We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this work by the Korean Carbon Capture and Sequestration R&amp;D Center (KCRC).

1.预聚物溶液的制备<ol><li> 使用水作为溶剂制备 <ol><li> 10.00克去离子（DI）水添加到玻璃瓶中有磁力搅拌棒。 </li><li>测量2.00克SBMA的，并将其转移至含有水的玻璃瓶中。搅拌30分钟的溶液中，直到SBMA完全溶解。 </li><li>在一个单独的瓶中，加入20.00克PEGDA的（m×n个 = 700克/摩尔）。 </li><li>添加20.0毫克1-羟基环己基苯酮（HCPK），光引发剂，给PEGDA溶液。让溶液搅拌至少30分钟。 </li><li>使用一次性吸管，转移8.00克的PEGDA-HCPK解决SBMA水溶液。连续地搅拌混合物，直到该溶液均匀。 </li></ol></li><li> 使用水/乙醇混合物作为溶剂制备 <ol><li>添加6.00克DI水和4.00g的乙醇成琥珀色玻璃瓶有磁力搅拌棒。搅拌溶液，以便充分混合。 </li><li> 2.00克SBMA添加到水/乙醇混合物。搅拌溶液，并允许SBMA完全溶解。 </li><li>使用移液管〜8.00克PEGDA-HCPK溶液转移到SBMA混合物。搅拌至溶液充分混合。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.独立式膜的制备<ol><li>放置两个间隔件用干净的石英盘上的已知厚度;间隔件的厚度来控制所获得的聚合物薄膜19的厚度。 </li><li>转移预聚物溶液的少量（〜1.0mL）中，使用一个一次性吸石英光盘。 </li><li>放置在液体顶部另一个石英盘，并确保有在液膜没有气泡。 </li><li>放置在紫外线（UV）的交联剂的样品和照射了使用UV光以254纳米19的波长5分钟。 注:另类照射时间S和波长可根据光引发剂的类型来使用。 </li><li>使用锋利的刀片的石英盘分离的聚合物膜。用镊子将膜转印到DI水浴。第一个24小时期间换水两次以从膜除去溶剂，未反应的单体/交联剂，和溶胶。 注意:所述的聚合物膜应保持在去离子水以保持孔结构，如果有的话。 </li><li>制备用于ATR-FTIR和DSC分析干燥的膜。 <ol><li>从水浴中取出薄膜，并允许它在空气中干燥24小时。 </li><li>放置膜在真空烘箱中在80℃下在真空下干燥过夜。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.浸渍膜的制备<ol><li>的多孔性支撑体的片材放置到石英盘。 </li><li>使用泡沫刷，涂覆支撑的每一侧两次基于水/乙醇混合物4的预聚物溶液。 注意:因为T他支持是疏水性的，含有乙醇的预聚物溶液可以很容易地浸湿载体。 </li><li>将另一石英盘上的支持之上。 </li><li>将样品在UV交联剂和照射用于使用UV光的254nm波长的5分钟。 </li><li>以除去从石英盘上的含浸膜，浸泡在DI水浴整个组件5分钟，并小心地取出用锋利的刀片和镊子的膜。 </li><li>请去离子水的膜。换水两次以除去溶剂，未反应的单体/交联剂，并从膜的溶胶。 </li><li>制备干燥的，浸渍的膜为ATR-FTIR和DSC分析。 <ol><li>取下水浴膜。允许该膜在环境条件下干燥24小时。 </li><li>在真空中干燥该膜烘箱中过夜，在真空下80℃。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.表征独立式薄膜和浸渍的Membranes <ol><li> ATR-FTIR分析 <ol><li>制备预聚物溶液的样品，如在步骤1.1所述，用于FTIR分析。 </li><li>扫描样品之前执行后台扫描。波数范围内设定为600 -1至4,500厘米-1处测量的4 -1分辨率。 </li><li>将样品在FTIR机进行分析。 </li><li>取出样品。清洁晶体并用合适的溶剂的尖端。 </li><li>重复步骤4.1.1 - 4.1.4下列样品:多孔质支撑体，预聚物溶液，干燥独立膜，并干燥浸渍的膜。 </li></ol></li><li> 差扫描量热法（DSC） <ol><li>将DSC盘中，并盖在天平称量并记录自己的体重。 </li><li>放置盘内样品（5-10毫克）少量，用盖子关闭它。 </li><li>称量含有样品的盘。从邻之间的重量差ccupied锅和盖子和未占用的锅和盖，计算样品的重量。 </li><li>使用压力机，气密密封所述盘内部的样品。 </li><li>放置在其中的惰性参考位于DSC单元内的密封盘。 </li><li>进入未占据盘和盖，并在程序中的样本的重量的重量。 </li><li>用-80℃的DSC至160℃以10℃/ min的加热速率进行扫描。 </li><li>执行使用制造商的协议DSC分析。 </li><li>重复以下的上述步骤不同样品的DSC实验。 </li></ol></li><li> 使用悬滴法接触角的测定 <ol><li>切膜样品（约30毫米×6mm）的的矩形条。 </li><li>浸泡在去离子水中这条10分钟，然后晾干5分钟。 </li><li>放置在样本夹持器干燥样品。 </li><li>浸没样品架中的透明含有去离子水20的环境室中。 </li><li>使用微升注射器用不锈钢针，分配Ñ -癸烷（约1μL）滴在膜样品。 </li><li>离开不受干扰2分钟的设置，以确保液滴的稳定化。 </li><li>使用适当的图像分析软件通过测量在膜表面上的分配的液滴的角度，以确定样品的接触角。 </li><li>采取的各种液滴获得的接触角值的平均值。 </li></ol></li><li> 使用死端过滤系统的水渗透性的表征 <ol><li>用锤子驱动打孔器与适当的直径切割独立膜和浸渍的膜的优惠券。 </li><li>放置一个制备优惠券上的死端过滤单元内的多孔载体上。 </li><li>放在样品的顶部上的O形环。拧两半渗透细胞的一起。 </li><li>添加约50mL DI水到渗透细胞。拧上盖子，并将渗透细胞在磁力搅拌器上。组300和900的转速之间搅拌速度。 </li><li>放在天平上的覆盖烧杯收集渗透水。去皮。 </li><li>打开气瓶阀。顺时针压力调节阀打开，直到达到所需的压力（45psig下为独立式膜和35 psig的用于浸渍的膜）。 </li><li>打开释放阀以递送压力，以渗透细胞。 </li><li>监测和记录时间的烧杯的重量。 </li><li>计算水的渗透率（A W）和渗透性（P w）的与所述溶液-扩散模型下面4所示，21 <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55426/55426eq1.jpg" /> 其中，A w是第È水渗透率（L / m 2的HBAR或LMH /巴），P w是水渗透率（LMH厘米/巴），ρw是水的密度（克/升），A是膜的有效面积（m 2），ΔM为在水渗透物（克）在时间周期Δt（H）的质量变化，ΔP是穿过膜（巴的压力差），并且l是溶胀膜（厘米）的厚度。 </li><li>使用含有在pH = 7.4的磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）溶液0.5g / L的BSA一个BSA溶液来评价膜的防污性和废品率。 </li><li>重复步骤4.4.5 - 4.4.10确定BSA存在的水通量。计算与下面的等式22中的BSA废品率 <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55426/55426eq2.jpg" /> 其中R BSA是膜（％）的BSA排斥率，中c p是BSA在渗透物（克/升）的浓度，和C F是BSA的进料（克/升）的浓度; BSA的浓度可通过UV光谱法来确定。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Qasim, M., Darwish, N. A., Sarp, S., Hilal, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+desalination+by+forward+(direct)+osmosis+phenomenon:+A+comprehensive+review.">Water desalination by forward (direct) osmosis phenomenon: A comprehensive review.</a> Desalination. , 47-69 (2015).</li><li>Geise, G. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+purification+by+membranes:+The+role+of+polymer+science.">Water purification by membranes: The role of polymer science.