对这项工作的支持是由辛辛那提儿童医院医疗中心理事奖SAC和美国国立卫生研究院培训资助（T32NS007453）到VNJ提供

实验过程是由辛辛那提儿童医院医学中心的机构动物护理和使用委员会批准，并遵守NIH指南护理和使用实验动物进行。 1.准备遥测装置植入手术<ol><li>穿戴个人防护设备（ 即，磨砂，鞋套，袍，净毛，掩码和手术手套）。 注:此手术需要一个无菌区。 </li><li>打开培养箱（伺服控制加湿器/婴儿培养箱设定为29℃）并用干燥，白毛巾线它，以允许恢复正确变暖。 </li><li>在手术之前，所有消毒手术器械与环氧乙烷和在使用前的含酶洗涤剂和化学杀菌剂（或由制造商指定）消毒所述发射机。 注:手术器械应包括＃2椎板钳子（标准提示/直/ 12厘米）（×4），窄图案镊子（锯齿/弯曲/ 12厘米），组织分离剪刀（直/平钝/ 11.5厘米），和手术刀保持架和刀片。建议有一组独立的专门用于处理发射器的电线，以保持手术工具完好保留无菌器械（二＃2镊子和剪刀）的。 </li><li>消毒手术区域内的所有表面具有可接受的消毒剂。位置的立体声解剖显微镜，异氟烷麻醉机，手术工具，和指甲刀外科领域（参见材料的表 ）。 </li><li>为了保持鼠标体温而麻醉下，放置一个加热垫或水毯的无菌巾下在立体声解剖显微镜的前面。 </li><li>确保发射机是全功能使用之前。 注:一个小磁体中的发射器将打开和关闭设备的放置在2。当发射机上的RA密切举行DIO设定为500赫兹AM频率时，它将发出一个连续的，高声调的嗡嗡声。为了节省电池寿命，在动物植入前关闭电池断开。 </li><li>准备电极通过修整以用于处理电线使得存在的铅约3厘米（足以达到目标肌肉）（ 图1A）所保留的剪刀远侧引线手术前引线。可替代地，近侧线圈导线到设备并用缝合线一起配合他们使得存在的开卷铅大约3厘米。 注:保存电极的修整断部以制备"引线帽"（塑料绝缘外壳）导致，如在步骤1.9中描述。在步骤3中，发射机引线将通过肌肉被插入，所以与导线的远端，露出的部分必须保持在适当位置，并使用铅帽绝缘。 </li><li>使用解剖刀修剪过0.5厘米塑料覆盖物的不切断导线本身。使用FO保留的工具ř线操纵伸展的引线4的端部- 5倍其初始长度，使得它们很容易适应一个25号针头（ 图1B-B&#39;）的内部。修整引线的露出的线，使得它们为0.5厘米的长度。 </li><li>准备引线盖（塑料管，以覆盖导线端部）在手术前。使用解剖刀修剪过从围绕电极的各段的塑料外壳0.25厘米长管引线从步骤1.7保存。 注:四个铅帽需要为每个鼠标将要进行植入，但最好是准备所需瓶盖量的两倍。有额外的无菌准备铅帽是有帮助的情况下，确保铅帽是在第一次尝试失败。 </li><li>记录插入发射器的序列号和保存原包装与所述校准信息。每个发射机具有用于EMG记录不同频率的校准;这些状态输入采集软件，以获得可接受的EMG录音。 </li></ol> 2.准备鼠标外科手术<ol><li>选择所需的小鼠用于植入（ 即，SOD1（G93A）或对照）和称重动物。 注:鼠标（男性或女性）的推荐年龄和体重接受这种手术是P56 - P120和≥24克，分别。 </li><li>麻醉下3.5％异氟烷的小鼠用2升/分钟的氧气流率。执行脚趾捏和尾捏，以确保鼠标完全麻醉。 </li><li>一旦麻醉后，从下拉框中通过鼻锥通过设置异氟烷水平至1.5％，氧流量为1升/分移开鼠标和维持麻醉。执行捏脚趾和/或尾巴捏，以确保麻醉维持。 </li><li>涂上润滑剂眼药膏，以防止眼睛手术过程中干燥。 </li><li>剃鼠标以暴露耳朵和肩膀（ 图1C）之间的手术部位。 </li><l我&gt;剪辑同侧手术部位的脚趾甲，以减少鼠标拉出引线或在愈合过程中划伤造成伤口的机会。 </li><li>交替擦拭手术部位，先用消毒液，然后用异丙醇。重复2次以上。 </li></ol> 3.植入遥测设备记录斜角肌和斜方肌肌电活动<ol><li>放置动物解剖显微镜下，在其上的无菌覆盖垫加热垫的顶侧，并用胶带固定鼻锥到位。请注意，最好是植入的右侧，以减少从心脏起源ECG信号。 注:监测呼吸和，调节异氟烷水平如果必要的话，保持有规律的呼吸速率和麻醉的合适的手术平面。 </li><li>拉向沿着躯干同侧脚前肢。 注:此位置取代了肩胛骨尾端，提供手术进入到Scalene和斜方肌。 <ol><li>取钝弯钳，忍住前爪同侧到手术部位，以及在适当位置用胶带将爪（ 图1C）。使用强粘合医用胶带，以确保爪子是安全的程序的时间。 </li></ol></li><li>穿上一双崭新的外科手术手套。使用手术刀作出斜切口，约2厘米长，肩部和耳（红线在图1C）之间。 </li><li>使用两个＃2椎板钳，一个在每个手，拉回脂肪垫和分开斜方肌和颈阔肌肌肉以暴露覆盖胸锁乳突肌与斜角肌（ 图1D和E）的筋膜上。 </li><li>使用淡胸锁乳突肌和膈神经作为标志标识斜角肌。需要注意的是膈神经平行延伸到斜角肌，而胸锁乳突肌在于INFErior。该斜角肌从颈椎到斜方肌下排骨斜跑。生物电势引线将被插入到前斜角肌，其可以被识别为运行相邻于膈神经（ 图1F 和G）的肌肉。 注意:注意。这个区域是高度血管，并且必须小心，避免切割锁骨下动脉。避免损伤膈神经和臂丛神经。 </li><li>一旦斜角肌和斜方肌已经确定（ 图1G），使皮下口袋对动物的背部，肩胛骨之间发射。 <ol><li>使用组织分离剪刀，只插入皮肤下面剪刀的钝顶和传播，直到一个口袋开口，其发射机的大约1.25倍的宽度形成（ 图1H）。 注:发射机应以最小的阻力插入，但麻子等不应该这么大，发射器可自行移动。如果口袋太小，发射机也可能摩擦皮肤，造成皮肤刺激，可能促使动物抓破皮肤和/或导线拔出。如果口袋太大，血清肿可能形成，或者发射机可以迁移到一个不利的位置。 </li></ol></li><li>温暖，无菌生理盐水冲洗并用抗肌肉的平坦的侧面插入发射器。使得其位于平面和导线从袋，出现平行于彼此而不是扭曲（ 图1I）的发送器的位置。卷曲丝的任何多余长度的装置和下把它平。 </li><li>运行从发射机到斜角肌和斜方肌引线，使得两组双电位引线平放并彼此平行。 </li><li>使用椎板镊子前斜角肌从周围的肌肉中分离，并通过斜角肌亩插入一个25号针CLE，垂直于肌肉纤维。 <ol><li>插入一个引线插入针的尖端，然后拔出针从肌肉，留下插入到肌肉到导线（ 图1J和K）的绝缘导线的后面。其色引线插入到肌肉记录。 </li></ol></li><li>放置氰基丙烯酸酯类粘合剂的一小滴在电线上，靠近在引线插入肌肉的暴露端，并使得没有导线引线盖和肌肉（ 图2A之间暴露快速滑过导线的导线帽和B）。 注:虽然这是一个公认的做法，以确保EMG氰基丙烯酸酯17，18引线，另一种方法是通过把它周围的丝线打结固定到位导线帽。 </li><li>修剪多余线远端的帽和应用氰基丙烯酸酯粘合剂的液滴到引线盖/导线的端部。给胶时间到释放（ 图2C和D）之前聚合。 </li><li>按照相同的步骤（步骤3.10-3.12）来插入平行相反的极性导致所述第一在同一肌肉，1 - 2毫米从第一引线程。 </li><li>重复步骤3.10 - 3.12插入导线进入斜方肌，位于只是前斜角肌（ 图1L和M）。 </li><li>确保引线是固定的地方，有刚够松弛引线的动物没有拉动导线进行身体运动。确保铅任何多余的长度不推向皮肤，因为这可能导致刺激，可能促使动物划伤或引线拉出。重新定位的线索，如果有必要，以防止任何可能发生的不适。 </li><li>轻轻取出磁带按住前肢。拉脂肪垫在背部肌肉，并用它来覆盖插入导线。用氰基丙烯酸酯粘合剂通过挑逗关闭切口皮瓣重新走到一起，使切口线了。与弯钳一起捏皮瓣的一部分，并且沿着这条线施加氰基丙烯酸酯类粘合剂的一小行。 </li><li>注入0.1毫升卡洛芬皮下的，以减轻术后疼痛，而动物是仍然麻醉下。 注: - 之后根据需要2天手术后，再继续管理0.1毫升卡洛芬一日一次1。 </li><li>从鼻锥中取出的动物，并将其放置在干净的笼中预温孵化，直到动物是清醒和周围的笼移动主动。保持动物在孵化至少15分钟后，监测它的运动和警觉性。 </li></ol> 4.术后护理<ol><li>房子动物单独手术。提供饮食凝胶和水瓶愈合的动物。 </li><li>监测手术后第一个30分钟的动物。检查动物至少每隔一小时˚F或5小时后手术。在手术后的日子里，每天检查至少两次。 </li><li>观看为坏死，感染沿切口和含有所述植入物（ 即，发热，肿胀，发红和）在体腔内，和血清肿形成。 注:第一个星期内出现这些迹象手术后。手术后愈合健康动物的一个月如图1N。虽然肌电图记录可以立即植入后进行的动物给予至少一周记录肌电图描记法之前医治，心电图信号可在植入后立即高。 </li></ol> 5.获取同步肌电和体积描记信号<ol><li>打开所有采集设备，包括偏流量。 注:对于小鼠的流速典型地设定为1.0升/分。 </li><li>校准使用流量计的体积描记法室（一个或多个）。 注:定期检查体积描记chambeRS以保证密封件不会破裂或损坏。涂层橡胶密封件与润滑剂诸如真空润滑脂每周一次，以保持其良好的状态。 </li><li>如制造商所指定的输入发射机校准。 </li><li>鼠标放置在体积描记室至少1个小时，以适应前它记录EMG和体积描记法。使用多个腔室，它是可能的，同时下一个鼠标在第二腔室驯化从一个鼠标记录。不要在发射机中的驯化期，以节省电池电力（ 图1O）转动。 </li><li>在此之前的记录（但校准后），通过将内1中的强磁体在植入动物的打开发射机;在接收器的前部的红光将指示当发射机上。 </li><li>使用标有"收购"的下拉菜单开始收购，并选择"开始采集"。虽然录音时间可通过实验而变化，一个典型的体积描记术和EMG记录持续1 - 3小时。 注:发射器具有240 Hz的固有采样率。 500 Hz的更快的速度在软件中设置点之间进行插值，并提供一个平滑的波形。低通滤波器（在作为抗混叠滤波器），并在植入物中的高通滤波器指定该遥测装置1- 50赫兹带宽。 60 Hz的A / C干扰没有贡献的过量噪声在EMG信号，因为植入物是电池供电的并且动物屏蔽植入物和从电场导致。体积描记法，肌电图和视频会自动实时通过收购软件同步。 </li><li>当采集结束时，关闭发射机有磁铁，并从腔室去除动物。 </li><li>如果启动另一个记录，清洁室，在从下一个动物新型变送器校准输入，并开始第二记录。如果翅片与收购当天ished，关闭发射机，清理体积描记室，并关闭所有采集设备和偏流。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55599/55599fig1.jpg" /> 图1.遥测装置植入到测量呼吸肌EMG。有两对生物电势（A）的遥测发射器导致测量EMG。引线可以被修整至所需长度（底部）或盘绕和发射机（顶部）的下方卷起。 （B）变送器。 （B"）与引线修整过胶绝缘以暴露导线和让导线盖（插图）。 （B&#39;）与拉伸4线引线- 5倍它们的原始长度。引线应修剪，使得它们为0.5厘米长（未示出）。 （C）鼠标准备手术，用刮手术部位和正确定位前爪。红色虚线表示切口部位。 （D）表面的肌肉位于在初始切口脂肪垫和筋膜，可见下面。 T =斜方肌。 S =胸锁乳突肌。 P =颈阔肌。黄色箭头=膈神经。在（D）中所示的肌肉和膈神经的（E）卡通图。钳子应该被用来分开斜方肌和颈阔肌肌肉到达更深斜角肌，在（F）中示出和（G）。 （F）的地标用于识别斜角肌和斜方肌的位置。此图像显示锁骨下动脉（白色箭头），膈神经/臂丛（黑色箭头），和淡胸锁乳突肌（黄色箭头）。 （G）描绘卡通较深肌肉（ 即，中斜角肌，前斜角肌，和SCM），锁骨下动脉，和膈神经的位置。后斜角肌是不可见的。这些都可以访问只有当SUPERFICI人的肌肉（在D和E）被分开。 （H）制作用于使用钝尖剪刀发射器的口袋。 （I）在皮下袋中插入发射机中，而平行定位的引线从袋出现。 （J）的25号针插入斜角肌插入，垂直于肌肉纤维，以使该引线的隧道。 （K）插入斜角肌两个引线。引线帽被定位在端部和胶合就位。 （L）的25号针插入斜方肌插入，垂直于肌肉纤维，以使该引线的隧道。 （M）的所有四条引线插入斜方肌和斜角肌和平躺之前切口的闭合。 （N）充分回收鼠标，与背面发射机位于皮下。 （O）同时记录体积描记法，肌肉EMG活动，一个第二视频分别使用体积描记法室（黄色箭头），遥测接收垫（红色箭头），和照相机（黑色箭头）。一种多功能偏流经由塑料管（蓝色箭头）供给氧到鼠标连接到所述体积描记法室。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55599/55599fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55599/55599fig2.jpg" /> 图2. 保护铅帽与瞬干胶。 （A）应用氰基丙烯酸酯（紫色圆圈）的一小滴在电极引线（E）丝邻近所述肌肉的暴露的导线。 （B）快速使得引线盖帽设置直接邻近肌肉所制备的引线帽（LC）滑到露出的线在氰基丙烯酸酯粘合剂。 （C）修剪过导线帽和导线的远端的一小部分，以便有暴露的电极本没有不与塑料绝缘。 （D）应用氰基丙烯酸酯粘合剂中的一个小水滴到引线盖的端。除去从动物导线帽的修整掉远端。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55599/55599fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 6. ARM肌电图和体积描记法分析<ol><li>打开分析软件和审查感兴趣的文件（去"文件"，然后选择"打开文件审核"）。过滤使用30赫兹的高通滤波器通过对EMG跟踪右击EMG信号，选择"分析属性，"突出"高级属性1"标签，改变高通滤波器30赫兹。 注:该过滤步骤除去非判别，低频信息。 </li&gt; <li>通过基于在所述同步的视频文件中的缺少运动和缺乏大的，不规则的压力变化，由于在体积描记迹（ 图3A中的红色框）运动目测定位小鼠非活动区域;当鼠标睡着或清醒，但仍然出现不活动。 </li><li>独立识别EMG回合每块肌肉。 <ol><li>整流和滤波后的信号EMG在30毫秒（ 图4）相集成。 注意:由于小鼠呼吸在3赫兹的速率，每次呼吸是由大约11积分值来表示。 </li><li>通过当鼠标是不活动的和体积描记的轨迹显示正常呼吸（正常的呼吸）（ 图4）与平均的时间段3秒的EMG信号相关联的整流和积分值确定基线EMG振幅。 </li><li>识别由至少3个连续的整流和积分值定义的活动的"较量"是至少有50％增加基线EMG信号之上（步骤6.3.2确定）。 注:三个连续的值代表一个90毫秒的窗口，但一些较量将包含高于阈值大于3点的值，并会持续更长的时间超过90毫秒。 </li><li>使用同步的视频和体积描记法跟踪排除叹息（ 图3B）期间发生的发作;嗅探（ 图3C）;或意志鼠标动作，诸如头部转动或修饰。 </li><li>重复步骤6.3.1 - 6.3.4第二肌肉。 </li></ol></li><li>计算每个肌肉回合频率。录制）每个不活动时段的开始时间和结束时间，和b）使用上述标准发生的每个回合的时间。总结总的无效时间。通过的非活动时间超过了记录会话来计算回合频率的过程中，总分钟除以较量的总数。 </li><li>确定是否在通风变化与所记录米激活相关uscles。 <ol><li>选择呼吸参数被测量（ 例如，峰值吸气流量，潮气量，每分钟通气量，每分钟呼吸）。 注意:所有可能的选择都可以在P3设置下拉菜单中找到"导出参数"。 </li><li>识别EMG活动回合期间发生的呼吸和EMG基线活动期间发生的呼吸（ 图4）。 </li><li>创建解析器段跨越了与EMG回合活动相关联，并创建与基线肌电活动相关的独立解析器段体积描记法呼吸。务必将分析的类型"解析器赛格。" 注意:这样的选择是根据P3设置下拉菜单中找到"数据还原设置"。 </li><li>标志与体积描记法跟踪事件通过右键单击每个解析器段的开始。指定包含解析器段为"事件1"的下拉菜单和SP A回合ecify基线解析器段为"事件2"以区分两类段。 </li><li>在"功能"菜单，保存"标志节"和"导出数据的痕迹。"根据数据解析器菜单，保存"经分析审查文件"和"经分析导出的数据。" 注:对于每个单独的呼吸所选择的呼吸参数在标记导出的数据表中标记的标签被发现"导"。 </li><li>比较呼吸参数用于在ARM发作（标记为事件1）相对于基线活性（标记为事件2）过程中发生的，以确定是否肌肉活动与在通风变化相关的呼吸发生的呼吸。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+to+remove+ECG+artifacts+from+trunk+muscle+EMG+signals.">A simple method to remove ECG artifacts from trunk muscle EMG signals.</a> J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 19 (6), e554-e555 (2009).</li><li>Lu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removing+ECG+noise+from+surface+EMG+signals+using+adaptive+filtering.">Removing ECG noise from surface EMG signals using adaptive filtering.</a> Neurosci Lett. 462 (1), 14-19 (2009).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

