Name: whole-mount clearing and staining of arabidopsis flower organs and siliques
Uploaded: 2018-04-12T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了苏黎世大学的支持, IEF. 居里夫人 (格兰特。TransEpigen-254797 对回历), 欧洲研究理事会的高级赠款 (授予 no。MEDEA-250358 到 U.G.), 和一个研究和技术开发项目 (赠款 MecanX U.G.) SystemsX.ch, 瑞士倡议在系统生物学。

1. 花和角果固定
<ol><li>从植物中收获的花朵和角果在第一朵花的开头同步。 注: 在这里使用的实验条件下, 植物开始开花大约21天后, 从 Murashige 和 Skoog (MS) 板块移植到土壤。种子被分层为3–4天在4°c 并且发芽或生长在 MS 板材在22°c/16 h 光和18°c/8 h 黑暗期间8到10天, 在被保留的盆栽下在营养丰富的土壤的幼苗在同样条件下 (图 1)。复制的数量取决于具体的研究目标, 但推荐每种治疗的至少5个花序 (从5个单独植物)。如果花是实验单位, 建议每复制至少10朵花。</li>
	<li>剪切花序或花 (图 1E-H) 使用小剪刀 (如, 指甲剪刀), 并立即放置在一个离心管 (为单花序/花固定) 或圆锥管 (为集体固定)含有新鲜制成的 Carnoy, 甲醇/乙酸, 或 FPA50 护 (取决于应用, 见下文) 在冰上。 注: 样品应完全浸入固定液中。</li>
	<li>将组织内的固定体保持在4小时至一夜4摄氏度。 注: 真空渗透可用于加快固定器的渗透到组织中, 但这可能会损害保存组织的结构。作者不实施真空渗透。</li>
	<li>取出固定剂, 添加足够的70% 乙醇, 以覆盖样品, 并将其返回到4摄氏度至少24小时;示例可以无限期地保留在此解决方案中。除去乙醇后, 立即进行下一步;要么解剖, 要么是 SDS 清理。</li>
</ol>2. 显微镜下的解剖
<ol><li>把新鲜的70% 乙醇放在一个手表制造商的玻璃上放置在一个小的培养皿支持。</li>
	<li>
将花序/花/角果放在这个刚制成的固定器上, 用镊子和注射器在显微镜下解剖。
	<ol>
<li>使用手表制造商的玻璃或类似的设备, 允许样品完全覆盖乙醇 (推荐) 的解剖的花序, 并为撕裂分离开花器官成熟的花朵 (萼片, 花瓣, 雄蕊可以解剖在这个阶段) 避免样品干燥的风险。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
在幻灯片上解剖角果和小花蕾, 如下所述。
	<ol>
<li>将手表制造商的玻璃杯与预加工的样品放在一边, 并使用普通的幻灯片进行最后的解剖。</li>
		<li>将感兴趣的样品移动到幻灯片上, 并添加10µL 新鲜70% 乙醇。迅速在最后的解剖和添加10µL 乙醇, 如有必要, 以保持样品湿润, 不过量的液体。</li>
		<li>为从雄蕊释放花粉粒, 见步骤5.1。要解剖心皮和胚珠, 请按照图 2中描述的步骤操作。本程序适用于心皮形成发展的各个阶段, 包括绿色角果的发展阶段。 注: 如果有足够的乙醇结转, 请不要添加乙醇;在极小的液体中解剖非常小的样品要容易得多。在幻灯片上始终只保留感兴趣的器官 (萼片、花瓣、雄蕊、心皮、胚珠、种子或花粉粒)。该程序将确保幻灯片和盖玻片之间的均匀厚度, 对应于检查的器官的厚度, 导致更高的同质性, 从而提高显微检查的效率 (更高的目标标本数量在同一焦距平面上)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>使用一小片吸纸来吸收和去除尽可能多的乙醇。快速进入下一步骤 (3、4或6节), 然后样品干燥。</li>
</ol>3. 以水合氯醛为基础的清洁和联合清除染色
注: 用 FPA50 固定材料获得水合氯醛净化效果最佳。
<ol><li>放置20µL 溶液 (水合氯醛/甘油, 改性霍耶的培养基, 先生的 4½, 或先生的 IKI-4½解决方案) 在试样轴承的幻灯片。使用一双注射器与传染性针, 根据需要定位标本, 减少他们之间的空间, 并翻转那些地方的利益机构面临向下。用针头除去剩余的气泡。</li>
	<li>将盖玻片侧放, 轻轻地将其放置, 轻轻地按压, 然后等待清除解决方案填补之间的空间。如果需要, 添加最小的清除解决方案, 以填充盖玻片下的整个空间。</li>
