Name: the replica set method: a high-throughput approach to quantitatively measure caenorhabditis elegans lifespan
Uploaded: 2018-06-29T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 58 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Replica Set Method: A High-throughput Approach to Quantitatively Measure Caenorhabditis elegans Lifespan at JoVE.com

本手稿所描述的这项工作的经费由下列机构提供: 教务长大学院长办公室和医学院和牙科院长办公室, 通过卫生科学中心进行计算创新 (HSCCI);埃里森医学基金会新学者老龄化研究 (AG-NS-0681-10) 资助者在研究设计、数据收集和分析、决定出版或编写手稿方面没有任何作用。

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作者声明他们没有竞争的财政利益。

传统和副本集方法都需要对年代衰老动物进行同步处理。我们包括一种方法, 使动物使用次氯酸钠治疗妊娠成人, 只有受精卵与妊娠成人生存治疗。这些胚胎孵化在液体悬浮和发育停止在第一幼虫阶段 (L1)。在将 L1 动物播种到食物上后 (如大肠杆菌表达 dsRNA 的基因), 动物恢复发育。用次氯酸盐治疗妊娠 L1 动物, 可以使残留的非种子选手 L1 动物在液氮或-80 摄氏度冷藏库中无限期地冷冻?...

在了解衰老的遗传基础方面, 最具变革性的技术进步之一是在1线虫中发展基于喂养的 rna 干扰;在实验性地使用 rna 干扰之前, 许多衰老的表型不是遗传的。以喂养为基础的 rna 干扰是通过生产大肠杆菌中的 dsRNA 与内源c. 线虫mRNA: IPTG 诱导双向转录跨插入的任何c. 线虫cDNA 或一部分的在质粒2中打开阅读框架。当C. 线虫饲料在完整的大肠杆菌,由细菌产生的 dsRNA 通过 SID-2 跨膜蛋白3从流明传输到肠道细胞, 然后通过 SID-14分布到其余的动物。在每个细胞内, 外源 dsRNA 由 Dicer 复合体处理成 siRNA, 通过互补基配对与成熟的 mRNA 相互作用, 创建一个新的 siRNA-mRNA 双工。这种双工是由 RISC 复合体和劈裂的, 从而降解内源 mRNA5。因此, 仅仅改变质粒的插入, 你就可以使几乎任何基因在线虫基因组中的功能失效。这一发现导致了几个大的基于喂食的 rna 干扰库的创建--转化的大肠杆菌种群的集合, 可以结合起来以达到约86% 已知的C. 线虫基因的覆盖率6,7。
自从饲养基 rna 干扰的推进, 在C. 线虫的全面屏幕导致发现了900多个基因, 改变生命的灭活时 (由 WormBase 的 rna 干扰-表型协会证明), 我们提到为 gerogenes。大多数 gerogenes 在长寿控制中的作用是在一些精算报告中发现的, 通过喂食为基础的 rna 干扰 (见图 1A和补充文件 1的细节)。在某些情况下, 这些 gerogenes 是根据在单个或几个时间点测量生存能力而确定的, 这不能为使用 rna 干扰治疗的寿命变化提供可量化的衡量标准。在其他情况下, 这些基因已经定量地评估了寿命的变化, 以及其他年龄相关的表型。例如, 我们以前确定了159种基因, 对正常和增加的动物寿命都是必要的, insulin/IGF-1 信号减少, healthspan 的量化变化。其中, 103 基因 inactivations 导致 progeric 表型, 因为损失导致一个或多个过早衰老的迹象8。
虽然有些 gerogenes 与100项或更多的研究相关 (例如 daf-16、daf-2、sir-2.1), 但超过 400 gerogenes 有10或更少的引文 (图 1B和补充文件 2)。因此, 虽然综合饲料基 rna 干扰屏幕发现和马虎的特点数以百计的假定 gerogenes, 如何这些基因在长寿控制中的作用, 这些基因产品之间的遗传关系仍然很差研究。对年龄相关表型的全纵向分析是确定 gerogenes 之间的基因相互作用 (如上位相互作用、asynthetic 相互作用等) 的先决条件。深入了解 gerogenes 之间的遗传相互关系需要一种高通量定量方法, 这也利用了基于喂养的 rna 干扰的优势。
衰老最常见的替代措施是寿命。传统的测量C. 线虫死亡率的方法是在一小部分人口样本中追踪个别动物的死亡情况。随着时间的推移, 动物数量相对较少, 并且周期性地用铂丝或睫毛轻轻地戳, 以运动作为生存能力的指示器 (图 2A)。这种方法得到了广泛的应用, 因为它提供了直接的平均值和最大寿命的测量。然而, 这种传统的方法是耗时和相对较低的吞吐量, 这限制了动物的数量和条件, 可以同时测量的控制方式。最近的一项模拟研究发现, 许多C. 线虫寿命研究并没有对足够数量的动物进行检测, 从而能够可靠地检测出条件9之间的细微变化。此外, 这种传统的方法包括反复处理同一队列动物随着时间的推移, 这反过来可以引入污染, 并可能损害或杀死越来越脆弱, 衰老的动物。
我们开发了一种替代的 "复制集" 方法来测量C. 线虫的寿命。为此, 大量人口的年龄同步, 等基因系动物被划分成少数人口 (或复制品)。生成的副本样本足以覆盖计划实验中的每个时间点。在每个观察时间点, 其中一个副本是为生存, 死亡和被截断的动物的数量得分, 然后动物在复制被丢弃。因此, 在整个人口的预期寿命内, 一系列独立的亚群定期取样 (图 2B)。在使用副本集, 没有重复的刺激动物, 并没有重复暴露在潜在的环境污染。在同一时间点观察到的生存能力完全独立于其他所有观察, 这将最大限度地减少处理和提高吞吐量。这使得我们能够定量8,10的上百个 rna 克隆的寿命变化。
在这里, 我们提出了通过复制集和传统的方法来进行c. 线虫寿命的详细协议, 以评分c. 线虫长寿。我们证明了相似的结果在方法之间得到。我们开发了软件, 以协助对通过任一方法生成的寿命数据进行图形分析, 我们可以根据 GPL V3 许可证免费提供这些信息 (见材料表)。"WormLife" 是在 R11中编写的, 包括图形用户界面 (GUI), 用于绘制数据, 该接口已在 Mac OS 和 Linux 中进行了测试。最后, 我们比较和对比了每种方法的局限性, 并强调在选择方法来测量线虫寿命的定量变化的其他因素。