这里展示的程序允许呼吸肌肉活动和通风的无创（发射机的初始手术植入后）测量了在相同的动物数月。该技术具有超过在麻醉的小鼠标准EMG技术的若干优点:1）在实验中需要更少的小鼠，并提供在跨越疾病阶段的单个小鼠（以记录的，而不是使用多个小鼠在不同的疾病阶段）来自同一个站点数据的能力; 2）数据分析可以与更强大的统计测试（ 即，使用重复测量的，而不是单独的比较实验?...

在高需求（ 如运动）的时间辅助呼吸肌（ARMS）加大通风量，并有助于在隔膜功能受损以下损伤或疾病1，2，保持通风。虽然在光圈功能变化在肌萎缩侧索硬化（ALS）的患者和小鼠模型已经很好地描述3，4，5，6，较少被知道关于在ALS臂的活性或功能。然而，一项研究表明，招募ARM的ALS患者比那些具有类似隔膜功能障碍不7预后较好。此外，ARM活性足以在隔膜麻痹8的情况下呼吸。这些研究表明，战略，以增强ARM功能可以改善breathi纳克在从神经肌肉疾病，脊髓损伤，或在其中振动板功能受损的其它条件的患者。然而，控制ARM招聘呼吸的机制在很大程度上是未知的。方法来测量呼吸功能，并研究组是如何招募需要在疾病或损伤的动物模型时间ARM活动的变化，以及评价疗法来改善ARM招聘和通风。此外，手臂与光圈功能的渐进性丧失一致的增加的活性可以是用于神经肌肉疾病如ALS 7，9，10的疾病进展的有用的生物标志物。 该方案描述于非侵入性的方法（以下初始手术）和重复地测量在清醒，表现小鼠呼吸肌和通风的活性。肌电图的同步录音Y（EMG），全身体积描记法（WBP）和视频允许研究者评估ARM活动冲击通风如何变化，并确定当被摄体处于静止或移动的。这种方法的一个主要优点是，它可以在清醒，表现小鼠中执行，而一些可替代的方法来测量的EMG需要麻醉和/或是终端的程序11，12，13。 EMG活动的对清醒小鼠随时间的记录，也可以通过EMG的长期植入引线，其中，所述鼠标通过导线拴到采集系统14，15来完成的。因为栓系小鼠可与正常运动或行为干扰和可能不与一个标准的体积描记法室兼容，所描述的方法使用遥测装置以无线方式传输的EMG信号的采集系统。变送器可以上或关闭用磁铁以节省电池电量，并允许重复EMG活动的测量超过几个月。该协议可以很容易地适应通过将EMG测量的额外呼吸或非呼吸肌活性通向不同的肌肉。可替代地，两个引线中的一个可以被用于测量脑电活动来评估睡眠状态或识别发作活动16。该技术已成功用于测量在休息在整个疾病进展的ALS小鼠模型中ARM活性的变化，并确定关键的神经元驱动臂活动健康小鼠10。