	<li>将幻灯片放在幻灯片持有者上, 并将其放在通风罩下。在至少4小时之后, 在接下来的第4-5 天进行显微观察。</li>
</ol>4. 联合亚历山大染色和4½的花药清除
注: 原始的亚历山大协议是基于释放花粉颗粒在幻灯片染色前。一种高效、更翔实、改良的亚历山大染色和清除程序是成熟而非开裂花药中成熟花粉粒的染色。
<ol><li>选择新收获的花蕾, 即将开放与非开裂的花药。 注: 不要服用较年轻的花蕾, 因为亚历山大染色是为了成熟的花粉粒, 不能有效地染色未成熟的花粉粒。推荐从不同的植物和花序收获的每治疗至少5朵花。</li>
	<li>准备一个96井板有足够的亚历山大的解决方案, 以淹没一个花蕾。通过去除萼片和花瓣来暴露花药, 并将它们浸入亚历山大的溶液中。把样品放在通风罩下 1–3 h。</li>
	<li>用4½溶液代替亚历山大的溶液, 将多井板放回通风罩下过夜孵化。</li>
	<li>使用镊子, 轻轻地将已清除的花蕾移到新的滑梯上。由于亚历山大的解决方案的一些结转可能会发生, 使用印迹纸尽可能地删除尽可能多的清除解决方案。</li>
	<li>解剖雄蕊并取出所有其他组织。按照3节中的步骤使用4½解决方案。</li>
</ol>5. 去除花粉颗粒中的花粉
注: 我们建议使用 Carnoy 的固定剂进行 DAPI 染色。
<ol><li>遵循1和2节所述的固定和解剖程序。到目前为止, 一个人应该有一个到许多雄蕊在幻灯片中的最低数量的70% 乙醇。</li>
	<li>使用印迹纸去除过量的乙醇, 并添加5–10µL DAPI 溶液。使用两个注射器的针头, 释放花粉颗粒内的少量溶液 (例如, 使用一个注射器固定雄蕊和另一个释放花粉粒)。如果溶液干燥, 再添加5µL 的 DAPI。</li>
	<li>去除雄蕊的所有碎片是一个关键的步骤, 只有花粉颗粒留在幻灯片和盖玻片之间。</li>
	<li>将盖玻片放在试样轴承的滑动上, 将其横向降低, 并添加填充空间所需的最小 DAPI 溶液量。把食指放在盖玻片上, 不挤压太多就能快速、牢固、短滑运动。 注: 为了测量滑动运动的必要力和振幅, 应多次练习这一步骤, 每次显微镜下检查结果。</li>
	<li>如果需要, 添加 DAPI 解决方案, 并将幻灯片放在一个潮湿的盒子在黑暗中的4°c 15 分钟到1小时. 在宽场荧光或共焦显微镜下观察样品在24小时内进行. 尝试将此过程与 SDS 清除相结合, 以检查是否进一步改善可以获得。</li>
</ol>6. 月桂酸钠 (SDS) 清除
注: 根据要分析的花器官, 以及研究人员的技能解剖非常柔软和小标本, SDS 治疗可以进行前 (为有经验的研究员) 或解剖步骤后 (为经验较少研究人员) 对甲醇-乙酸固定材料。
<ol><li>使用手表制造商的玻璃, 凹滑梯, 或离心管在室温下过夜, 在 1% SDS 和 0.2 N 氢氧化钠溶液中孵育解剖或非解剖样品。</li>
	<li>小心处理, 因为样品非常柔软, 外观透明。用清水冲洗几次。 注: 在添加染色溶液时, SDS 溶液的残余物可能导致沉淀,例如, 苯胺蓝。</li>
	<li>对于非解剖样品, 按照2节所述的解剖程序, 使用水代替70% 乙醇。解剖所需的组织后, 清除任何残留物和碎片, 以及任何多余的水, 用印迹纸, 然后添加20–40µL 染色溶液, 并进行步骤6.5。</li>
	<li>对于解剖样品, 小心地将样品从洗涤液中移出, 放到干净的滑梯上, 添加20–40µL 染色液。</li>
	<li>轻轻地将盖玻片放在幻灯片上。注意不要把准备工作压扁。如果组织太软, 请在幻灯片和盖玻片的拐角处放置任何薄分隔符(例如、磁带或破碎的盖玻片), 在幻灯片和盖玻片之间留下一个腔室状的空间, 这样盖玻片就不会粉碎试样。</li>
	<li>把所有的幻灯片放在潮湿的盒子里, 用铝箔盖住, 然后将它放在4摄氏度, 至少1小时. 在24小时内使用 widefield 荧光或共焦显微镜观察标本。</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

在整个花发育阶段, 在拟南芥的单个花序内存在许多花芽, 这为旨在表征治疗效果或发育特征的研究提供了独特的机会。同时跨越不同阶段的花卉发展。一个好参考点在不同的各自的植物之间是开头第一朵花的主要花序。植物被对待以这样方式开花是尽可能同步的 (例如, 3–4天分层在4°c 最大化同步种子发芽并且因而更加甚而开花), 并且只有在同一天打开第一朵花的植物是在处理和复?...