<table><tbody><tr><td>IPTG (isopropyl beta-D-1-thigalactopyranoside)</td><td>Gold Bio</td><td>12481C100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FuDR (5-Fluoro-2&#039;-deoxyuridine)</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>L16497</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24 Well Culture Plates</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>#662102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Retangular non-treated single-well plate, 128x86mm</td><td>Thermo-Fisher</td><td>242811</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>600 &amp;micro;L 96-well plates</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>#786261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2mL 96-well plates</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>#780286</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Air-permeable plate seal</td><td>VWR</td><td>60941-086</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-pin plate replicator</td><td>Nunc</td><td>250520</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bacto-peptone</td><td>VWR</td><td>90000-368</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bacteriological agar</td><td>Affymetrix/USB</td><td>10906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C. elegans RNAi clone library in HT115 bacteria- Ahringer</td><td>Source Bioscience</td><td>C. elegans RNAi Collection (Ahringer)</td><td>See also Kamath et. al, Nature 2003.</td></tr><tr><td>C. elegans RNAi clone library in HT115 bacteria- Vidal</td><td>Source Bioscience</td><td>C. elegans ORF-RNAi Resource (Vidal)</td><td>See also Rual et. al, Genome Research 2004. This library is also available from Dharmacon.</td></tr><tr><td>WormLife- Software for Replica Set Survival Analysis</td><td>Samuelson Lab</td><td>N/A</td><td>https://github.com/samuelsonlab-urmc/wormlife</td></tr><tr><td>L4440 Empty Vector Plasmid</td><td>Addgene</td><td>1654</td><td>https://www.addgene.org/1654/</td></tr><tr><td>Wormbase</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://www.wormbase.org/&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>OASIS</td><td></td><td></td><td>https://sbi.postech.ac.kr/oasis2/&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Graphpad Prism</td><td></td><td></td><td>https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

the replica set method: a high-throughput approach to quantitatively measure caenorhabditis elegans lifespan

复制集方法是一种以高通量方式定量测量秀丽线虫的寿命或存活的方法, 从而使单个调查人员能够在相同数量的时间内筛查更多的治疗或条件。没有数据质量损失的时间。这种方法需要在大多数实验室中发现的常见的设备与C. 线虫, 因此是简单的采用。该方法的中心是在每个观察点上对一个种群的独立样本进行化验, 而不是随着时间的推移与传统的纵向方法进行抽样。评分需要在多井板块的井中加入液体, 这会刺激C 线虫移动并促进量化 healthspan 的变化。复制集方法的其他主要好处包括减少琼脂表面暴露于空气中的污染物 (例如霉菌或真菌), 对动物的最小处理, 以及对零星错误评分的鲁棒性 (例如, 当动物仍然活着)。为了对副本集样式实验中的数据进行适当的分析和可视化, 还开发了一种自定义软件工具。该软件的当前功能包括绘制副本集和传统 (卡普兰) 实验的生存曲线, 以及副本集的统计分析。这里提供的协议描述了传统的实验方法和副本集方法, 以及对相应数据分析的概述。