</a> J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 48 (15), 1685-1718 (2010).</li><li>Miller, D. J., Dreyer, D., Bielawski, C., Paul, D. R., Freeman, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+modification+of+water+purification+membranes:+A+review.">Surface modification of water purification membranes: A review.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. , (2016).</li><li>Zhao, S. Z., Huang, K. P., Lin, H. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impregnated+Membranes+for+Water+Purification+Using+Forward+Osmosis.">Impregnated Membranes for Water Purification Using Forward Osmosis.</a> Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54 (49), 12354-12366 (2015).</li><li>Ostuni, E., Chapman, R. G., Holmlin, R. E., Takayama, S., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+survey+of+structure-property+relationships+of+surfaces+that+resist+the+adsorption+of+protein.">A survey of structure-property relationships of surfaces that resist the adsorption of protein.</a> Langmuir. 17 (18), 5605-5620 (2001).</li><li>Jiang, S., Cao, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultralow-fouling,+functionalizable,+and+hydrolyzable+zwitterionic+materials+and+their+derivatives+for+biological+applications.">Ultralow-fouling, functionalizable, and hydrolyzable zwitterionic materials and their derivatives for biological applications.</a> Adv Mat. 22 (9), 920-932 (2010).</li><li>Shah, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+properties+of+small+molecules+in+zwitterionic+polymers.">Transport properties of small molecules in zwitterionic polymers.</a> J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 54 (19), 1924-1934 (2016).</li><li>Shao, Q., Jiang, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Understanding+and+Design+of+Zwitterionic+Materials.">Molecular Understanding and Design of Zwitterionic Materials.</a> Adv Mat. 27 (1), 15-26 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, Z., Chao, T., Chen, S., Jiang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superlow+Fouling+Sulfobetaine+and+Carboxybetaine+Polymers+on+Glass+Slides.">Superlow Fouling Sulfobetaine and Carboxybetaine Polymers on Glass Slides.</a> Langmuir. 22 (24), 10072-10077 (2006).</li><li>Chen, S., Li, L., Zhao, C., Zheng, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+hydration:+principles+and+applications+toward+low-fouling/nonfouling+biomaterials.">Surface hydration: principles and applications toward low-fouling/nonfouling biomaterials.</a> Polymer. 51 (23), 5283-5293 (2010).</li><li>Bengani, P., Kou, Y. M., Asatekin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zwitterionic+copolymer+self-assembly+for+fouling+resistant,+high+flux+membranes+with+size-based+small+molecule+selectivity.">Zwitterionic copolymer self-assembly for fouling resistant, high flux membranes with size-based small molecule selectivity.</a> J Membr Sci. 493, 755-765 (2015).</li><li>Chiang, Y. C., Chang, Y., Chuang, C. J., Ruaan, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+facile+zwitterionization+in+the+interfacial+modification+of+low+bio-fouling+nanofiltration+membranes.">A facile zwitterionization in the interfacial modification of low bio-fouling nanofiltration membranes.</a> J Membr Sci. 389, 76-82 (2012).</li><li>Mi, Y. F., Zhao, Q., Ji, Y. L., An, Q. F., Gao, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+route+for+surface+zwitterionic+functionalization+of+polyamide+nanofiltration+membranes+with+improved+performance.">A novel route for surface zwitterionic functionalization of polyamide nanofiltration membranes with improved performance.</a> J Membr Sci. 490, 311-320 (2015).</li><li>Shafi, H. Z., Khan, Z., Yang, R., Gleason, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+modification+of+reverse+osmosis+membranes+with+zwitterionic+coating+for+improved+resistance+to+fouling.">Surface modification of reverse osmosis membranes with zwitterionic coating for improved resistance to fouling.