花卉是被子植物最重要的定义器官之一。开花植物出现了一些90–130百万年前的1, 和多样化如此之快, 他们迅速的外观被描述为一个 "可恶的神秘" 由查尔斯·达尔文2。植物研究人员在花卉开发中的兴趣是多种多样的。一些研究集中于了解花的进化起源, 或特定的解剖, 结构和功能性质的发展花卉3,4,5,6.花卉形态和结构的高度变异, 以及依赖于它们的性和无性繁殖模式, 使花卉具有高度复杂的结构。这导致了不同的努力描绘花卉器官的解剖和结构特征, 使用光和电子显微技术, 可以结合基因和分子调查7。此外, 作为水果和种子的来源, 花卉对人类和动物的营养至关重要。因此, 花卉和果实发育的特征对应用研究有许多影响, 包括在不断变化的环境下为日益增长的人类人口和生态保护战略提供粮食保障8,9,10。
在拟南芥中的花发育始于花诱导和营养分生组织向花序 (花) 分生的转化。花分化在花序分枝11的侧面侧向展开。花器官分化从外到花的中心逐渐形成同心轮生, 最终发育成萼片、花瓣、雄蕊和心皮7。这些花器官在不同的植物种类履行独特的营养, 保护和功能 (例如, 授粉吸引力) 角色, 与性器官保持男性和女性配子体发育的发展,分别12,13. 依次, 配子体发育分别区分了一对雄性 (精子) 和雌性配子 (卵和中央细胞), 它们结合在双重受精形成下一代, 受精卵和初生胚乳, 一个终端组织支持开发胚胎14,15。果实和种子的发育支持胚胎的生长、成熟和保存, 最终它的扩散。已经进行了广泛的研究, 以描述不同植物种类的花和胚胎发育, 特别是模型物种拟南芥7,16,17。
早期显微分析花卉开发是基于耗时的样品处理和观察技术, 如石蜡或树脂嵌入和切片, 结合光或电子显微镜。这些传统的显微技术通常与分子遗传学研究相结合, 如突变体的显微分析, RNA 的局部化通过原位杂交, 或蛋白质的免疫检测。最近在广域和共焦荧光显微学, 在先进的3维计算机辅助图像分析, 和不断细化的分子方法, 可用于微加工的全装标本, 已导致需要高效、最小的样品处理技术, 优先于定量分析。近年来, 对全芒动物标本的清洁技术的发展取得了长足的进展。它们通过使用水性尿素或糖基试剂 (例如、刻度、SeeDB、立方)18、19、20或选择性地去除脂质 (使用洗涤剂 SDS), 使样品透明在稳定水凝胶中嵌入样品;脂质的去除可以通过被动扩散 (例如、修改的清晰度协议21、协议-边缘-轮辋22) 或通过电泳 (原始清晰度协议23和动作的24) 来实现。在这种快速进步的鼓舞下, 一些衍生技术也正在涌现, 用于植物。
在本方法中, 本文重点介绍了模型拟南芥, 我们描述了正确解剖花芽、花朵和幼角果的程序, 并对各种染色和观察程序的全贴装样品进行了清理, 使用经典或最新的基于 SDS 的结算方法。给出了淀粉、胼胝和染色质染色的例子。虽然这些程序可能需要进一步的改进和适应, 当与其他物种使用, 我们希望他们将为进一步研究这些简单但关键的方法, 这是许多研究项目的出发点。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reagents and Materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Scharlau</td><td>ET00102500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Acid</td><td>Applichem</td><td>A3686,2500</td><td>100% Molecular biology grade</td></tr><tr><td>Glacial Acetic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>320099</td><td>Molecular Biology Grade</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Scharlau</td><td>ME03062500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde Solution</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F1635</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Propionic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>81910-250 ml</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloral hydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>15307</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Roth</td><td>3783.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gum arabic</td><td>Fluka</td><td>51198</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lactic acid</td><td>Fluka</td><td>69773</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>77607-250ML</td><td>We used liquid phenol (use the density to find the required volume for your solution)</td></tr><tr><td>Clove oil</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C8392-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylene</td><td>Roth</td><td>4436.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodine</td><td>Fluka</td><td>57665</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium iodide</td><td>Merck</td><td>5043</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Malachite Green</td><td>Fluka</td><td>63160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fuchsin acid</td><td>Fluka</td><td>84600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orange G</td><td>Sigma</td><td>7252</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L3771</td><td>Molecular Biology Grade</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71690</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium di-Hydrogen Phosphate</td><td>Applichem</td><td>A1047,1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9763-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>04347</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Applichem</td><td>A2937,1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcofluor</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F6259</td><td>Fluorescent brightener 28</td></tr><tr><td>Auramine</td><td>Chroma</td><td>10120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D9542</td><td>toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Triton-X-100</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T8787</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aniline blue</td><td>Merck</td><td>1275</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MS medium</td><td>Carolina</td><td>19-57030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nutrient-rich substrate</td><td>Einheitserde</td><td>ED73</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Watch maker&#039;s glass</td><td></td><td></td><td>No specific brand</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml falcon centrifuge tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>62406-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumond Forceps</td><td>Actimed</td><td>0208-5SPSF-PS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>DUMONT BIOLOGY</td><td>0108-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>BD</td><td>BD Plastipak 300013</td><td>1 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Preparation needle</td><td>BD</td><td>BD Microlance 304000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope slides</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>10143562CE</td><td>cut edges</td></tr><tr><td>Coverslips</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>DV40008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Humid box</td><td></td><td></td><td>A plastic box with damp paper towel and slide supports inside</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Fixatives&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carnoy&#039;s (Farmer&#039;s) fixative</td><td></td><td></td><td>Absolute