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		<tr>
			<td>B6.Cg-Tg (SOD1*G93A)1 Gur/J</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>4435</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Buxco Respiratory Products/ Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>601-1425-001</td>
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			<td>Telemetry Receivers (Model RPC-1)</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>272-6001-001</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Bias Flow Pump (Model BFL0500)</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>601-2201-001</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>ACQ-7000 USB</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>PNM-P3P-7002XS</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Dataquest A.R.T. Data Exchange Matrix</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>271-0117-001</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>New Ponemah Analysis System</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>PNM-POST-CFG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ponemah Physiology Platform Acqusition software v5.20</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>PNM-P3P-520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ponemah Unrestrained Whole Breath Plethysmography analysis package v5.20</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>PNM-URP100W</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Configured Ponemah Software System</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>PNM-P3P-CFG</td>
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			<td>Analysis Module (URP)</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>PNM-URP100W</td>
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			<td>Universal Amplifier</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>13-7715-59</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Sync Board</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>271-0401-001</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Sync Cable</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>274-0030-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Transducer-Pressure Buxco</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>600-1114-001</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Flow Meter</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>600-1260-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Magnet and Radio included in F20-EET Starter Kit</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>276-0400-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axis P1363 Video Camera&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>275-0201-001</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Terg-A-Zyme</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-821-785</td>
			<td>Enzyme Detergent</td>
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			<td>Actril</td>
			<td>Minntech Corporation</td>
			<td>78337-000</td>
			<td>Chemical Sterilant</td>
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			<td>Stereo Dissecting Microscope (Model MEB126)</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>10-450-508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Servo-Controlled Humidifier/Infant Incubator</td>
			<td>OHMEDA Ohio Care Plus</td>
			<td>6600-0506-803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>TL11M2-F20-EET Transmitters</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>270-0124-001</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Dumont #2 Laminectomy Forceps - Standard Tips/Straight/12cm (x2)&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>11223-20</td>
			<td>For handling wires</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #2 Laminectomy Forceps - Standard Tips/Straight/12cm (x2)</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>11223-20</td>
			<td>For surgery</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Narrow Pattern Forceps- Serrated/Curved/12cm</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>17003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring Scissors - Tough Cut/Straight/Sharp/12.5cm/6mm Cutting Edge</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>15124-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Tissue Separating Scissors - Straight/Blunt-Blunt/11.5cm</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>14072-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors - Tough Cut/Curved/Sharp-Sharp/9 cm&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>14058-11</td>
			<td>For cutting wires and clipping nails</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Handle #3</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Blade</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>10010-00</td>
			<td>For preparing lead caps</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Polysorb Braided Absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Coviden</td>
			<td>D4G1532X</td>
			<td>For coiling transmitter leads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gluture&#160;</td>
			<td>Zoetis Inc.</td>
			<td>6606-65-1</td>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate adhesive</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>3 mL Syring Slip Tip - Soft</td>
			<td>Vitality Medical</td>
			<td>118030055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25G Needle (X2)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson and Co.</td>
			<td>305-145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Tipped Applicators</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>100-9175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Andis Easy Cut Hair Clipper Set</td>
			<td>Andis</td>
			<td>049-06-0271</td>
			<td>Electrical Razor sold at Target</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>29404</td>
			<td>Anesthetic&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl Alcohol 70%</td>
			<td>Priority Care 1</td>
			<td>MS070PC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dermachlor 2% Medical Scrub (chlorohexidine 2%)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>55482</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Artificial Tears</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>48272</td>
			<td>Lubricant Opthalmic Ointment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum grease</td>
			<td>Dow Corning Corporation</td>
			<td>1597418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Water Blanket</td>
			<td>JorVet</td>
			<td>JOR784BN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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</table>