</a> Desalination. 362, 93-103 (2015).</li><li>Yang, R., Goktekin, E., Gleason, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zwitterionic+Antifouling+Coatings+for+the+Purification+of+High-Salinity+Shale+Gas+Produced+Water.">Zwitterionic Antifouling Coatings for the Purification of High-Salinity Shale Gas Produced Water.</a> Langmuir. 31 (43), 11895-11903 (2015).</li><li>Yang, R., Jang, H., Stocker, R., Gleason, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+Prevention+of+Biofouling+in+Seawater+Desalination+by+Zwitterionic+Surfaces+and+Low-Level+Chlorination.">Synergistic Prevention of Biofouling in Seawater Desalination by Zwitterionic Surfaces and Low-Level Chlorination.</a> Adv Mat. 26 (11), 1711-1718 (2014).</li><li>Azari, S., Zou, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+zwitterionic+amino+acid+L-DOPA+to+modify+the+surface+of+thin+film+composite+polyamide+reverse+osmosis+membranes+to+increase+their+fouling+resistance.">Using zwitterionic amino acid L-DOPA to modify the surface of thin film composite polyamide reverse osmosis membranes to increase their fouling resistance.</a> J Membr Sci. 401, 68-75 (2012).</li><li>Chang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Underwater+Superoleophobic+Surfaces+Prepared+from+Polymer+Zwitterion/Dopamine+Composite+Coatings.">Underwater Superoleophobic Surfaces Prepared from Polymer Zwitterion/Dopamine Composite Coatings.</a> Adv Mater Inter. , (2016).</li><li>Lin, H., Kai, T., Freeman, B. D., Kalakkunnath, S., Kalika, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Cross-Linking+on+Gas+Permeability+in+Cross-Linked+Poly(Ethylene+Glycol+Diacrylate).">The Effect of Cross-Linking on Gas Permeability in Cross-Linked Poly(Ethylene Glycol Diacrylate).</a> Macromolecules. 38 (20), 8381-8393 (2005).</li><li>Sagle, A. C., Ju, H., Freeman, B. D., Sharma, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PEG-based+hydrogel+membrane+coatings.">PEG-based hydrogel membrane coatings.</a> Polymer. 50 (3), 756-766 (2009).</li><li>Wu, Y. -. H., Park, H. B., Kai, T., Freeman, B. D., Kalika, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+uptake,+transport+and+structure+characterization+in+poly(ethylene+glycol)+diacrylate+hydrogels.">Water uptake, transport and structure characterization in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels.</a> J Membr Sci. 347 (1-2), 197-208 (2010).</li><li>Rahimpour, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+functionalized+carbon+nanotubes+for+improving+the+surface+properties+and+performance+of+polyethersulfone+(PES)+membrane.">Novel functionalized carbon nanotubes for improving the surface properties and performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane.</a> Desalination. 286, 99-107 (2012).</li><li>Gulmine, J. V., Janissek, P. R., Heise, H. M., Akcelrud, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyethylene+characterization+by+FTIR.">Polyethylene characterization by FTIR.</a> Polym Testing. 21 (5), 557-563 (2002).</li><li>Ara&#250;jo, J. R., Waldman, W. R., De Paoli, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+properties+of+high+density+polyethylene+composites+with+natural+fibres:+Coupling+agent+effect.">Thermal properties of high density polyethylene composites with natural fibres: Coupling agent effect.</a> Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (10), 1770-1775 (2008).</li><li>McCloskey, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+polydopamine+deposition+conditions+on+pure+water+flux+and+foulant+adhesion+resistance+of+reverse+osmosis,+ultrafiltration,+and+microfiltration+membranes.">Influence of polydopamine deposition conditions on pure water flux and foulant adhesion resistance of reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration membranes.</a> Polymer. 51 (15), 3472-3485 (2010).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