ethanol : glacial acetic acid, 3:1 (ml:ml)</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol/acetic acid fixative</td><td></td><td></td><td>50 % (v/v) methanol, 10 % (v/v) glacial acetic acid in deionized water</td></tr><tr><td>FPA50 fixative</td><td></td><td></td><td>Formalin, propionic acid, 50% ethanol; 5:5:90 (ml:ml:ml)</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Clearing solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloral hydrate/glycerol</td><td></td><td></td><td>Chloral hydrate : glycerol : water, 8:1:2 (g:ml:ml). Can be used for all flower developmental stages and for silique development with DIC microscopy. The best fixative is the formaline based FPA50</td></tr><tr><td>Modified Hoyer</td><td></td><td></td><td>Gum arabic 7.5 g, chloral hydrate 100 g, glycerol 5 ml , water 30 ml. Can be used for all flower developmental stages and for silique development with DIC microscopy. The best fixative is the formaline based FPA50</td></tr><tr><td>Herr&#039;s 4&amp;frac12; clearing fluid</td><td></td><td></td><td>Lactic acid, chloral hydrate, phenol crystals, clove oil, xylene; 2:2:2:2:1, by weight. Can be used for all flower developmental stages (especially for stamen development) and for silique development with DIC microscopy. The best fixative is the formaline based FPA50</td></tr><tr><td>SDS/NaOH solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>Mix-dilute the the SDS and the NaOH stock solution to 1% SDS / 0.2 N NaOH (10x dilution). For all stages of flower and silique developmental stages. The best fixative is the methano/acetic acid fixative; the other two fixatives can also be used. Can be combined with calcofluor, auramine, DAPI, and aniline blue staining solution.</td></tr><tr><td>SDS stock solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>10 % (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate. Dissolve 10 g sodium dodecyl sulphate in 80 ml deionized water and make up to 100 ml with deionized water.</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH stock solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>2 N NaOH solution: dissolve 4 g of NaOH in 40 ml of deionized water and make up to 100 ml with deionized water</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Combined clearing and staining solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Herr&#039;s IKI-4&amp;frac12;</td><td></td><td></td><td>To a standard 4&amp;frac12; (9 g in total) add: 100 mg iodine, 500 mg potassium iodide. This clearing solution can be used for all flower developmental stages and for silique development, either for increasing contrast or for characterizing starch dynamics. Use FPA50 for structural analysis and Carnoy&#039;s fixative for quantitative starch analysis.</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander staining</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ethanol 95% 10ml, malachite green (1% in 95% EtOH) 1 ml, fuchsin acid (1% in ddH2O) 5ml, orange G (1% in ddH2O) 0.5ml, phenol 5g, chloral hydrate 5g, glacial acetic acid 2ml, glycerol 25ml . This clearing/staining alone or in combination with Herr&#039;s 4&amp;frac12; solution can be used to evaluate pollen abortion in flowers with mature and tricellular pollen grains. It&#039;s used on freshly harved non-fixed material.</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Staining solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcofluor solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>Calcofluor 0.007% in water (g:ml). Originally used as an optical brightner. Can be used for staining cellulose, carboxylated polysaccharides and callose in cell walls. Frequently used to stain the intine of the pollen grain. All three fixatives can be used with this solution.</td></tr><tr><td>Auramine solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>Auramine 0.01% in water (g:ml). This lipophilic fluorscent dye can be used for staining cuticles, cutin, and exine among others. All three fixatives can be used with this solution</td></tr><tr><td>Calcofluor-Auramine mixture</td><td></td><td></td><td>Auramine solution : Calcofluor solution, 3:1. Can be used for a combined staining by both solutions. Other proportions can be assayed maintaining a smaller proportion of calcofluor with respect to auramine.</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>DAPI 0.4 ug/ml, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7), 0.1% Triton-X-100, 1 mM EDTA. This solution can be used for staining chromosome spreads during male and female meiosis, and cell nuclei of any tissue. Frequently used for studying pollen grain development. Carnoy&#039;s and methanol/ acetic acid are the best fixatives for this solution. Formaldehyde-based fixatives such as FPA50 may interfere with the staining. Excitation in the UV and maximum emission around 461 nm.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Proton receptor: 0.2 M Na2HPO4, proton donor: 0.2 M NaH2PO4, ratio proton donor / proton receptor: 1.364 ( for a pH 7)</td></tr><tr><td>Aniline blue solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.1% (w/v) aniline blue, 108 mM K3PO4 (pH 11), 2% glycerol. This solution can be used for staining callose and cellulose of many stages of development (e.g callose deposition in male and female terads, callose plugs in pollen tubes). Excitation in the UV and maximum emission around 455. It can also be excited at 514 nm with emission in the red for cell content staining.</td></tr></tbody></table>