在任何新的方法的发展中, 新方法概括从以前的方法中接受的结果, 并符合领域内的标准势在必行。我们以前的经验表明, 复制集和传统的测定C. 线虫寿命的方法产生类似的结果20。野生型线虫(N2) 维持在20摄氏度通常生活在20和25天之间, 我们观察到的传统 (图 4A, 黑线) 和副本集方法 (图 4B, 黑色)。?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Replica Set Method: A High-throughput Approach to Quantitatively Measure Caenorhabditis elegans Lifespan at JoVE.com

The Replica Set Method: A High-throughput Approach to Quantitatively Measure Caenorhabditis elegans Lifespan

在这里, 我们描述了复制集方法, 一种定量测量C. 线虫寿命/生存和 healthspan 的方法, 以高通量和健壮的方式, 从而允许筛选许多条件而不牺牲数据质量。该协议详细介绍了策略, 并提供了用于分析副本集数据的软件工具。

复制集方法: 一种高通量方法定量测量秀丽线虫寿命

The Replica Set method is an approach to quantitatively measure lifespan or survival of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes in a high-throughput manner, thus ...

the-replica-set-method-high-throughput-approach-to-quantitatively

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

The Replica Set Method: A High-throughput Approach to Quantitatively Measure Caenorhabditis elegans Lifespan

8.6K 次观看.  University of Rochester Medical Center. 在这里, 我们描述了复制集方法, 一种定量测量C. 线虫寿命/生存和 healthspan 的方法, 以高通量和健壮的方式, 从而允许筛选许多条件而不牺牲数据质量。该协议详细介绍了策略, 并提供了用于分析副本集数据的软件工具。

视频: The Replica Set Method: A High-throughput Approach to Quantitatively Measure Caenorhabditis elegans Lifespan

Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis

We present a modified native chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) experimental protocol compatible with a Gaussian mixture distribution based analysis methodology (nucleosome density ChIP-seq; ndChIP-seq) that enables the generation of combined measurements of micrococcal nuclease (MNase) accessibility with histone modification genome-wide. Nucleosome position and local density, and the posttranslational modification of their histone subunits, act in concert to regulate local transcription states. Combinatorial measurements of nucleosome accessibility with histone modification generated by ndChIP-seq allows for the simultaneous interrogation of these features. The ndChIP-seq methodology is applicable to small numbers of primary cells inaccessible to cross-linking based ChIP-seq protocols. Taken together, ndChIP-seq enables the measurement of histone modification in combination with local nucleosome density to obtain new insights into shared mechanisms that regulate RNA transcription within rare primary cell populations.

We present a modified native chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) methodology for the generation of sequence datasets suitable for a nucleosome density ChIP-seq analytical framework integrating micrococcal nuclease (MNase) accessibility with histone modification measurements.

核密度分析的天然染色质沉淀测序文库的生成

We present a modified native chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) experimental protocol compatible with a Gaussian mixture distribution ...

科研

遗传学

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

We demonstrate a method using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to study microbial interaction. Microbes are introduced via the diet making the intestine the primary location for disease. The nematode intestine structurally and functionally mimics mammalian intestines and is transparent making it amenable to microscopic study of colonization. Here we show that pathogens can cause disease and death. We are able to identify microbial mutants that show altered virulence. Its conserved innate response to biotic stresses makes C. elegans an excellent system to probe facets of host innate immune interactions. We show that hosts with mutations in the dual oxidase gene cannot produce reactive oxygen species and are unable to resist microbial insult. We further demonstrate the versatility of the presented survival assay by showing that it can be used to study the effects of inhibitors of microbial growth. This assay may also be used to discover fungal virulence factors as targets for the development of novel antifungal agents, as well as provide an opportunity to further uncover host-microbe interactions. The design of this assay lends itself well to high throughput whole-genome screens, while the ability to cryo-preserve worms for future use makes it a cost-effective and attractive whole animal model to study.

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

Here, we present the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a versatile host model to study microbial interaction.