我们已经证明了一个浅显的方法来制备独立电影和基于两性离子水凝胶浸渍膜。三（甲基）丙烯酸酯的特征峰的消失（ 即 ，810，1190，和1410厘米-1）在所得到的聚合物膜的红外光谱和含浸膜（ 图2）表示的单体和交联剂4的良好的转化率， 19，21。此外，该SO 3的外观-在光谱的膜和膜振...

有一个非常需要开发低成本和高效节能技术，以满足日益增长的需求，产生干净的水。聚合物膜已成为一个领先的技术水净化由于其固有的优点，诸如它们的高的能量效率，成本低，简单并在操作1。膜允许纯水渗透通过而拒绝该污染物。然而，膜往往受到由在进料水中的污染物，其可以被吸附在膜表面上从它们的有利的相互作用2,3结垢。结垢可显着通过膜减少的水通量，增加所需要的薄膜面积和水净化的成本。 以减轻结垢的有效途径是修改膜表面以增加亲水性，从而降低在有利膜表面和污物之间teractions。一种方法是使用薄膜涂层具有超亲水3倍的水凝胶。水凝胶通常具有高的水渗透性;因此，薄膜涂层可以增加通过膜的长期水渗透率由于减轻的结垢，尽管在整个膜中的略微增加输送阻力。水凝胶也可以直接制作成用于水净化的浸渍膜渗透压应用4。 两性离子物质同时含有正和负电荷的官能团，具有净中性电荷，并且具有通过静电诱导的氢键5，6，7，8，9强表面水化。紧密结合的水化层用作物理和能垒，从而防止污物附着在表面上，因此证明优异的防污性10。两性离子聚合物，如聚（磺基甜菜碱甲基丙烯酸酯）（PSBMA）和聚（羧基甜菜碱甲基丙烯酸酯）（PCBMA），已被用于修饰膜表面通过涂布11，12，13，14，15，16，17，18，以增加表面亲水性，因此防污性。 我们在这里表明了容易的方法，以制备使用经由光聚合，这是使用聚（乙二醇）交联的磺基甜菜碱甲基丙烯酸酯（SBMA）两性离子水凝胶丙烯酸酯（PEGDA，m×n个 = 700克/摩尔），以改善机械强度。我们还提出一个过程通过在光聚合前的高度多孔疏水性载体含浸于单体和交联剂以构建健壮膜。独立式膜和浸渍膜的物理和水输送性质彻底特征在于阐明用于水净化的结构/性质关系。所制备的水凝胶可用于作为表面涂层，以提高膜的分离性能。通过调整交联密度或通过浸渍到疏水性多孔载体，这些材料也能形成薄膜，与用于渗透过程，诸如正向渗透或压力延迟渗透4足够的机械强度。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Mn = 700 (PEGDA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>455008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-Hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 99% (HCPK)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>405612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>[2-(Methacrloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide, 97%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>537284</td>
			<td>Acutely Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol, 95%</td>
			<td>Koptec, VWR International</td>
			<td>V1101</td>
			<td>Flamable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Decane, anhydrous, 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>457116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solupor Membrane</td>
			<td>Lydall</td>
			<td>7PO7D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micrometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Starrett</td>
			<td>2900-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATR-FTIR</td>
			<td>Vertex 70</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DSC: TA Q2000</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rame&#8217;-hart Goniometer: Model 190</td>
			<td>Rame&#8217;-hart Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultraviolet Crosslinker: CX-2000</td>
			<td>Ultra-Violet Products</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UV radiation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permeation Cell: Model UHP-43</td>
			<td>Advantec MFS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized Water: Milli-Q Water</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis of hydrogels with antifouling properties as membranes for water purification