whole-mount clearing and staining of arabidopsis flower organs and siliques

由于其强大的分子遗传学研究工具,拟南芥是植物生物学中最突出的模型物种之一, 尤其是植物繁殖生物学。然而, 植物形态学, 解剖和超微结构分析传统上涉及耗时的嵌入和切片程序, 明亮的领域, 扫描和电子显微镜。最近在共焦荧光显微术, 先进的3维计算机辅助显微分析和不断细化的分子技术, 用于微加工的全装标本, 已导致增加的需求开发高效、最小的样品处理技术。在本议定书中, 我们描述了正确解剖拟南芥花和角果的技术, 基本的清除技术, 以及对生殖结构进行整体观测的一些染色程序。

拟南芥属于 Brassicacea 家族, 具有伞房花序(图 1) 中排列的两性花的花序。每朵花有四萼片, 四个花瓣, 六雄蕊 (四长和两个短), 和一个合心皮雌蕊由两个先天融合的心皮 (图1F-H) 安排在四同心螺纹 25, 26.拟南芥有 tenuinucellate, 胚珠胚珠排列在顶叶胎的两行 (每行?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques at JoVE.com

Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques

拟南芥花器官和角果的全装清和染色

在本议定书中, 我们描述了适当解剖拟南芥花和角果的技术, 一些基本的清洁技术, 以及对生殖结构的全装观察的染色程序。

Due to its formidable tools for molecular genetic studies, Arabidopsis thaliana is one of the most prominent model species in plant biology and, ...

whole-mount-clearing-staining-arabidopsis-flower-organs

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques

16.7K 次观看.  University of Zurich. 在本议定书中, 我们描述了适当解剖拟南芥花和角果的技术, 一些基本的清洁技术, 以及对生殖结构的全装观察的染色程序。

视频: Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques

Live Confocal Imaging of Developing Arabidopsis Flowers

The study of plant growth and development has long relied on experimental techniques using dead, fixed tissues and lacking proper cellular resolution. Recent advances in confocal microscopy, combined with the development of numerous fluorophores, have overcome these issues and opened the possibility to study the expression of several genes simultaneously, with a good cellular resolution, in live samples. Live confocal imaging provides plant biologists with a powerful tool to study development, and has been extensively used to study root growth and the formation of lateral organs on the flanks of the shoot apical meristem. However, it has not been widely applied to the study of flower development, in part due to challenges that are specific to imaging flowers, such as the sepals that grow over the flower meristem, and filter out the fluorescence from underlying tissues. Here, we present a detailed protocol to perform live confocal imaging on live, developing Arabidopsis flower buds, using either an upright or an inverted microscope.

Live confocal imaging provides biologists with a powerful tool to study development. Here, we present a detailed protocol for the live confocal imaging of developing Arabidopsis flowers.

住发展拟南芥花的共焦成像

The study of plant growth and development has long relied on experimental techniques using dead, fixed tissues and lacking proper cellular resolution. ...