repeated measurement of respiratory muscle activity and ventilation in mouse models of neuromuscular disease

辅助呼吸肌帮助时膈肌功能受损保持通风。以下方案描述了一种用于在数周或辅助呼吸肌肉活动的个月，同时测量在非麻醉，自由地表现小鼠通风重复测量的方法。该技术包括一个无线电发射器的外科植入和电极的插入通向斜角肌和斜方肌测量这些吸气肌肉的肌电活动。通风是通过全身体积描记术测量的，和动物运动由视频评估，并与肌电活动同步。肌萎缩侧索硬化症的小鼠模型中的肌肉活动和通风的测量都显示这个工具如何可以用来研究肌肉活动如何随时间变化的呼吸和评估肌肉活动对通风的影响。所描述的方法可以通过电子邮件asily适合于测量其它肌肉的活动或疾病或损伤的额外的鼠标模型来评估辅助呼吸肌活动。

所描述的方案用于植入遥测设备，并记录和斜角肌斜方肌EMG，WBP和SOD1（G93A）ALS模型小鼠的视频。时段，其中所述动物是无活性的（ 例如，不动）用的视频记录确定并通过在微量WBP（ 图3A）缺乏运动相关的活动的确认。不活动时段包括在REM或非REM睡眠所花费的时间，以及时间花费清醒，但仍（ 图3A）。在这个非激活时间EMG活动记录为一个回...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Repeated Measurement of Respiratory Muscle Activity and Ventilation in Mouse Models of Neuromuscular Disease at JoVE.com

Repeated Measurement of Respiratory Muscle Activity and Ventilation in Mouse Models of Neuromuscular Disease

本文介绍了通过植入遥测装置在整个疾病进展全身体积描记术和肌电自由表现肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）小鼠模型中的通风和呼吸肌肉活动的重复测量的方法。

在神经肌肉疾病的模型小鼠呼吸肌肉活动和通风的重复测量

Accessory respiratory muscles help to maintain ventilation when diaphragm function is impaired. The following protocol describes a method for repeated ...

repeated-measurement-respiratory-muscle-activity-ventilation-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.8K 次观看.  University of Cincinnati. 本文介绍了通过植入遥测装置在整个疾病进展全身体积描记术和肌电自由表现肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）小鼠模型中的通风和呼吸肌肉活动的重复测量的方法。 

视频: Repeated Measurement of Respiratory Muscle Activity and Ventilation in Mouse Models of Neuromuscular Disease

A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. 
NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening6, angiogenesis7-9, growth factor secretion9-11, and muscle precursor cell activation12 are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see 13). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner14, offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. 
Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.

A murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a safe and inexpensive clinical modality, to the anterior compartment muscles is described. This model has the advantage of modifying a readily available clinical device for the purpose of eliciting targeted and specific muscle contractions in mice.

一个小鼠模型，通过神经肌肉电刺激肌肉训练

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional ...