水凝胶已被广泛利用，以提高水的净化膜的表面亲水性，增加了防污性，从而通过膜随时间获得稳定的水渗透性。在这里，我们报告一个浅显的方法来制备基于两性离子的膜应用的水凝胶。独立式的薄膜可以由磺基甜菜碱甲基丙烯酸酯（SBMA）通过光聚合的聚交联剂（乙二醇）二丙烯酸酯（PEGDA）来制备。水凝胶也可通过浸渍制备成疏水性的多孔载体，以提高机械强度。这些膜可以通过衰减全反射傅立叶来表征变换红外光谱（ATR-FTIR）来确定（甲基）丙烯酸酯基团的转化程度，使用亲水性和差示扫描量热法（DSC）对聚合物链的动态测角器。我们还报告的协议，以确定死胡同FILTRA的透水性灰系统和污垢对膜性能的影响（牛血清白蛋白，BSA）。

随着在步骤1.1和1.2中指定的预聚物溶液制备自立式膜分别称为S50和S30。详细信息显示在表1中 。在步骤1.2中指定的预聚物溶液也用于制造浸渍膜，其被表示为IMS30。由于多孔性支撑体是由疏水性的聚乙烯的，仅含有乙醇的预聚物溶液可以浸渍到载体并形成透明膜， 如图1 4。 <p class="jove_conte...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties.

水凝胶的合成与防污性能作为膜的净水

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and ...

synthesis-hydrogels-with-antifouling-properties-as-membranes-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.3K 次观看.  The State University of New York at Buffalo. This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties. 

视频: Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Quantifying the Mechanical Properties of the Endothelial Glycocalyx with Atomic Force Microscopy

Our understanding of the interaction of leukocytes and the vessel wall during leukocyte capture is limited by an incomplete understanding of the mechanical properties of the endothelial surface layer. It is known that adhesion molecules on leukocytes are distributed non-uniformly relative to surface topography 3, that topography limits adhesive bond formation with other surfaces 9, and that physiological contact forces (&asymp; 5.0 &minus; 10.0 pN per microvillus) can compress the microvilli to as little as a third of their resting length, increasing the accessibility of molecules to the opposing surface 3, 7. We consider the endothelium as a two-layered structure, the relatively rigid cell body, plus the glycocalyx, a soft protective sugar coating on the luminal surface 6. It has been shown that the glycocalyx can act as a barrier to reduce adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial surface 4. In this report we begin to address the deformability of endothelial surfaces to understand how the endothelial mechanical stiffness might affect bond formation. Endothelial cells grown in static culture do not express a robust glycocalyx, but cells grown under physiological flow conditions begin to approximate the glycocalyx observed in vivo 2. The modulus of the endothelial cell body has been measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to be approximately 5 to 20 kPa 5. The thickness and structure of the glycocalyx have been studied using electron microscopy 8, and the modulus of the glycocalyx has been approximated using indirect methods, but to our knowledge, there have been no published reports of a direct measurement of the glycocalyx modulus in living cells. In this study, we present indentation experiments made with a novel AFM probe on cells that have been cultured in conditions to maximize their glycocalyx expression to make direct measurements of the modulus and thickness of the endothelial glycocalyx.

The mechanical characteristics of endothelial glycocalyx were measured by indentation using micron sized spheres on AFM cantilevers. Endothelial cells were cultured in a custom chamber under physiological flow conditions to induce glycocalyx expression. Data were analyzed using a thin film model to determine the glycocalyx thickness and modulus.

量化的内皮细胞糖复合物的力学性能，用原子力显微镜

Our  understanding of the interaction of leukocytes and the vessel wall during  leukocyte capture is limited by an incomplete understanding of the ...

科研

生物工程

Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is presented. The polymerization from the membrane surface is induced by plasma treatment of the membrane, followed by reacting the membrane surface with a methanolic solution of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Special attention is given to the process parameters for the plasma treatment prior to the polymerization on the surface. For example, the influence of the plasma-treatment on different types of membranes (e.g.&#160;polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinylidene fluoride) is studied. Furthermore, the time-dependent stability of the surface-grafted membranes is shown by contact angle measurements. When grafting poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) in this way, the surface can be further modified by esterification of the alcohol moiety of the polymer with a carboxylic acid function of the desired substance. These reactions can therefore be used for the functionalization of the membrane surface. For example, the surface tension of the membrane can be changed or a desired functionality as the presented light-responsiveness can be inserted. This is demonstrated by reacting PHEMA with a carboxylic acid functionalized spirobenzopyran unit which leads to a light-responsive membrane. The choice of solvent plays a major role in the postmodification step and is discussed in more detail in this paper. The permeability measurements of such functionalized membranes are performed using a Franz cell with an external light source. By changing the wavelength of the light from the visible to the UV-range, a change of permeability of aqueous caffeine solutions is observed.

A plasma-induced polymerization procedure is described for the surface-initiated polymerization on polymer membranes. Further postmodification of the grafted polymer with photochromic substances is presented with a protocol of conducting permeability measurements of light-responsive membranes.