科研

发育生物学

Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

Inducible, tissue-specific expression is an important and powerful tool to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of genetic perturbation. Combining the flexible and efficient GreenGate cloning system with the proven and benchmarked LhGR system (here termed GR-LhG4) for the inducible expression, we have generated a set of transgenic Arabidopsis lines that can drive the expression of an effector cassette in a range of specific cell types in the three main plant meristems. To this end, we chose the previously developed GR-LhG4 system based on a chimeric transcription factor and a cognate pOp-type promoter ensuring tight control over a wide range of expression levels. In addition, to visualize the expression domain where the synthetic transcription factor is active, an ER-localized mTurquoise2 fluorescent reporter under control of the pOp4 or pOp6 promoter is encoded in driver lines. Here, we describe the steps necessary to generate a driver or effector line and demonstrate how cell type specific expression can be induced and followed in the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem and the cambium of Arabidopsis. By using several or all driver lines, the context specific effect of expressing one or multiple factors (effectors) under control of the synthetic pOp promoter can be assessed rapidly, for example in F1 plants of a cross between one effector and multiple driver lines. This approach is exemplified by the ectopic expression of VND7, a NAC transcription factor capable of inducing ectopic secondary cell wall deposition in a cell autonomous manner.

Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

Here, we describe the generation and application of a set of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines enabling inducible, tissue-specific expression in the three main meristems, the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem, and the cambium.

Lhgra 介导的反激活在拟南芥诱导、细胞类型特异性表达中的表达

Inducible, tissue-specific expression is an important and powerful tool to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of genetic perturbation. Combining the ...

遗传学

Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis

The symplastic tracer 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) has been widely applied in living plants to demonstrate the intercellular connection, phloem transport and vascular patterning. This protocol shows bottom-to-top carboxyfluorescein (CF) movement in the Arabidopsis by using the root-cutting and the hypocotyl-pinching procedure respectively. These two different procedures result in different efficiencies of CF movement: about 91% appearance of CF in the shoots with the hypocotyl-pinching procedure, whereas only about 70% appearance of CF with the root-cutting procedure. The simple change of loading sites, resulting in significant changes in the mobile efficiency of this symplastic dye, suggests CF movement might be subject to the symplastic regulation, most probably by the root-hypocotyl junction.

Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis

The goal of this protocol is to show how to load the CFDA into different sites of the bottom parts of Arabidopsis. We then present the resulting distribution pattern of CF in the shoots.

美国食品药品监督管理局追踪者在拟南芥底部水槽组织中的射击运动

The symplastic tracer 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) has been widely applied in living plants to demonstrate the intercellular connection, ...

环境科学

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the floral-dip transformation method1-2 has replaced all previous methods because of its simplicity, efficiency, and low cost. Specifically, shoots of young flowering Arabidopsis plants are dipped in a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying specific plasmid constructs. After dipping, the plants are returned to normal growth and yield seeds, a small percentage of which are transformed with the foreign gene and can be selected for on medium containing antibiotics. This floral-dip method significantly facilitated Arabidopsis research and contributed greatly to our understanding of plant gene function. In this study, we use the floral-dip method to transform a reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), under the control of TSO2 promoter. TSO2, coding for the Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) small subunit3, is a cell cycle regulated gene essential for dNDP biosynthesis in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Examination of GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings shows that TSO2 is expressed in actively dividing tissues. The reported experimental method and materials can be easily adapted not only for research but also for education at high school and college levels.

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&#946;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

This article illustrates the floral-dip method of Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. By introducing a cell-cycle regulated promoter-reporter, pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), into Arabidopsis, we illustrates how one detects GUS reporter expression in transgenic seedlings.

花香浸改造拟南芥检查 pTSO2：β-葡萄糖醛酸酶报告基因的表达

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis ...

生物学

An Efficient Clearing Protocol for the Study of Seed Development in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the major cash crops worldwide. The tomato seed is an important model for studying genetics and developmental biology during plant reproduction. Visualization of finer embryonic structure within a tomato seed is often hampered by seed coat mucilage, multi-cell-layered integument, and a thick-walled endosperm, which needs to be resolved by laborious embedding-sectioning. A simpler alternative is to employ tissue clearing techniques that turn the seed almost transparent using chemical agents. Although conventional clearing procedures allow deep insight into smaller seeds with a thinner seed coat, clearing tomato seeds continues to be technically challenging, especially in the late developmental stages.
Presented here is a rapid and labor-saving clearing protocol to observe tomato seed development from 3 to 23 days after flowering when embryonic morphology is nearly complete. This method combines chloral hydrate-based clearing solution widely used in Arabidopsis with other modifications, including the omission of Formalin-Aceto-Alcohol (FAA) fixation, the addition of sodium hypochlorite treatment of seeds, removal of the softened seed coat mucilage, and washing and vacuum treatment. This method can be applied for efficient clearing of tomato seeds at different developmental stages and is useful in full monitoring of the developmental process of mutant seeds with good spatial resolution. This clearing protocol may also be applied to deep imaging of other commercially important species in the Solanaceae.

An Efficient Clearing Protocol for the Study of Seed Development in Tomato Solanum lycopersicum L.