科研

医学

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination is disrupted by spinal cord injury (SCI), control of respiratory muscles innervated below the injury level is compromised1,2 leading to respiratory muscle dysfunction and pulmonary complications. These conditions are among the leading causes of death in patients with SCI3. Standard pulmonary function tests that assess respiratory motor function include spirometrical and maximum airway pressure outcomes: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (PImax) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (PEmax)4,5. These values provide indirect measurements of respiratory muscle performance6. In clinical practice and research, a surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded from respiratory muscles can be used to assess respiratory motor function and help to diagnose neuromuscular pathology. However, variability in the sEMG amplitude inhibits efforts to develop objective and direct measures of respiratory motor function6. Based on a multi-muscle sEMG approach to characterize motor control of limb muscles7, known as the voluntary response index (VRI)8, we developed an analytical tool to characterize respiratory motor control directly from sEMG data recorded from multiple respiratory muscles during the voluntary respiratory tasks. We have termed this the Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA)9. This vector analysis method quantifies the amount and distribution of activity across muscles and presents it in the form of an index that relates the degree to which sEMG output within a test-subject resembles that from a group of healthy (non-injured) controls. The resulting index value has been shown to have high face validity, sensitivity and specificity9-11. We showed previously9 that the RMCA outcomes significantly correlate with levels of SCI and pulmonary function measures. We are presenting here the method to quantitatively compare post-spinal cord injury respiratory multi-muscle activation patterns to those of healthy individuals.

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment RMCA in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

The purpose of this publication is to present our original work on a multi-muscle surface electromyographic approach to quantitatively characterize respiratory muscle activation patterns in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury using vector-based analysis.

评价呼吸肌慢性脊髓损伤个人使用呼吸电机控制评估（RMCA）

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

一个简单的方法小鼠肺插管

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and neurological patients1-4, but also in healthy older adults5,6. The quantitative gait analysis described in this protocol is performed with a recently-introduced photoelectric system (see&#160;Materials table) which has the potential to be used in the clinic because it is portable, easy to set up (no subject preparation is required before a test), and does not require maintenance and sensor calibration. The photoelectric system consists of series of high-density floor-based photoelectric cells with light-emitting and light-receiving diodes that are placed parallel to each other to create a corridor, and are oriented perpendicular to the line of progression7. The system simply detects interruptions in light signal, for instance due to the presence of feet within the recording area. Temporal gait parameters and 1D spatial coordinates of consecutive steps are subsequently calculated to provide common gait parameters such as step length, single limb support and walking velocity8, whose validity against a criterion instrument has recently been demonstrated7,9. The measurement procedures are very straightforward; a single patient can be tested in less than 5 min&#160;and a comprehensive report can be generated in less than 1&#160;min.

This protocol is used to evaluate spatial and temporal gait variables of neurological/orthopedic patients and older persons by means of a recently-introduced floor-based photocell system.

时空步态参数的患者和老年人的临床评估

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and ...

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

COPD is projected to be the third most common cause of mortality world-wide by 2020(1). Animal models of COPD are used to identify molecules that contribute to the disease process and to test the efficacy of novel therapies for COPD. Researchers use a number of models of COPD employing different species including rodents, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and dogs(2). However, the most widely-used model is that in which mice are exposed to cigarette smoke. Mice are an especially useful species in which to model COPD because their genome can readily be manipulated to generate animals that are either deficient in, or over-express individual proteins. Studies of gene-targeted mice that have been exposed to cigarette smoke have provided valuable information about the contributions of individual molecules to different lung pathologies in COPD(3-5). Most studies have focused on pathways involved in emphysema development which contributes to the airflow obstruction that is characteristic of COPD. However, small airway fibrosis also contributes significantly to airflow obstruction in human COPD patients(6), but much less is known about the pathogenesis of this lesion in smoke-exposed animals. To address this knowledge gap, this protocol quantifies both emphysema development and small airway fibrosis in smoke-exposed mice. This protocol exposes mice to CS using a whole-body exposure technique, then measures respiratory mechanics in the mice, inflates the lungs of mice to a standard pressure, and fixes the lungs in formalin. The researcher then stains the lung sections with either Gill&#8217;s stain to measure the mean alveolar chord length (as a readout of emphysema severity) or Masson&#8217;s trichrome stain to measure deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins around small airways (as a readout of small airway fibrosis). Studies of the effects of molecular pathways on both of these lung pathologies will lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD.

The goal of this protocol is to provide automated methods to quantify chronic lung pathologies in a murine model of COPD. The protocol includes exposing mice to cigarette smoke (CS), measuring pulmonary function, inflating the lungs, and using morphometry methods to measure emphysema and small airway remodeling in mice.

肺气肿，小气道重塑的香烟烟雾暴露小鼠自动测量

COPD is projected to be the third most common cause of mortality world-wide by 2020(1).  Animal models of COPD are used to identify molecules that ...

A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma

Sensitization to grass pollen imposes a global risk for allergic airway diseases. Although prevention relies on local investigation of the pollen allergens, data on this topic are limited in southern China. Any available data were obtained by self-report questionnaires, skin prick tests, and total or specific IgE tests using crude extracts. For many reasons, these methods are unreliable. Serum sIgE reactivity to Bermuda grass, Timothy grass, and Humulus scandens allergens in a cohort of patients from Greater Guangzhou (southern China&#39;s largest city and its outskirts) with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma were examined using a fully-automated immunoassay analyzer as a component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) tool.
For the first time, a considerably high prevalence of Bermuda grass sIgE positivity was demonstrated in Chinese southerners with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. In these patients, a subtle prevalence of sensitization to Timothy grass and Humulus scandens was also noted, which may arise from cross-reactivity, as the latter two are not common in the region. This was also supported by the detection of allergen components.
Fully-automated immunoassay analyzers may offer satisfactory consistency between regions, laboratories, and institutions and over time. The automaticity of the instrument may enable a standardized detection that would not have been readily revealed before the advent of CRD.
This is a study that uses a CRD approach to investigate sensitization to grass pollen allergens in southern China. It adds to current evidence in the literature. Future studies are needed to validate these findings. However, although CRD is a useful tool, the findings made with the fully-automated immunoassay analyzer should not substitute for other laboratory investigations, clinical evaluations, and physician expertise.

