Name: stem cell-derived viral ag-specific t lymphocytes suppress hbv replication in mice
Uploaded: 2019-09-25T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice at JoVE.com

The authors thank Dr. Adam J Gehring from Toronto General Hospital Research Institute for providing cDNA for HBs183-91 (s183) (FLLTRILTI)- specific A2-restricted human-murine hybrid TCR genes, and Dr. Pei-Jer Chen from National Taiwan University for providing pAAV/HBV 1.2 construct. This work is supported by the National Institute of Health Grant R01AI121180, R01CA221867 and R21AI109239 to J. S.

All animal experiments are approved by The Texas A&#38;M University Animal Care Committee (IACUC; #2018-0006) and are conducted in compliance with the guidelines of the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. Mice are used during 6&#8211;9 weeks of age.
1. Generation of viral Ag-specific CD8+ T cells from iPSCs (iPSC-CD8+ T cells)
<ol>
	<li>Creation of the retroviral constructs 
	NOTE: TCR &#945; and &#946; genes are linked with ...

<ol>
	<li>Scaglione, S. J., Lok, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+hepatitis+B+treatment+in+clinical+practice.">Effectiveness of hepatitis B treatment in clinical practice.</a> Gastroenterology. 142 (6), 1360-1368 (2012).</li><li>Osiowy, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+infancy+and+beyond...+ensuring+a+lifetime+of+hepatitis+B+virus+(HBV)+vaccine-induced+immunity.">From infancy and beyond... ensuring a lifetime of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine-induced immunity.</a> Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics. 14 (8), 2093-2097 (2018).</li><li>Gish, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+HBsAg+antigen+during+treatment+with+entecavir+or+lamivudine+in+nucleoside-naive+HBeAg-positive+patients+with+chronic+hepatitis+B.">Loss of HBsAg antigen during treatment with entecavir or lamivudine in nucleoside-naive HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B.</a> Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 17 (1), 16-22 (2010).</li><li>Kurktschiev, P. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+virus-specific+T+cells+that+target+HBV+infected+hepatocytes+and+hepatocellular+carcinoma+cell+lines.">Engineering virus-specific T cells that target HBV infected hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.</a> Journal of Hepatology. 55 (1), 103-110 (2011).</li><li>Xia, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon-gamma+and+Tumor+Necrosis+Factor-alpha+Produced+by+T+Cells+Reduce+the+HBV+Persistence+Form,+cccDNA,+Without+Cytolysis.">Interferon-gamma and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Produced by T Cells Reduce the HBV Persistence Form, cccDNA, Without Cytolysis.</a> Gastroenterology. 150 (1), 194-205 (2016).</li><li>Huang, L. R., Wu, H. L., Chen, P. J., Chen, D. 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D., Themeli, M., Sadelain, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PD-1-+and+CTLA-4-based+inhibitory+chimeric+antigen+receptors+(iCARs)+divert+off-target+immunotherapy+responses.">PD-1- and CTLA-4-based inhibitory chimeric antigen receptors (iCARs) divert off-target immunotherapy responses.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 5 (215), (2013).</li><li>Maus, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cells+expressing+chimeric+antigen+receptors+can+cause+anaphylaxis+in+humans.">T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors can cause anaphylaxis in humans.</a> Cancer Immunolology Research. 1 (1), 26-31 (2013).</li><li>Haque, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programming+of+regulatory+T+cells+from+pluripotent+stem+cells+and+prevention+of+autoimmunity.">Programming of regulatory T cells from pluripotent stem cells and prevention of autoimmunity.</a> Journal of Immunology. 189 (3), 1228-1236 (2012).</li><li>Vizcardo, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+human+tumor+antigen-specific+T+cells+from+iPSCs+derived+from+mature+CD8(+)+T+cells.">Regeneration of human tumor antigen-specific T cells from iPSCs derived from mature CD8(+) T cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 12 (1), 31-36 (2013).</li><li>Nishimura, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+rejuvenated+antigen-specific+T+cells+by+reprogramming+to+pluripotency+and+redifferentiation.">Generation of rejuvenated antigen-specific T cells by reprogramming to pluripotency and redifferentiation.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 12 (1), 114-126 (2013).</li><li>Lei, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+programming+of+tumor+antigen-specific+T+lymphocytes+from+pluripotent+stem+cells+to+promote+cancer+immunosurveillance.">In vivo programming of tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes from pluripotent stem cells to promote cancer immunosurveillance.</a> Cancer Research. 71 (14), 4742-4747 (2011).</li><li>Kim, J. 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This protocol presents a method to generate the viral Ag-specific iPSC-CTLs for use as ACT to suppress HBV replication in a murine model. In chronic HBV infection, the viral genome forms a stable mini chromosome, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that can persist throughout the lifespan of the hepatocyte. Targeting the clearance of the viral mini chromosome may result in a cure of chronic HBV infection. Current antiviral therapy targets the virus reverse transcriptase but rarely establishes immunological contro...