线虫线虫线虫-一个多用途的体内模型研究宿主-微生物相互作用

We demonstrate a method using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to study microbial interaction. Microbes are introduced via the diet making the ...

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

Herbaria are an invaluable source of plant material that can be used in a variety of biological studies. The use of herbarium specimens is associated with a number of challenges including sample preservation quality, degraded DNA, and destructive sampling of rare specimens. In order to more effectively use herbarium material in large sequencing projects, a dependable and scalable method of DNA isolation and library preparation is needed. This paper demonstrates a robust, beginning-to-end protocol for DNA isolation and high-throughput library construction from herbarium specimens that does not require modification for individual samples. This protocol is tailored for low quality dried plant material and takes advantage of existing methods by optimizing tissue grinding, modifying library size selection, and introducing an optional reamplification step for low yield libraries. Reamplification of low yield DNA libraries can rescue samples derived from irreplaceable and potentially valuable herbarium specimens, negating the need for additional destructive sampling and without introducing discernible sequencing bias for common phylogenetic applications. The protocol has been tested on hundreds of grass species, but is expected to be adaptable for use in other plant lineages after verification. This protocol can be limited by extremely degraded DNA, where fragments do not exist in the desired size range, and by secondary metabolites present in some plant material that inhibit clean DNA isolation. Overall, this protocol introduces a fast and comprehensive method that allows for DNA isolation and library preparation of 24 samples in less than 13 h, with only 8 h of active hands-on time with minimal modifications.

This article demonstrates a detailed protocol for DNA isolation and high-throughput sequencing library construction from herbarium material including rescue of exceptionally poor-quality DNA.

植物标本标本的鲁棒 DNA 分离与高通量测序库建设

Herbaria are an invaluable source of plant material that can be used in a variety of biological studies. The use of herbarium specimens is associated with ...

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages for identifying biologically active chemical structures that can modify complex phenotypes such as lifespan. Described here is a simple protocol for producing hundreds of 96-well culture plates with fairly consistent numbers of C. elegans in each well. Next, we specified how to use these cultures to screen thousands of chemicals for effects on the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans. This protocol makes use of temperature sensitive sterile strains, agar plate conditions, and simple animal handling to facilitate the rapid and high throughput production of synchronized animal cultures for screening.

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Here we describe a simple protocol for rapidly producing hundreds of nematode growth media agar, 96-well culture plates with consistent numbers of Caenorhhabditis elegans per well. These cultures are useful for the phenotypic screening of whole organisms. We focus here on using these cultures to screen chemicals for pro-longevity effects.

一种简单的高通量化学筛选方法在秀丽线虫中的应用

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

生物化学

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span on Solid Media

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a principal model used to study the biology of aging. Because virtually every biological subsystem undergoes functional decline with increasing age, life span is the primary endpoint of interest when considering total rate of aging. In nematodes, life span is typically defined as the number of days an animal remains responsive to external stimuli. Nematodes can be propagated either in liquid media or on solid media in plates, and techniques have been developed for measuring life span under both conditions. Here we present a generalized protocol for measuring life span of nematodes maintained on solid nematode growth media and fed a diet of UV-killed bacteria. These procedures can easily be adapted to assay life span under various common conditions, including a diet consisting of live bacteria, dietary restriction, and RNA interference.

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span on Solid Media

In this article we present a general protocol for measuring life span of nematodes maintained on solid media with UV-killed bacterial food.

测量线虫固体介质的寿命

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The nematode ...

生物学

Surveying Low-Cost Methods to Measure Lifespan and Healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans

The discovery and development of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism was influential in biology, particularly in the field of aging. Many historical and contemporary studies have identified thousands of lifespan-altering paradigms, including genetic mutations, transgenic gene expression, and hormesis, a beneficial, low-grade exposure to stress. With its many advantages, including a short lifespan, easy and low-cost maintenance, and fully sequenced genome with homology to almost two-thirds of all human genes, C. elegans has quickly been adopted as an outstanding model for stress and aging biology. Here, several standardized methods are surveyed for measuring lifespan and healthspan that can be easily adapted into almost any research environment, especially those with limited equipment and funds. The incredible utility of C. elegans is featured, highlighting the capacity to perform powerful genetic analyses in aging biology without the necessity of extensive infrastructure. Finally, the limitations of each analysis and alternative approaches are discussed for consideration.

Surveying Low-Cost Methods to Measure Lifespan and Healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans serve as an excellent model system with robust and low-cost methods for surveying healthspan, lifespan, and resilience to stress.