通过结合表面接枝和修改后的过程光敏感膜的制备

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is ...

Combination of Microstereolithography and Electrospinning to Produce Membranes Equipped with Niches for Corneal Regeneration

Corneal problems affect millions of people worldwide reducing their quality of life significantly. Corneal disease can be caused by illnesses such as Aniridia or Steven Johnson Syndrome as well as by external factors such as chemical burns or radiation. Current treatments are (i) the use of corneal grafts and (ii) the use of stem cell expanded in the laboratory and delivered on carriers (e.g., amniotic membrane); these treatments are relatively successful but unfortunately they can fail after 3-5 years. There is a need to design and manufacture new corneal biomaterial devices able to mimic in detail the physiological environment where stem cells reside in the cornea. Limbal stem cells are located in the limbus (circular area between cornea and sclera) in specific niches known as the Palisades of Vogt. In this work we have developed a new platform technology which combines two cutting-edge manufacturing techniques (microstereolithography and electrospinning) for the fabrication of corneal membranes that mimic to a certain extent the limbus. Our membranes contain artificial micropockets which aim to provide cells with protection as the Palisades of Vogt do in the eye.

We report a technique for the fabrication of micropockets within electrospun membranes in which to study cell behavior. Specifically, we describe a combination of microstereolithography and electrospinning for the production of PLGA (Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) corneal biomaterial devices equipped with microfeatures.

Microstereolit​​hography和静电结合，以产生膜配备有利基的角膜再生

Corneal problems affect millions of people worldwide reducing their quality of life significantly. Corneal disease can be caused by illnesses such as ...

Three-Dimensionally Printed Microfluidic Cross-flow System for Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration Membrane Performance Testing

Minimization and management of membrane fouling is a formidable challenge in diverse industrial processes and other practices that utilize membrane technology. Understanding the fouling process could lead to optimization and higher efficiency of membrane based filtration. Here we show the design and fabrication of an automated three-dimensionally (3-D) printed microfluidic cross-flow filtration system that can test up to 4 membranes in parallel. The microfluidic cells were printed using multi-material photopolymer 3-D printing technology, which used a transparent hard polymer for the microfluidic cell body and incorporated a thin rubber-like polymer layer, which prevents leakages during operation. The performance of ultrafiltration (UF), and nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested and membrane fouling could be observed with a model foulant bovine serum albumin (BSA). Feed solutions containing BSA showed flux decline of the membrane. This protocol may be extended to measure fouling or biofouling with many other organic, inorganic or microbial containing solutions. The microfluidic design is especially advantageous for testing materials that are costly or only available in small quantities, for example polysaccharides, proteins, or lipids due to the small surface area of the membrane being tested. This modular system may also be easily expanded for high throughput testing of membranes.&#160;

Design and fabrication of a three-dimensionally (3-D) printed microfluidic cross-flow filtration system is demonstrated. The system is used to test performance and observe fouling of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration (thin film composite) membranes.

超滤/纳滤膜性能测试三维印刷微流控横流系统

Minimization and management of membrane fouling is a formidable challenge in diverse industrial processes and other practices that utilize membrane ...

Synthesis of Thermogelling Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

Injectable biomaterials are defined as implantable materials that can be introduced into the body as a liquid and solidify in situ. Such materials offer the clinical advantages of being implanted minimally invasively and easily forming space-filling solids in irregularly shaped defects. Injectable biomaterials have been widely investigated as scaffolds for tissue engineering. However, for the repair of certain load-bearing areas in the body, such as the intervertebral disc, scaffolds should possess adhesive properties. This will minimize the risk of dislocation during motion and ensure intimate contact with the surrounding tissue, providing adequate transmission of forces. Here, we describe the preparation and characterization of a scaffold composed of thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAM-g-CS) and alginate microparticles. The PNIPAAm-g-CS copolymer forms a viscous solution in water at RT, into which alginate particles are suspended to enhance adhesion. Above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), around 30 &#176;C, the copolymer forms a solid gel around the microparticles. We have adapted standard biomaterials characterization procedures to take into account the reversible phase transition of PNIPAAm-g-CS. Results indicate that the incorporation of 50 or 75 mg/ml&#160;alginate particles into 5% (w/v) PNIPAAm-g-CS solutions quadruple the adhesive tensile strength of PNIPAAm-gCS alone (p&#60;0.05). The incorporation of alginate microparticles also significantly increases swelling capacity of PNIPAAm-g-CS (p&#60;0.05), helping to maintain a space-filling gel within tissue defects. Finally, results of the in vitro toxicology assay kit, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) and Live/Dead viability assay indicate that the adhesive is capable of supporting the survival and proliferation of encapsulated Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells over 5 days.

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

An injectable tissue engineering scaffold composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAm-g-CS)-containing alginate microparticles was prepared. The adhesive strength, swelling properties and in vitro biocompatibility are analyzed in this study. The characterization techniques developed here may be applicable to other thermogelling systems.