Following acute infection, the adaptive immune system (i.e., humoral and cellular immunity) controls the bulk of acute HBV-related hepatitis. Still, a number of people in the HBV-endemic regions cannot eliminate the viruses and subsequently convert as chronic individuals. More than 25% of chronic patients (&#62;250 million people) worldwide develop progressive liver disease, resulting in liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)1. As a result, eradication of insistently infected cells remains a general healthiness problem, even though there is an available vaccine2 and numerous antiviral medicines are under development. Standard treatment for HBV infection includes IFN-&#945;, nucleoside, and nucleotide analogues. These agents have direct antiviral activity and immune modulatory capacities. Nevertheless, seroconversion of HBe antigen (Ag)+ carriers with anti-HBe antibody (Ab) and loss of serum HBV deoxyribonucleic acid&#160;(DNA) appear individually in approximately 20% of treated patients, and whole immunological control of the virus verified by the deprivation of the HBsAg is no more than 5%3. Moreover, the response to treatment is often not durable. Prophylactic vaccination with recombinant HBs Ag is highly effective in preventing infection, but therapeutic HBs Ag vaccination is not effective. Clearly, T cell-mediated immune responses play a critical role in controlling HBV infection and liver impairment; however, in chronic hepatitis patients, HBV-reactive T cells are often deleted, dysfunctional, or convert exhausted4,5,6. Consequently, in individuals with persistent HBV infection, no attempts to reinstate HBV-specific immunity (i.e., T cell-based immunity) by means of anti-viral remedy, immuno-modulatory cytokines, or curative immunization have achieved success.
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of HBV Ag-specific T cells is an efficient treatment directed to eventually eradicate remaining hepatocytes wih HBV7,8. ACT of HBV-specific CTLs into HBV-infected mice has been shown to cause transient, mild hepatitis, and a dramatic drop in HBV ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcripts in hepatocytes. In these studies, CTLs did not inhibit transcription of HBV genes but enhanced the degradation of HBV transcripts9. HBV-specific CTLs are important to prevent viral infection and mediate the clearance of HBV10,11. For ACT-based remedies, in vitro expansion of HBV-specific T cells with a high reactivity for in vivo resettlement has been suggested to be an ideal method12,13,14; nevertheless, the present approaches are restricted regarding their abilities to generate, separate, and grow appropriate quantities and qualities of HBV-specific T cells from patients for the potential therapies.
Although clinical trials present safety, practicability, and prospective therapeutic activity of cell-based treatments by means of engineered T cells that are specific to HBV virus-infected hepatocytes, there are worries about the unfavorable effects occurring from autoimmune responses because of cross-reactivity from mispairing T cell receptor (TCR)15,16, off-target Ag recognition by non-specific TCR17 and on-target off-toxicity by a chimeric Ag receptor (CAR)18,19 with healthy tissues. Currently, the genetically modified T cells, which only have short-term persistence in vivo, are usually intermediate or later effector T cells. To date, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are the only source available to generate high numbers of naive single-type Ag-specific T cells20,21,22,23. Induced PSCs (iPSCs) are simply converted from a patient&#8217;s somatic cells through the use of gene transduction of several transcription factors. As a result, the iPSCs have similar characteristics as those of embryonic stem cells (ESCs)24. Owing to the flexibility and possibility for the infinite ability to self-renew, in addition to tissue replacement, iPSC-based treatments may be widely applied in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the regiments underlying iPSCs may substantially improve current cell-based therapies.
The overall goal of this method is to generate a large amount of HBV-specific CTLs from iPSCs (i.e., iPSC-CTLs) for ACT-based immunotherapy. The advantages over alternative techniques are that HBV-specific iPSC-CTLs have a single-type TCR and naive phenotype, which results in more memory T cell development after the ACT. It is demonstrated that the ACT of HBV-specific iPSC-CTLs increases the migration of functional CD8+ T cells in the liver and reduces HBV replication in both the livers and blood of administered mice. This method reveals a potential use of viral Ag-specific iPSC-CTLs for HBV immunotherapy and may be adapted to generate other viral Ag-specific iPSC-T cells for viral immunotherapy.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>HHD mice</td>
			<td>Institut Pasteur, Paris, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>H-2 class I knockout, HLA-A2.1-transgenic (HHD) mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iPS-MEF-Ng-20D-17</td>
			<td>RIKEN Cell Bank</td>
			<td>APS0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SNL76/7</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>SCRC-1049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OP9</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2749</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAAV/HBV1.2 plasmid</td>
			<td>Dr. Dr. Pei-Jer Chen (National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HBV DNA construct</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBs183-91(s183) (FLLTRILTI)-specific TCR genes</td>
			<td>Dr. Adam J Gehring (Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Canada)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FLLTRILTI-specific A2-restricted human-murine hybrid TCR genes (V&#945;34 and V&#946;28)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OVA257&#8211;264-specific TCR genes</td>
			<td>Dr. Dario A. Vignali (University of Pittsburgh, PA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>SIINFEKL-specific H-2Kb-restricted TCR genes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD3 (17A2) antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD44 (IM7) antibody</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>103012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD4 (GK1.5) antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD8 (53-6.7) antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100732</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-IFN-&#947; (XMG1.2) antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>505810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TNF-a (MP6-XT22) antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>506306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-MEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A10490-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-HBs antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>MA5-13059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK Lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>10-548E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brefeldin A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B7651</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>ABCD1234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH3007.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACSAria Fusion cell sorter</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>656700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>G9391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GeneJammer</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>204130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HLA-A201-HBs183-91-PE pentamer</td>
			<td>Proimmune</td>
			<td>F027-4A - 27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP Anti-Mouse Secondary Antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A27025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mFlt-3L</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>250-31L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mIL-7</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>217-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease S7</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10107921001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>P6148-500G</td>
			<td>Caution: Allergenic, Carcenogenic, Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permeabilization buffer</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>421002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>107689</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong&#8482; Gold Antifade Mountant with DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAamp MinElute Virus Spin Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>57704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stem cell-derived viral ag-specific t lymphocytes suppress hbv replication in mice

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health issue. With over 350 million people affected worldwide, HBV infection remains the leading cause of liver cancer. This is a major concern, especially in developing countries. Failure of the immune system to mount an effective response against HBV leads to chronic infection. Although HBV vaccine is present and novel antiviral medicines are being created, eradication of virus-reservoir cells remains a major health topic. Described here is a method for the generation of viral antigen (Ag) -specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (i.e., iPSC-CTLs), which have the ability to suppress HBV replication. HBV replication is efficiently induced in mice through hydrodynamic injection of an HBV expression plasmid, pAAV/HBV1.2, into the liver. Then, HBV surface Ag-specific mouse iPSC-CTLs are adoptively transferred, which greatly suppresses HBV replication in the liver and blood as well as prevents HBV surface Ag expression in hepatocytes. This method demonstrates HBV replication in mice after hydrodynamic injection and that stem cell-derived viral Ag-specific CTLs can suppress HBV replication. This protocol provides a useful method for HBV immunotherapy.

As shown here, HBV viral Ag-specific iPSC-CD8+ T cells are generated by an in vitro culture system. After ACT of these viral Ag-specific iPSC-CD8+ T cells substantially suppress HBV replication in a murine model (Supplemental File 1). Mouse iPSC are transduced with the MIDR retroviral construct encoding a human-mouse hybrid HBV TCR gene (HBs183-191-specific, s183), then the gene-transduced iPSCs are co-cultured with OP9-DL1/DL4 cells expressing Notch ligands (both DL1 and...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice at JoVE.com

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Presented here is a protocol for the effective suppression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in mice by utilizing adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of stem cell-derived viral antigen (Ag)-specific T lymphocytes. This procedure may be adapted for potential ACT-based immunotherapy of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health issue. With over 350 million people affected worldwide, HBV infection remains the leading cause of ...

This method can help answer key questions in adoptive cell transfer of iPSC-derived viral antigen-specific T cell for effective suppression of HBV replication in mice. The main advantage of this technique is that the iPSC-derived viral antigen-specific T cells have a single type T cell receptor and naive phenotype. For differentiation of HBV-specific iPSC CD8-positive T cells, plate s183 T cell receptor gene-transduced iPSCs on an OP9-DL1/DL4 monolayer in alpha-minimum medium supplemented with 20%fetal bovine serum and murine Flt3 ligand for their co-culture in a cell culture incubator.Monitor the co-culture regularly to assess the cell morphology. On day 28, remove the supernatant and floating cells, and detach the adherent cells with 0.25%trypsin. When the cells have lifted from the culture container bottom, stop the enzymatic reaction with eight milliliters of iPSC medium, and collect the cells by centrifugation.Resuspend the pellet in 10 milliliters of fresh medium. Dilute the cells to a one iPSC-derived CD8-positive T cell to four s183 peptide-pulsed splenocyte ratio for a 40-hour incubation in the cell culture incubator. During the last seven hours, add four microliters of diluted brefeldin A to the culture, to block the transport processes during cell activation.Stain the cells for flow cytometric analysis of the intracellular cytokines of interest according to standard protocols. For hydrodynamic HBV plasmid delivery through the tail vein, dilute 10 micrograms of HBV plasmid in an 8%equivalent of the body mass of PBS. Load the plasmid into one three-milliliter syringe equipped with a 26-gauge, 1/2-inch needle per mouse.Heat HHD mice under a heat lamp for five minutes to dilate the tail veins, and carefully pull a mouse into a plastic restrainer. Locate a dilated lateral tail vein in the middle third of the tail, and insert the needle parallel to the vein to deliver the entire volume of plasmid through the tail vein over a three-to five-second period. For viral antigen-specific iPSC-derived CD8-positive T cell adoptive cell transfer, collect the iPSC CD8-positive T cells on day 22 of culture as demonstrated, and seed the cells onto a new 10-centimeter cell culture dish.After 30 minutes in the cell culture incubator, filter the floating cells through a 70-micrometer nylon strainer, and count the viable cells. Dilute the cells to a 1.5 times 10 to the seven cells per milliliter of PBS concentration. Inject 200 microliters of cells into individual four-to six-week-old HHD mice, into the tail vein as just demonstrated.On day 14 after cell transfer, perform a hydrodynamic HBV plasmid delivery as demonstrated. At the appropriate experimental endpoints post-infection, harvest the liver from each infected animal, and cut the livers into 0.5-by-0.5-by-0.3-centimeter tissue samples. Place the samples into 10%neutral buffer formalin for four to 24 hours, followed by decalcification in 2.5-molar formic acid for six to 24 hours.Next, rinse the samples in xylene for three minutes, followed by two two-minute rinses in 100%ethanol, 95%ethanol, and deionized water. After the last water wash, decalcify the tissues in one-millimolar EDTA at 90 degrees Celsius, followed by a 30-minute incubation at room temperature. When the tissue has cooled, rinse the samples in PBS for four minutes, and use xylene and ethanol to deparaffinize and rehydrate the samples.For immunofluorescent labeling, stain the sections with 200 microliters of HBV surface antigen-specific antibody for two hours at room temperature in a 75 to 100%humidified chamber. At the end of the incubation, wash the samples with five five-minute washes in fresh PBS for each wash. Label the cells with DAPI according to standard protocols before mounting the slides with coverslips for imaging by fluorescence microscopy.For immunohistochemical analysis, stain the sections with hematoxylin and eosin according to standard protocols, and evaluate the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the liver by light microscopy. Flow cytometric analysis of the iPSC-derived CD3-positive CD8-positive population reveals that HBV T cell receptor transduction dramatically increases the generation of viral s183-specific CD8-positive T cells. After stimulation with T-depleted splenocytes pulsed with s183 peptide, CD4-negative CD8 single-positive iPSC-derived T cells produce large amounts of interferon gamma, as detected by intracellular flow cytometric analysis and ELISA.After HBV infection by hydrodynamic injection, the DNA replication peaks on day six and reduces gradually, as observed by real-time PCR analysis. Further, viral replication is significantly reduced at all time points in mice that receive HBV viral antigenic-specific T cells compared to mice that receive control cells. HBV surface protein is also substantially decreased in mice that receive HBV viral antigen-specific pre-iPSC cytotoxic lymphocytes compared to mice treated with control cells, clearly demonstrating that viral antigen-specific iPSC CD8-positive T cells have the ability to reduce HBV replication in a murine model.You should now have a good understanding of how to generate viral antigen-specific T cells from iPSC for adoptive immunotherapy.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

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Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

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Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus

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Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

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Static Adhesion Assay for the Study of Integrin Activation in T Lymphocytes

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Isolation of Viral Replication Compartment-enriched Sub-nuclear Fractions from Adenovirus-infected Normal Human Cells

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Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to ...

Visualization of IL-22-expressing Lymphocytes Using Reporter Mice

Reporter mice have been widely used to observe the localization of expression of targeted genes. This protocol focuses on a strategy to establish a new ...