This work describes a protocol that uses a component-resolved approach to study sensitization to grass pollen allergens in a cohort of patients from southern China with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma.

中国南方与过敏性鼻炎和/或哮喘的花粉过敏原研究的成分分析诊断方法

Sensitization to grass pollen imposes a global risk for allergic airway diseases. Although prevention relies on local investigation of the pollen ...

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and lung parenchymal destruction. It has a very high incidence in aging populations. The current conventional therapies for COPD focus mainly on symptom-modifying drugs; thus, the development of new therapies is urgently needed. Qualified animal models of COPD could help to characterize the underlying mechanisms and can be used for new drug screening. Current COPD models, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced emphysema model, generate COPD-like lesions in the lungs and airways but do not otherwise resemble the pathogenesis of human COPD. A cigarette smoke (CS)-induced model remains one of the most popular because it not only simulates COPD-like lesions in the respiratory system, but it is also based on one of the main hazardous materials that causes COPD in humans. However, the time-consuming and labor-intensive aspects of the CS-induced model dramatically limit its application in new drug screening. In this study, we successfully generated a new COPD model by exposing mice to high levels of ozone. This model demonstrated the following: 1) decreased forced expiratory volume 25, 50, and 75/forced vital capacity (FEV25/FVC, FEV50/FVC, and FEV75/FVC), indicating the deterioration of lung function; 2) enlarged lung alveoli, with lung parenchymal destruction; 3) reduced fatigue time and distance; and 4) increased inflammation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the ozone exposure (OE) model is a reliable animal model that is similar to humans because ozone overexposure is one of the etiological factors of COPD. Additionally, it only took 6 - 8 weeks, based on our previous work, to create an OE model, whereas it requires 3 - 12 months to induce the cigarette smoke model, indicating that the OE model might be a good choice for COPD research.

This study describes the successful generation of a new chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) animal model by repeatedly exposing mice to high concentrations of ozone.

反复臭氧暴露对小鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型的产生

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and lung parenchymal destruction. It has a very high ...

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy and podocyte-specific VEGF-A knock-out mice; therefore, this protocol describes the full kidney work-up used in our lab to assess these mouse models of glomerular disease, enabling a vast amount of information regarding kidney and glomerular function to be obtained from a single mouse. In comparison to alternative methods presented in the literature to assess glomerular function, the use of the method outlined in this paper enables the glomerular phenotype to be fully evaluated from multiple aspects. By using this method, the researcher can determine the kidney phenotype of the model and assess the mechanism as to why the phenotype develops. This vital information on the mechanism of disease is required when examining potential therapeutic avenues in these models. The methods allow for detailed functional assessment of the glomerular filtration barrier through measurement of the urinary albumin creatinine ratio and individual glomerular water permeability, as well as both structural and ultra-structural examination using the Periodic Acid Schiff stain and electron microscopy. Furthermore, analysis of the genes dysregulated at the mRNA and protein level enables mechanistic analysis of glomerular function. This protocol outlines the generic but adaptable methods that can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

This protocol describes a full kidney work-up that should be carried out in mouse models of glomerular disease. The methods allow for detailed functional, structural, and mechanistic analysis of glomerular function, which can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

小鼠肾小球疾病模型肾脏功能的评价

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Dorsiflexor Muscle Function in Mice

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively affect skeletal muscle. This can result in a loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and/or loss of muscle quality (reduced force per unit of muscle mass), both of which are prevalent in chronic disease, muscle-specific disease, immobilization, and aging (sarcopenia). Skeletal muscle function in animals can be evaluated by a range of different tests. All tests have limitations related to the physiological testing environment, and the selection of a specific test often depends on the nature of the experiments. Here, we describe an in vivo, non-invasive technique involving a helpful and easy assessment of force frequency-curve (FFC) in mice that can be performed on the same animal over time. This permits monitoring of disease progression and/or efficacy&#160;of a potential therapeutic treatment.

Measurement of rodent skeletal muscle contractile function is a useful tool that can be used to track disease progression as well as efficacy of therapeutic intervention. We describe here the non-invasive, in vivo assessment of the dorsiflexor muscles that can be repeated over time in the same mouse.

小鼠肌功能的无创评价

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively ...