr><tr><td>Hook-up Wire Spool Set - 22AWG Solid Core - 6x25ft</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>1311</td><td>Any wire will work</td></tr><tr><td>Lithium Ion Battery Pack - 3.7V 4400 mAh</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>354</td><td>Any 3.7 V Lithium battery with a JST connector will work&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>SD/MicroSD Memory Card (8GB SDHC)</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>1294</td><td>Any SD card will work</td></tr><tr><td>50 Ohm BNC Bulkhead Jack (3/8&quot; D-Hole)</td><td>L-com</td><td>BAC70A</td><td>Any BNC bulkhead will work</td></tr><tr><td>Type 316 Stainless Steel Pan Head Phillips Sheet metal screw, No 6 size, 1/4&quot; Length</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>90184A120</td><td>Any screws of this specification will work</td></tr><tr><td>Type 316 Stainless Steel Pan Head Phillips Sheet metal screw, No 2 size, 1/4&quot; Length</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>91735A102</td><td>Any screws of this specification will work</td></tr><tr><td>Nylon 100 Degree Flat Head Slotted Machine Screw, 4-40 Thread, 1&quot; Length</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>90241A253</td><td>Any screws of this specification will work</td></tr><tr><td>Nylon Hex Nut, 4-40 Thread Size</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>94812A200</td><td>Any nut of this specification will work</td></tr><tr><td>2 Pin JST M F Connector 200 mm 22AWG Wire Cable</td><td>NewEgg</td><td>9SIA27C3FY2876</td><td>Any 2 pin connector will work for this connection</td></tr><tr><td>Metal Pushbutton - Latching (16 mm, Red)</td><td>SparkFun</td><td>COM-11971</td><td>Any push button or switch will work</td></tr><tr><td>Resistor Kit - 1/4 W</td><td>SparkFun</td><td>COM-10969</td><td>Any 1/4 W resistors will work</td></tr></tbody></table>

feeding experimentation device (fed): construction and validation of an open-source device for measuring food intake in rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

涉及使用动物的验证试验，审查和糖尿病研究所，消化和肾脏疾病的动物护理和使用委员会的批准。为了说明如何使用FED的用于测量家笼喂养，成年雌性C57BL / 6小鼠（n = 4）单独圈养用12/12小时光照/黑暗循环下以水和标准实验室食物随意访问（灯上05:00）。后一个星期习惯期，除去粮食料斗，并用FED置换为验证测试​​的五天。在测试期结束时，场发射，从笼...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents at JoVE.com

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

feeding-experimentation-device-fed-construction-validation-an-open

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

8.1K 次观看.  National Insttitute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

视频: Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste reactivity with the behavioral aspects of operant self-administration of drugs. Under very brief general anaesthesia, rats are implanted with an intraoral (IO) cannula that allows delivery of test solutions directly in the oral cavity. Animals are then tested in operant self-administration chambers whereby they can press a lever to receive IO infusions of test solutions. IO self-administration has several advantages over experimental procedures that involve drinking a solution from a spout&#160;or operant responding for solid pellets or solutions delivered in a receptacle. Here, we show that IO self-administration can be employed to study self-administration of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Rats were first tested for self-administration on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, which assesses the maximum amount of operant behavior that will be emitted for different concentrations of HFCS (i.e.&#160;8%, 25%, and 50%). Following this test, rats self-administered these concentrations on a continuous schedule of reinforcement (i.e.&#160;one infusion for each lever press) for 10 consecutive days (1 session/day; each lasting 3 hr), and then they were retested on the PR schedule. On the continuous reinforcement schedule, rats took fewer infusions of higher concentrations, although the lowest concentration of HFCS (8%) maintained more variable self-administration. Furthermore, the PR tests revealed that 8% had lower reinforcing value than 25% and 50%. These results indicate that IO self-administration can be employed to study acquisition and maintenance of responding for sweet solutions. The sensitivity of the operant response to differences in concentration and schedule of reinforcement makes IO self-administration an ideal procedure to investigate the neurobiology of voluntary intake of sweets.

The current study evaluates a novel procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of palatable solutions in laboratory rats: intraoral self-administration. To this end, operant responding (i.e.&#160;lever pressing) for intraoral infusions of sweet solutions at different concentrations was measured on continuous and progressive ratios schedules of reinforcement.

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

科研

行为学

Combining Quantitative Food-intake Assays and Forcibly Activating Neurons to Study Appetite in Drosophila

Food consumption is under the tight control of the brain, which integrates the physiological status, palatability, and nutritional contents of the food, and issues commands to start or stop feeding. Deciphering the processes underlying the decision-making of timely and moderate feeding carries major implications in our understanding of physiological and psychological disorders related to feeding control. Simple, quantitative, and robust methods are required to measure the food ingestion of animals after experimental manipulation, such as forcibly increasing the activities of certain target neurons. Here, we introduced dye-labeling-based feeding assays to facilitate the neurogenetic study of feeding control in adult fruit flies. We review available feeding assays, and then describe our methods step-by-step from setup to analysis, which combine thermogenetic and optogenetic manipulation of neurons controlling feeding motivation with dye-labeled food intake assay. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of our methods, compared with other feeding assays, to help readers choose an appropriate assay.

Combining Quantitative Food-intake Assays and Forcibly Activating Neurons to Study Appetite in Drosophila

Quantitative food-intake assays with dyed food provide a robust and high-throughput means to evaluate feeding motivation. Combining the food consumption assay with thermogenetic and optogenetic screens is a powerful approach to investigate the neural circuits underlying appetite in adult Drosophila melanogaster.

在果蝇中结合定量食物摄入量测定和强迫激活神经元研究食欲

Food consumption is under the tight control of the brain, which integrates the physiological status, palatability, and nutritional contents of the food, ...

Assessing Activity-based Anorexia in Mice

Rodents develop activity-based anorexia (ABA) when exposed to a restricted feeding schedule and allowed free access to a running wheel. These conditions lead to a life-threatening reduction in body weight. However, rodents exposed to only one of these conditions ultimately adapt to re-establish normal body weight. Although increased running coupled with reduction in voluntary food intake appear paradoxical under ABA conditions, ABA behavior is observed across numerous mammalian species. 
The ABA paradigm provides an animal model for anorexia nervosa (AN), an eating disorder with severe dysregulation of appetite-behavior. Subjects are singly housed with free access to a running wheel. Each day, the subject is offered food for a limited amount of time. During the course of the experiment, a subject's body weight decreases from high activity and low caloric intake. The duration of the study varies based on how long food is offered daily, the type of food offered, the strain of mouse, if drugs are being tested, and environmental factors.
A lack of effective pharmacological treatments for AN patients, their low quality of life, high cost of treatment, and their high mortality rate indicate the urgency to further research AN. We provide a basic outline for performing ABA experiments with mice, offering a method to investigate AN-like behavior in order to develop novel therapies. This protocol is optimized for use in Balb/cJ mice, but can easily be manipulated for other strains, providing great flexibility in working with different questions, especially related to genetic factors of ABA.

Mice individually housed with a running wheel while given limited access to food develop reductions in food consumption and increase activity on the running wheel. This experimental phenomenon is called activity-based anorexia. This paradigm provides an experimental tool for studying the neurobiology and behaviors underlying aspects of anorexia nervosa.

小鼠活动性厌食症的评估

Rodents develop activity-based anorexia (ABA) when exposed to a restricted feeding schedule and allowed free access to a running wheel. These conditions ...

Concept Development and Use of an Automated Food Intake and Eating Behavior Assessment Method

The vast majority of dietary and eating behavior assessment methods are based on self-reports. They are burdensome and also prone to measurement errors. Recent technological innovations allow for the development of more accurate and precise dietary and eating behavior assessment tools that require less effort for both the user and the researcher. Therefore, a new sensor-based device to assess food intake and eating behavior was developed. The device is a regular dining tray equipped with a video camera and three separate built-in weighing stations. The weighing stations measure the weight of the bowl, plate, and drinking cup continuously over the course of a meal. The video camera positioned to the face records eating behavior characteristics (chews, bites), which are analyzed using artificial intelligence (AI)-based automatic facial expression software. The tray weight and the video data are transported at real-time to a personal computer (PC) using a wireless receiver. The outcomes of interest, such as the amount eaten, eating rate and bite size, can be calculated by subtracting the data of these measures at the timepoints of interest. The information obtained by the current version of the tray can be used for research purposes, an upgraded version of the device would also facilitate the provision of more personalized advice on dietary intake and eating behavior. Contrary to the conventional dietary assessment methods, this dietary assessment device measures food intake directly within a meal and is not dependent on memory or the portion size estimation. Ultimately, this device is therefore suited for daily main meal food intake and eating behavior measures. In the future, this technology based dietary assessment method can be linked to health applications or smart watches to obtain a complete overview of exercise, energy intake, and eating behavior.

This protocol shows and explains a new technology-based dietary assessment method. The method consists of a dining tray with multiple built-in weighing scales and a video camera. The device is unique in the sense that it incorporates automated measures of food and drink intake and eating behavior over the course of a meal.

自动食物摄入和饮食行为评估方法的概念开发和使用

The vast majority of dietary and eating behavior assessment methods are based on self-reports. They are burdensome and also prone to measurement errors. ...

测量 秀丽隐杆 线虫食物摄入量和寿命的高通量测定

Quantifying Food Intake in Caenorhabditis elegans by Measuring Bacterial Clearance

Feeding is an essential biological process for an organism&#39;s growth, reproduction, and survival. This assay aims to measure the food intake of Caenorhabditis elegans&#160;(C. elegans), an important parameter when studying the genetics of aging or metabolism. In most species, feeding is determined by measuring the difference between the amount of food provided and the amount left after a given time interval. The method presented here uses the same strategy to determine the feeding of C. elegans. It measures the amount of bacteria, the food source of C. elegans, cleared within 72 h. This method uses 96-well microtiter plates and has allowed the screening of hundreds of drugs for their ability to modulate food intake at a speed and depth not possible in other animal models. The strength of this assay is that it allows to measure feeding and lifespan simultaneously and directly measures the disappearance of food and, thus, is based on the same principles used for other organisms, facilitating species-to-species comparison.

作者聚焦：探索脂毒性与 HFpEF 之间的关系 

This protocol describes an assay to quantify Caenorhabditis elegans feeding rate based on measuring the clearance of bacteria in liquid culture.

通过测量细菌清除率来量化 秀丽隐杆线虫 的食物摄入量

Feeding is an essential biological process for an organism&#39;s growth, reproduction, and survival. This assay aims to measure the food intake of ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用可口的食物获取小鼠模型研究暴饮暴食症

Intermittent Binge-Intake Model in Mice

Obesity affects one in eight individuals globally. Overeating, especially high-calorie foods, plays a significant role in obesity. Binge eating disorder (BED) is a complex condition caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. It involves excessive consumption of high-calorie foods in a short period and is often linked to anxiety and cravings.
Here, we present a protocol employing continuous and intermittent access to a new highly palatable food (HPF) -- M&amp;M&#39;s -- to develop a mouse model for investigating binge eating disorder (BED). The HPF, chosen for its high fat and sugar content, represents an optimal food source to study due to its strong palatability, which makes it particularly suited for examining compulsive eating behaviors. Using C57BL/6 mice, we provided continuous or intermittent access to M&amp;M&#39;s while allowing unrestricted access to standard chow and water. By the 8th day, the mice in the intermittent access group exhibited pronounced binge-eating behaviors, which persisted through the 26th day. These mice also consumed significantly more calories -- predominantly from the confectionary -- than those in the continuous access and control groups. The contrast between continuous and intermittent access underscores the critical role of feeding schedules in promoting the overconsumption of palatable foods.
Furthermore, behavioral assessments revealed intermittent access to the HPF-induced anxiety-like behaviors, highlighting the psychological impact of access patterns on both eating behavior and emotional states. By incorporating these two distinct feeding paradigms, this study offers valuable insights into how the availability of highly palatable foods can exacerbate binge-eating tendencies. This model provides a more realistic approach to studying binge-eating behaviors and their metabolic consequences. It highlights the importance of standardized models in biomedical research. Our findings offer insights into the physiological and neural mechanisms underlying BED, which could pave the way for developing effective therapeutic interventions for BED and obesity.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:用于研究暴食症的基于 M&M 的可访问小鼠模型 - 对饮食行为、焦虑和神经机制的见解

A binge-eating model was established in mice using intermittent access to M&amp;M's (a highly palatable food made of fat and sugar). Mice with intermittent access to this high-fat, high-sugar food showed stress-like behaviors, increased caloric intake, and a preference for that food over standard chow compared to mice with continuous or no access to the food.

小鼠间歇性暴饮暴食模型

Obesity affects one in eight individuals globally. Overeating, especially high-calorie foods, plays a significant role in obesity. Binge eating disorder ...

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

摘要

探索更多视频

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

在果蝇中结合定量食物摄入量测定和强迫激活神经元研究食欲

小鼠活动性厌食症的评估

自动食物摄入和饮食行为评估方法的概念开发和使用

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量

小鼠间歇性暴饮暴食模型

小鼠间歇性暴饮暴食模型

小鼠间歇性暴饮暴食模型

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

摘要

探索更多视频

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

在果蝇中结合定量食物摄入量测定和强迫激活神经元研究食欲

小鼠活动性厌食症的评估

自动食物摄入和饮食行为评估方法的概念开发和使用

通过测量细菌清除率来量化 秀丽隐杆线虫 的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化 秀丽隐杆线虫 的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化 秀丽隐杆线虫 的食物摄入量

小鼠间歇性暴饮暴食模型

小鼠间歇性暴饮暴食模型

小鼠间歇性暴饮暴食模型

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量