调查低成本方法，以测量秀丽隐杆线虫的寿命和健康寿命

The discovery and development of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism was influential in biology, particularly in the field of aging. Many ...

测量 秀丽隐杆 线虫食物摄入量和寿命的高通量测定

Quantifying Food Intake in Caenorhabditis elegans by Measuring Bacterial Clearance

Feeding is an essential biological process for an organism&#39;s growth, reproduction, and survival. This assay aims to measure the food intake of Caenorhabditis elegans&#160;(C. elegans), an important parameter when studying the genetics of aging or metabolism. In most species, feeding is determined by measuring the difference between the amount of food provided and the amount left after a given time interval. The method presented here uses the same strategy to determine the feeding of C. elegans. It measures the amount of bacteria, the food source of C. elegans, cleared within 72 h. This method uses 96-well microtiter plates and has allowed the screening of hundreds of drugs for their ability to modulate food intake at a speed and depth not possible in other animal models. The strength of this assay is that it allows to measure feeding and lifespan simultaneously and directly measures the disappearance of food and, thus, is based on the same principles used for other organisms, facilitating species-to-species comparison.

作者聚焦：探索脂毒性与 HFpEF 之间的关系 

This protocol describes an assay to quantify Caenorhabditis elegans feeding rate based on measuring the clearance of bacteria in liquid culture.

通过测量细菌清除率来量化 秀丽隐杆线虫 的食物摄入量

Feeding is an essential biological process for an organism&#39;s growth, reproduction, and survival. This assay aims to measure the food intake of ...

行为学

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

Lifespan is a biological process regulated by several genetic pathways. One strategy to investigate the biology of aging is to study animals that harbor mutations in components of age-regulatory pathways. If these mutations perturb the function of the age-regulatory pathway and therefore alter the lifespan of the entire organism, they provide important mechanistic insights1-3.
Another strategy to investigate the regulation of lifespan is to use small molecules to perturb age-regulatory pathways. To date, a number of molecules are known to extend lifespan in various model organisms and are used as tools to study the biology of aging4-16. The number of molecules identified thus far is small compared to the genetic "toolset" that is available to study the biology of aging.
Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the principle models used to study aging because of its excellent genetics and short lifespan of three weeks. More recently, C.elegans has emerged as a model organism for phenotype based drug screens5,7,16-20 because of its small size and its ability to grow in microtiter plates.
Here we present an assay to measure C.elegans lifespan in 96 well microtiter plates. The assay was developed and successfully used to screen large libraries for molecules that extend C.elegans lifespan7. The reliability of the assay was evaluated in multiple tests: first, by measuring the lifespan of wild type animals grown at different temperatures; second, by measuring the lifespan of mutants with altered lifespans; third, by measuring changes in lifespan in response to different concentrations of the antidepressant Mirtazepine. Mirtazepine has previously been shown to extend lifespan in C.elegans7. The results of these tests show that the assay is able to replicate previous findings from other assays and is quantitative. The microtiter format also makes this lifespan assay compatible with automated liquid handling systems and allows integration into automated platforms.

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

In this protocol we present a method to measure Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan in 96 well microtiter plates.

测量线虫寿命在96孔板

Lifespan is a biological process regulated by several genetic pathways. One strategy to investigate the biology of aging is to study animals that harbor ...

复制集方法: 一种高通量方法定量测量秀丽线虫寿命

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

核密度分析的天然染色质沉淀测序文库的生成

线虫线虫线虫-一个多用途的体内模型研究宿主-微生物相互作用

植物标本标本的鲁棒 DNA 分离与高通量测序库建设

一种简单的高通量化学筛选方法在秀丽线虫中的应用

测量线虫固体介质的寿命

调查低成本方法，以测量秀丽隐杆线虫的寿命和健康寿命

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量

测量线虫寿命在96孔板

复制集方法: 一种高通量方法定量测量秀丽线虫寿命

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

核密度分析的天然染色质沉淀测序文库的生成

线虫线虫线虫-一个多用途的体内模型研究宿主-微生物相互作用

植物标本标本的鲁棒 DNA 分离与高通量测序库建设

一种简单的高通量化学筛选方法在秀丽线虫中的应用

测量线虫固体介质的寿命

调查低成本方法，以测量秀丽隐杆线虫的寿命和健康寿命

通过测量细菌清除率来量化 秀丽隐杆线虫 的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化 秀丽隐杆线虫 的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化 秀丽隐杆线虫 的食物摄入量

测量线虫寿命在96孔板

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量

通过测量细菌清除率来量化秀丽隐杆线虫的食物摄入量