The tomato seed is an important model for studying genetics and developmental biology during plant reproduction. This protocol is useful for clearing tomato seeds at different developmental stages to observe the finer embryonic structure.

一种用于研究番茄种子发育的有效清除方案（Solanum lycopersicum L.）

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the major cash crops worldwide. The tomato seed is an important model for studying genetics and developmental ...

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively in the study of secondary cell wall formation. Secondary cell wall deposition occurs after the primary cell wall is laid down, a process carried out exclusively by specialized cells such as those forming vessel and fiber tissues. Most secondary cell walls are composed of cellulose (40&#8211;50%), hemicellulose (25&#8211;30%), and lignin (20&#8211;30%). Several mutations affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis have been isolated, and the corresponding mutants may or may not exhibit obvious biochemical composition changes or visual phenotypes since these mutations could be masked by compensatory responses. Staining procedures have historically been used to show differences on a cellular basis. These methods are exclusively visual means of analysis; nevertheless their role in rapid and critical analysis is of great importance. Congo red and calcofluor white are stains used to detect polysaccharides, whereas M&#228;ule and phloroglucinol are commonly used to determine differences in lignin, and toluidine blue O is used to differentially stain polysaccharides and lignin. The seemingly simple techniques of sectioning, staining, and imaging can be a challenge for beginners. Starting with sample preparation using the A. thaliana model, this study details the protocols of a variety of staining methodologies that can be easily implemented for observation of cell and tissue organization in secondary cell walls of plants.

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Plant cell wall composition varies between tissue types and can include lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Various staining techniques have been developed to visualize differences at the cell-type level. This paper is a compilation of commonly used cell wall staining techniques.

组织化学染色<em&gt;拟南芥</em&gt;次生壁元素

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively ...

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

In flowering plants, the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition is marked by the specification of spore mother cells (SMCs) in floral organs of the adult plant. The female SMC (megaspore mother cell, MMC) differentiates in the ovule primordium and undergoes meiosis. The selected haploid megaspore then undergoes mitosis to form the multicellular female gametophyte, which will give rise to the gametes, the egg cell and central cell, together with accessory cells. The limited accessibility of the MMC, meiocyte and female gametophyte inside the ovule is technically challenging for cytological and cytogenetic analyses at single cell level. Particularly, direct or indirect immunodetection of cellular or nuclear epitopes is impaired by poor penetration of the reagents inside the plant cell and single-cell imaging is demised by the lack of optical clarity in whole-mount tissues.
Thus, we developed an efficient method to analyze the nuclear organization and chromatin modification at high resolution of single cell in whole-mount embedded Arabidopsis ovules. It is based on dissection and embedding of fixed ovules in a thin layer of acrylamide gel on a microscopic slide. The embedded ovules are subjected to chemical and enzymatic treatments aiming at improving tissue clarity and permeability to the immunostaining reagents. Those treatments preserve cellular and chromatin organization, DNA and protein epitopes. The samples can be used for different downstream cytological analyses, including chromatin immunostaining, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and DNA staining for heterochromatin analysis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging, with high resolution, followed by 3D reconstruction allows for quantitative measurements at single-cell resolution.

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

We provide here an efficient and reliable protocol for immunostaining, Fluorescence in&#160;situ Hybridization, DNA staining followed by quantitative, high-resolution imaging in whole-mount Arabidopsis thaliana ovules. This method was successfully used to analyze chromatin modifications and nuclear architecture.

定量，单细胞在全安装胚珠在染色质修饰和核体系结构分析的有效方法<em&gt;拟南芥</em

In flowering plants, the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition is marked by the specification of spore mother cells (SMCs) in floral organs of the ...

High Resolution Quantification of Crystalline Cellulose Accumulation in Arabidopsis Roots to Monitor Tissue-specific Cell Wall Modifications

Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall, the composition of which determines their final size and shape. The cell wall is composed of a complex matrix containing polysaccharides that include cellulose microfibrils that form both crystalline structures and cellulose chains of amorphous organization. The orientation of the cellulose fibers and their concentrations dictate the mechanical properties of the cell. Several methods are used to determine the levels of crystalline cellulose, each bringing both advantages and limitations. Some can distinguish the proportion of crystalline regions within the total cellulose. However, they are limited to whole-organ analyses that are deficient in spatiotemporal information. Others relying on live imaging, are limited by the use of imprecise dyes. Here, we report a sensitive polarized light-based system for specific quantification of relative light retardance, representing crystalline cellulose accumulation in cross sections of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. In this method, the cellular resolution and anatomical data are maintained, enabling direct comparisons between the different tissues composing the growing root. This approach opens a new analytical dimension, shedding light on the link between cell wall composition, cellular behavior and whole-organ growth.

High Resolution Quantification of Crystalline Cellulose Accumulation in Arabidopsis Roots to Monitor Tissue-specific Cell Wall Modifications

Crystalline cellulose is an important constituent of the plant cell wall. However, its quantification at a cellular resolution is technically challenging. Here, we report the use of polarized light technology and root cross sections to obtain information of cell wall composition at a spatiotemporal resolution.

结晶纤维素积累高分辨率的量化<em&gt;拟南芥</em&gt;根监视特定组织细胞壁修改

Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall, the composition of which determines their final size and shape. The cell wall is composed of a complex matrix ...

Optical Clearing of Plant Tissues for Fluorescence Imaging

It is challenging to directly observe the internal structure of multi-layered and opaque plant specimens, without dissection, under a microscope. In addition, autofluorescence attributed to chlorophyll hampers the observation of fluorescent proteins in plants. For a long time, various clearing reagents have been used to make plants transparent. However, conventional clearing reagents diminish fluorescent signals; therefore, it has not been possible to observe the cellular and intracellular structures with fluorescent proteins. Reagents were developed that can clear plant tissues by removing chlorophyll while maintaining fluorescent protein stability. A detailed protocol is provided here for the optical clearing of plant tissues using clearing reagents, ClearSee (CS) or ClearSeeAlpha (CSA). The preparation of cleared plant tissues involves three steps: fixation, washing, and clearing. Fixation is a crucial step in maintaining the cellular structures and intracellular stability of fluorescent proteins. The incubation time for clearing depends on the tissue type and species. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the time required for clearing with CS was 4 days for leaves and roots, 7 days for seedlings, and 1 month for pistils. CS also required a relatively short time of 4 days to make the gametophytic leaves of Physcomitrium patens transparent. In contrast, pistils in tobacco and torenia produced brown pigment due to oxidation during CS treatment. CSA reduced the brown pigment by preventing oxidation and could make tobacco and torenia pistils transparent, although it took a relatively long time (1 or 2 months). CS and CSA were also compatible with staining using chemical dyes, such as DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and Hoechst 33342 for DNA and Calcofluor White, SR2200, and Direct Red 23 for the cell wall. This method can be useful for whole-plant imaging to reveal intact morphology, developmental processes, plant-microbe interactions, and nematode infections.

Here, a method is described for making plant tissues transparent while maintaining the stability of fluorescent proteins. This technique facilitates deep imaging of cleared plant tissues without physical sectioning.

用于荧光成像的植物组织的光学清除

It is challenging to directly observe the internal structure of multi-layered and opaque plant specimens, without dissection, under a microscope. In ...

Combining Clearing and Fluorescence Microscopy for Visualising Changes in Gene Expression and Physiological Responses to Plasmodiophora brassicae

Infection of Brassica crops by the soilborne protist Plasmodiophora brassicae leads to gall formation on the underground organs. The formation of galls requires cellular reprogramming and changes in the metabolism of the infected plant. This is necessary to establish a pathogen-oriented physiological sink toward which the host nutrients are redirected. For a complete understanding of this particular plant-pathogen interaction and the mechanisms by which host growth and development are subverted and repatterned, it is essential to track and observe the internal changes accompanying gall formation with cellular resolution. Methods combining fluorescent stains and fluorescent proteins are often employed to study anatomical and physiological responses in plants. Unfortunately, the large size of galls and their low transparency act as major hurdles in performing whole-mount observations under the microscope. Moreover, low transparency limits the employment of fluorescence microscopy to study clubroot disease progression and gall formation. This article presents an optimized method for fixing and clearing galls to facilitate epifluorescence and confocal microscopy for inspecting P. brassicae-infected galls. A tissue-clearing protocol for rapid optical clearing was used followed by vibratome sectioning to detect anatomical changes and localize gene expression with promoter fusions and reporter lines tagged with fluorescent proteins. This method will prove useful for studying cellular and physiological responses in other pathogen-triggered structures in plants, such as nematode-induced syncytia and root knots, as well as leaf galls and deformations caused by insects.

Combining Clearing and Fluorescence Microscopy for Visualising Changes in Gene Expression and Physiological Responses to Plasmodiophora brassicae

The present protocol describes an optimized method for the histological observation of galls induced by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Vibratome sections of hypocotyls are cleared before fluorescence imaging to study the involvement of transcription factors and phytohormones during disease progression. This protocol overcomes resin embedding limitations, enabling in planta visualization of fluorescent proteins.

结合透明和荧光显微镜，可视化基因表达的变化和对芸苔疟原虫的生理反应

Infection of Brassica crops by the soilborne protist Plasmodiophora brassicae leads to gall formation on the underground organs. The formation of galls ...

拟南芥花器官和角果的全装清和染色

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