组织工程热胶凝聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺） - 接枝 - 硫酸软骨素复合材料的海藻酸钠微粒的合成

Injectable biomaterials are defined as implantable materials that can be introduced into the body as a liquid and solidify in situ. Such materials offer ...

Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study

The chemical cross-linking of &#946;-cyclodextrin (&#946;-CD) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTA) led to branched polymers referred to as cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNSEDTA). Two different preparations are described with 1:4 and 1:8 CD-EDTA molar ratios. The corresponding cross-linked polymers were contacted with 0.27 M aqueous solution of ibuprofen sodium salt (IP) leading to homogeneous, colorless, drug loaded hydrogels.
The systems were characterized by high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy. Pulsed field gradient spin echo (PGSE) NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the mean square displacement (MSD) of IP inside the polymeric gel at different observation times td. The data were further processed in order to study the time dependence of MSD: MSD = f(td). The proposed methodology is useful to characterize the different diffusion regimes that, in principle, the solute may experience inside the hydrogel, namely normal or anomalous diffusion. The full protocols including the polymer preparation and purification, the obtainment of drug-loaded hydrogels, the NMR sample preparation, the measurement of MSD by HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy and the final data processing to achieve the time dependence of MSD are here reported and discussed. The presented experiments represent a paradigmatic case and the data are discussed in terms of innovative approach to the characterization of the transport properties of an encapsulated guest within a polymeric host of potential application for drug delivery.

The motion regimes of ibuprofen encapsulated in &#946;-cyclodextrin nanosponges polymer network are investigated using pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR technique. Synthesis, purification, drug loading, implementation of the NMR pulse sequence and data analysis to work out the mean square displacement of the drug at several observation times are described in detail.

布洛芬封装的输运性质环糊精Nanosponge凝胶:质子HR-MAS NMR光谱研究

The chemical cross-linking of &#946;-cyclodextrin (&#946;-CD) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTA) led to branched polymers referred to as ...

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and functionalize polymer chains with compounds that are able to improve biocompatibility, mechanical properties, or cell viability allows the design of novel materials to meet new challenges in the biomedical field. With the polymer functionalization strategies, click chemistry is a powerful tool to improve cell-compatibility and drug delivery properties of polymeric devices. Similarly, the fundamental need of biomedicine to use sterile tools to avoid potential adverse-side effects, such as toxicity or contamination of the biological environment, gives rise to increasing interest in the microwave-assisted strategy.
The combination of click chemistry and the microwave-assisted method is suitable to produce biocompatible hydrogels with desired functionalities and improved performances in biomedical applications. This work aims to synthesize RGD-functionalized hydrogels. RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) is a tripeptide that can mimic cell adhesion proteins and bind to cell-surface receptors, creating a hospitable microenvironment for cells within the 3D polymeric network of the hydrogels. RGD functionalization occurs through Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Some PAA carboxyl groups are modified with an alkyne moiety, whereas RGD is functionalized with azido acid as the terminal residue of the peptide sequence. Finally, both products are used in a copper catalyzed click reaction to permanently link the peptide to PAA. This modified polymer is used with carbomer, agarose and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to synthesize a hydrogel matrix. The 3D structure is formed due to an esterification reaction involving carboxyl groups from PAA and carbomer and hydroxyl groups from agarose and PEG through microwave-assisted polycondensation. The efficiency of the gelation mechanism ensures a high degree of RGD functionalization. In addition, the procedure to load therapeutic compounds or biological tools within this functionalized network is very simple and reproducible.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of RGD-functionalized hydrogels as devices for cell and drug delivery. The procedure involves copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) between alkyne-modified polyacrylic acid (PAA) and a RGD-azide derivative. The hydrogels are formed using microwave-assisted polycondensation and their physicochemical properties are investigated.

RGD功能化水凝胶作为治疗应用的工具合成

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and ...

Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block co-polymers featuring cholesterol units as side-chain pendant groups, resulting in smectic-A (SmA) liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Foam-like scaffolds, prepared using metal templates, feature interconnected microchannels, making them suitable as 3D cell culture scaffolds. The combined properties of the regular structure of the metal foam and of the elastomer result in a 3D cell scaffold that promotes not only higher cell proliferation compared to conventional porous templated films, but also better management of mass transport (i.e., nutrients, gases, waste, etc.). The nature of the metal template allows for the easy manipulation of foam shapes (i.e., rolls or films) and for the preparation of scaffolds of different pore sizes for different cell studies while preserving the interconnected porous nature of the template. The etching process does not affect the chemistry of the elastomers, preserving their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. We show that these smectic LCEs, when grown for extensive time periods, enable the study of clinically relevant and complex tissue constructs while promoting the growth and proliferation of cells.

This study presents a methodology to prepare 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffolds based on biocompatible side-chain liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Confocal microscopy experiments show that foam-like LCEs allow for cell attachment, proliferation, and the spontaneous alignment of C2C12s myoblasts.

生物相容的液晶弹性体泡沫的合成中用作细胞支架的三维空间细胞培养

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block ...

Ultrathin Porated Elastic Hydrogels As a Biomimetic Basement Membrane for Dual Cell Culture

The basement membrane is a critical component of cellular bilayers that can vary in stiffness, composition, architecture, and porosity. In vitro studies of endothelial-epithelial bilayers have traditionally relied on permeable support models that enable bilayer culture, but permeable supports are limited in their ability to replicate the diversity of human basement membranes. In contrast, hydrogel models that require chemical synthesis are highly tunable and allow for modifications of both the material stiffness and the biochemical composition via incorporation of biomimetic peptides or proteins. However, traditional hydrogel models are limited in functionality because they lack pores for cell-cell contacts and functional in vitro migration studies. Additionally, due to the thickness of traditional hydrogels, incorporation of pores that span the entire thickness of hydrogels has been challenging. In the present study, we use poly-(ethylene-glycol) (PEG) hydrogels and a novel zinc oxide templating method to address the previous shortcomings of biomimetic hydrogels. As a result, we present an ultrathin, basement membrane-like hydrogel that permits the culture of confluent cellular bilayers on a customizable scaffold with variable pore architectures, mechanical properties, and biochemical composition.

Current bilayer culture models do not allow for functional in vitro studies that mimic in vivo microenvironments. Using polyethylene glycol and a zinc oxide templating method, this protocol describes the development of an ultrathin biomimetic basement membrane with tunable stiffness, porosity, and biochemical composition that closely mimics in vivo extracellular matrices.

超薄 Porated 弹性水凝胶作为双细胞培养的仿生基底膜

The basement membrane is a critical component of cellular bilayers that can vary in stiffness, composition, architecture, and porosity. In vitro studies ...

Synthesis of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities and Cytotoxic Properties

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were treated with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution to form an oxygen-based functional group. Silver MWCNTs were prepared by the reductive deposition of silver from an aqueous solution of AgNO3 on the oxidized MWCNTs. Given the unique color of the CNTs, it was not possible to apply them to the minimum inhibitory concentration or mitochondrial toxicity assays to evaluate the toxicity and antibacterial properties, since they would interfere with the assays. The inhibition zone and minimum bactericidal concentration for the Ag-MWCNTs were measured and Live/Dead and Trypan Blue assays were used to measure the toxicity and antibacterial properties without interfering with the color of the CNTs.

In this study, antimicrobial nanomaterials were synthesized by acidic oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and subsequent reductive deposition of silver nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity tests were performed with the as-prepared nanomaterials.

银纳米粒子改性多壁碳纳米管的合成及其抗菌活性和细胞毒性的评价

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were treated with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution to form an oxygen-based functional group. Silver ...

水凝胶的合成与防污性能作为膜的净水

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

量化的内皮细胞糖复合物的力学性能，用原子力显微镜

通过结合表面接枝和修改后的过程光敏感膜的制备

Microstereolithography和静电结合，以产生膜配备有利基的角膜再生

超滤/纳滤膜性能测试三维印刷微流控横流系统

组织工程热胶凝聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺） - 接枝 - 硫酸软骨素复合材料的海藻酸钠微粒的合成

布洛芬封装的输运性质环糊精Nanosponge凝胶:质子HR-MAS NMR光谱研究

RGD功能化水凝胶作为治疗应用的工具合成

生物相容的液晶弹性体泡沫的合成中用作细胞支架的三维空间细胞培养

超薄 Porated 弹性水凝胶作为双细胞培养的仿生基底膜

银纳米粒子改性多壁碳纳米管的合成及其抗菌活性和细胞毒性的评价

水凝胶的合成与防污性能作为膜的净水

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

量化的内皮细胞糖复合物的力学性能，用原子力显微镜

通过结合表面接枝和修改后的过程光敏感膜的制备

Microstereolit​​hography和静电结合，以产生膜配备有利基的角膜再生

超滤/纳滤膜性能测试三维印刷微流控横流系统

组织工程热胶凝聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺） - 接枝 - 硫酸软骨素复合材料的海藻酸钠微粒的合成

布洛芬封装的输运性质环糊精Nanosponge凝胶:质子HR-MAS NMR光谱研究

RGD功能化水凝胶作为治疗应用的工具合成

生物相容的液晶弹性体泡沫的合成中用作细胞支架的三维空间细胞培养

超薄 Porated 弹性水凝胶作为双细胞培养的仿生基底膜

银纳米粒子改性多壁碳纳米管的合成及其抗菌活性和细胞毒性的评价

Microstereolithography和静电结合，以产生膜配备有利基的角膜再生