Name: Serie: Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Profiles in Human Pseudoislets
Uploaded: 2023-11-03T15:00:00
Description: 361 Aufrufe. Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Profiles in Human Pseudoislets

synchronous assessment of fluorescent biosensor dynamics and hormone profiles in human pseudoislets

Intrazelluläre Signalereignisse und Hormonsekretion in menschlichen Pseudoinseln

The islets of Langerhans are mini organs scattered throughout the pancreas whose function is crucial for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Insulin is secreted from beta cells following the metabolism of glucose, an increase in the ATP/ADP ratio, the closure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, depolarization of the plasma membrane, and the influx of extracellular calcium1. Glucagon secretion from alpha cells is less understood, but it has been postulated that intracellular and paracrine pathways contribute to glucagon granule exocytosis2,3,4. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with islet cell dysfunction5,6,7. Therefore, elucidating the intracellular signaling pathways mediating islet hormone secretion is essential for understanding physiologic and pathologic mechanisms in pancreatic islets.
The spherical architecture of islets presents certain obstacles to experimentation. These challenges include islet size variation and the 3D nature of islets, which reduces viral transduction within the islet core8,9. To overcome these challenges, a pseudoislet system was developed, in which primary human islets are dispersed into single cells, adenovirally transduced with constructs encoding targets of interest, and reaggregated to form size-controlled, islet-like structures termed pseudoislets7. Compared to native islets from the same donor that have been cultured in parallel, these pseudoislets are similar in morphology, endocrine cell composition, and hormone secretion7. This method allows for the expression of constructs throughout the pseudoislet, meaning it overcomes a previous barrier to the uniform genetic manipulation of primary human islets7,8,9.
In this protocol, the pseudoislet system is integrated with a microfluidic device to express biosensors in primary human islet cells and gain temporal resolution of&#160;pseudoislet hormone secretion during dynamic perifusion10,11,12. The pseudoislets are placed in a microchip and exposed to a steady flow of different secretagogues via a peristaltic pump12. The microchip has a transparent glass bottom and is mounted on a confocal microscope to record the intracellular signaling dynamics via changes in the biosensor fluorescence intensity. Biosensor imaging is synchronized with the collection of microperifusion effluent for the subsequent analysis of insulin and glucagon secretion7. Compared to macroperifusion, this microperifusion approach allows for fewer pseudoislets to be used due to the smaller volume of the microfluidic device compared to the macroperifusion chamber7.
To harness the utility of this system, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) difference detector in situ (cADDis) biosensor was expressed in human pseudoislets to assess cAMP dynamics and hormone secretion. The cADDis biosensor is composed of a circularly permuted green fluorescent protein (cpGFP) positioned in the hinge region of an exchange protein activated by cAMP 2 (EPAC2), connecting its regulatory and catalytic regions. The binding of cAMP to the regulatory region of EPAC2 elicits a conformational change in the hinge region that increases fluorescence from the cpGFP13. Intracellular messengers such as cAMP elicit insulin and glucagon secretion after the upstream activation of G-protein coupled receptors14. Live-cell imaging coupled with microperifusion helps to connect the intracellular cAMP dynamics with islet hormone secretion. Specifically, in this protocol, cADDis-expressing pseudoislets are generated to monitor cAMP responses in alpha and beta cells to various stimuli: low glucose (2 mM glucose; G 2), high glucose plus isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX; 20 mM glucose + 100 &#181;M IBMX; G 20 + IBMX), and low glucose plus epinephrine (Epi; 2 mM glucose + 1 &#181;M Epi; G 2 + Epi). This treatment workflow allows for the assessment of the intracellular cAMP dynamics directly via 1) IBMX-mediated phosphodiesterase inhibition, which enhances intracellular cAMP levels by preventing its degradation, and 2) epinephrine, a known cAMP-dependent stimulator of alpha cell glucagon secretion mediated by &#946;-adrenergic receptor activation. The steps for setting up the microperifusion apparatus for live-cell imaging experiments, the loading of the pseudoislets into the microchip, synchronous live-cell imaging and microperifusion, and the analysis of the biosensor traces and hormone secretion by microplate-based hormone assays are detailed below.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Untersuchung von Inselanomalien und -funktionen mit einem Pseudoislet-Protokoll 

Humanes Pseudoislet-System zur synchronen Bestimmung der Dynamik fluoreszierender Biosensoren und Hormonsekretionsprofile

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Profiles in Human Pseudoislets at JoVE.com

Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Profiles in Human Pseudoislets

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

361 Aufrufe. Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Profiles in Human Pseudoislets

Serie: Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Profiles in Human Pseudoislets

Human Pseudoislet System for Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Secretory Profiles

The pancreatic islets of Langerhans, which are small 3D collections of specialized endocrine and supporting cells interspersed throughout the pancreas, have a central role in the control of glucose homeostasis through the secretion of insulin by beta cells, which lowers blood glucose, and glucagon by alpha cells, which raises blood glucose. Intracellular signaling pathways, including those mediated by cAMP, are key for regulated alpha and beta cell hormone secretion. The 3D islet structure, while essential for coordinated islet function, presents experimental challenges for mechanistic studies of the intracellular signaling pathways in primary human islet cells. To overcome these challenges and limitations, this protocol describes an integrated live-cell imaging and microfluidic platform using primary human pseudoislets generated from donors without diabetes that resemble native islets in their morphology, composition, and function. These pseudoislets are size-controlled through the dispersion and reaggregation process of primary human islet cells. In the dispersed state, islet cell gene expression can be manipulated; for example, biosensors such as the genetically encoded cAMP biosensor, cADDis, can be introduced. Once formed, pseudoislets expressing a genetically encoded biosensor, in combination with confocal microscopy and a microperifusion platform, allow for the synchronous assessment of fluorescent biosensor dynamics and alpha and beta cell hormone secretory profiles to provide more insight into cellular processes and function.

This protocol describes a method for the synchronous acquisition and co-registration of intracellular signaling events and the secretion of insulin and glucagon by primary human pseudoislets using the adenoviral delivery of a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) biosensor, a cAMP difference detector in situ (cADDis), and a microperifusion system.

The pancreatic islets of Langerhans, which are small 3D collections of specialized endocrine and supporting cells interspersed throughout the pancreas, ...